Cited by 1,235Language, Discourse, Communication StrategiesPhonetics and Phonology ResearchSyntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation

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Using uh and um in spontaneous speaking

Clark, H·2002·Cognition

DOI 10.1016/s0010-0277(02)00017-3

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Abstract

The proposal examined here is that speakers use uh and um to announce that they are initiating what they expect to be a minor (uh), or major (um), delay in speaking. Speakers can use these announcements in turn to implicate, for example, that they are searching for a word, are deciding what to say next, want to keep the floor, or want to cede the floor. Evidence for the proposal comes from several large corpora of spontaneous speech. The evidence shows that speakers monitor their speech plans for upcoming delays worthy of comment. When they discover such a delay, they formulate where and how to suspend speaking, which item to produce (uh or um), whether to attach it as a clitic onto the previous word (as in "and-uh"), and whether to prolong it. The argument is that uh and um are conventional English words, and speakers plan for, formulate, and produce them just as they would any word.

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Authors: Clark, H.
Affiliations: Stanford University (US)
Corresponding author: Clark, H
ORCID: Clark, H
Venue: Cognition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2002-05
Volume: 84
Issue: 1
Pages: 73-111
ISSN: 0010-0277 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0010-0277(02)00017-3
OpenAlex: W2140615673
Cited by: 1,235
References: 105
Citations by year: 2026: 53 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 88 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 86 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 44
FWCI: 124.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Cognition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Phonetics and Phonology Research
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation
Keywords: um, speech delay, spontaneous speech, speech preparation, clitics, floor control, word search, conversational implicature
MeSH terms: Humans, Language, Speech

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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Using uh and um in spontaneous speaking

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks