Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with Alzheimer’s disease: A randomized, prospective study
Open accessAbstract
Objective To compare the therapeutic efficacy of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and tacrine in Alzheimer's disease.Design Six-month, randomized, open-label study.Setting University hospital.Patient(s) Fifty-five women with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease were randomly assigned to tacrine (n = 26) or HRT (n = 29).Intervention(s) In the tacrine group, an initial dose of 40 mg/day was increased up to 160 mg/day. In the HRT group, conjugated equine estrogen was given to patients without uteri (n = 3) or together with micronized progesterone to patients with uteri (n = 26).Main outcome measure(s) Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, Boston Naming Test, Controlled Oral Word Association Test, Geriatric Depression Scale, Hamilton Depression Scale (HDS), and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL).Result(s) Thirty-three patients who completed the outcome measures (tacrine, 17; HRT, 16) were included in an intent-to-treat analysis. The results did not differ between groups except for IADL, which rated more highly after HRT. Apolipoprotein E genotype effects were assessed. MMSE and HDS scores were improved after tacrine treatment in epsilon 4-negative patients.Conclusion(s) Overall efficacy of estrogen plus progesterone combination was similar to tacrine for cognition and mood, but greater for ADL. In epsilon 4-negative patients, tacrine is preferable for cognition and mood.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Hormone replacement therapy performed better than tacrine.
“Though it performed better than tacrine [31], it is no longer recommended, as it may increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular events and breast cancer [32].”
From Indian Medicinal Herbs and Formulations for Alzheimer’s Disease, from Traditional Knowledge to Scientific Assessment (2020) · cites this paper as [31]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.34.7.939 · Cited by 27,915 · see citing works
Assessment of Older People: Self-Maintaining and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
Lawton, M. P., & Brody, E. M. (1969) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/9.3_part_1.179 · Cited by 18,540 · see citing works
Development of a Rating Scale for Primary Depressive Illness
Hamilton, M. (1967) · British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1967.tb00530.x · Cited by 8,410 · see citing works
A New Clinical Scale for the Staging of Dementia
Hughes, C. P., Berg, L., Danziger, W., Coben, L. A., & Martin, R. L. (1982) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.140.6.566 · Cited by 7,056 · see citing works
Restriction isotyping of human apolipoprotein E by gene amplification and cleavage with HhaI.
Hixson, J., & Vernier, D. (1990) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)43176-1 · Cited by 2,933 · see citing works
Effect of oestrogen during menopause on risk and age at onset of Alzheimer's disease
Tang, M., Jacobs, D. M., Stern, Y., Marder, K. S., Schofield, P., Gurland, B. J., Andrews, H., & Mayeux, R. P. (1996) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)03356-9 · Cited by 1,647 · see citing works
A 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease
Rogers, S. L., Farlow, M. R., Doody, R. S., Mohs, R., Friedhoff, L. T., & Donepezil Study Group* (1998) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.50.1.136 · Cited by 1,618 · see citing works
The Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease
Wade, J. P. H., Mirsen, T. R., Hachinski, V. C., Fisman, M., Lau, C. S., & Merskey, H. (1987) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1987.00520130016010 · Cited by 1,416 · see citing works
Gonadal steroids regulate dendritic spine density in hippocampal pyramidal cells in adulthood
Gould, E., Woolley, C., Frankfurt, M., & McEwen, B. (1990) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.10-04-01286.1990 · Cited by 1,406 · see citing works
The hopkins verbal learning test: Development of a new memory test with six equivalent forms
Brandt, J. (1991) · Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854049108403297 · Cited by 1,317 · see citing works
Estrogen Replacement Therapy for Treatment of Mild to Moderate Alzheimer Disease
Mulnard, R. A., Cotman, C. W., Kawas, C. H., van Dyck, C. H., Sano, M. C., Doody, R. S., Koss, E., Pfeiffer, E., Jin, S., Gamst, A., et al. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.283.8.1007 · Cited by 984 · see citing works
A validity study on the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) in dementia patients
Kang, Y., Na, D. L., & Hahn, S. (1997) · Journal of the Korean Neurological Association · Cited by 972 · see citing works
Self-citationA prospective study of estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease
Kawas, C. H., Resnick, S. M., Morrison, A., Brookmeyer, R., Corrada, M. M., Zonderman, A. B., Bacal, C., Lingle, D. D., & Metter, E. J. (1997) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.48.6.1517 · Cited by 967 · see citing works
Rosler, M., Anand, R., Cicin-Sain, A., Gauthier, S., Agid, Y., Dal-Bianco, P., Stahelin, H. B., Hartman, R., Gharabawi, M., & Bayer, T. (1999) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7184.633 · Cited by 943 · see citing works
Goodman, Y., Bruce‐Keller, A. J., Cheng, B., & Mattson, M. P. (1996) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.66051836.x · Cited by 830 · see citing works
Poirier, J., Delisle, M.-C., Quirion, R., Aubert, I., Farlow, M. R., Lahiri, D. K., Hui, S. L., Bertrand, P., Nalbantoglu, J. N., & Gilfix, B. M. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.26.12260 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Estrogen for Alzheimer’s disease in women
Henderson, V. W., Paganini‐Hill, A., Miller, B. L., Elble, R. J., Reyes, P. F., Shoupe, D., McCleary, C. A., Klein, R., Hake, A. M., & Farlow, M. R. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.54.2.295 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Observations in a preliminary open trial of estradiol therapy for senile dementia-alzheimer's type
Fillit, H. M., Weinreb, H. J., Cholst, I. N., Luine, V. N., McEwen, B. S., Amador, R., & Zabriskie, J. B. (1986) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/0306-4530(86)90019-3 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Greendale, G. A. (1998) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(98)00305-6 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Motherhood improves learning and memory
Kinsley, C. H., Madonia, L., Gifford, G. W., Tureski, K., Griffin, G. R., Lowry, C., Williams, J., Collins, J., McLearie, H., & Lambert, K. G. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/45957 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy and risk of AD
Waring, S. C., Rocca, W. A., Petersen, R. C., O’Brien, P. C., Tangalos, E. G., & Kokmen, E. (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.52.5.965 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
High-dose estradiol improves cognition for women with AD
Asthana, S., Baker, L. D., Craft, S., Stanczyk, F. Z., Veith, R. C., Raskind, M. A., & Plymate, S. R. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.4.605 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Gibbs, R. B. (1998) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01511-4 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Estrogen-replacement therapy and Alzheimer's disease in the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging
Baldereschi, M., Carlo, A. D., Lepore, V. L., Bracco, L., Maggi, S., Grigoletto, F., Scarlato, G., Amaducci, L. A., & ILSA Working Group* (1998) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.50.4.996 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
BRIEF REPORT Normative Data on the Korean Version of the Boston Naming Test
Kim, H., & Na, D. L. (1999) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.21.1.127.942 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Self-citationAsthana, S., Craft, S., Baker, L. D., Raskind, M. A., Birnbaum, R. S., Lofgreen, C., Veith, R. C., & Plymate, S. R. (1999) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(99)00020-7 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Estrogenic Effects on Memory in Womena
Sherwin, B. B. (1994) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb55794.x · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Farlow, M. R., Lahiri, D. K., Poirier, J., Davignon, J., Schneider, L., & Hui, S. L. (1998) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.50.3.669 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Gibbs, R. (1996) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-03-01049.1996 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Cholinesterase Inhibition for Alzheimer Disease: A Meta-analysis of the Tacrine Trials
Qizilbash, N., Whitehead, A., Higgins, J., Wilcock, G., Schneider, L., Farlow, M., & for the Dementia Trialists' Collaboration (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.280.20.1777 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Accelerated decline in apolipoprotein E-ϵ4 homozygotes with Alzheimer's disease
Craft, S., Teri, L., Edland, S. D., Kukull, W. A., Schellenberg, G., McCormick, W. C., Bowen, J. D., & Larson, E. B. (1998) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.51.1.149 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Rice, M. M., Graves, A. B., McCurry, S. M., Gibbons, L. E., Bowen, J. D., McCormick, W. C., & Larson, E. B. (2000) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.160.11.1641 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
MacGowan, S. H., Wilcock, G. K., & Scott, M. (1998) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1166(199809)13:9 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Cellular and molecular basis of estrogen’s neuroprotection
Inestrosa, N. C., Marzolo, M., & Bonnefont, A. (1998) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/bf02802025 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Effect of Tacrine on Language, Praxis, and Noncognitive Behavioral Problems in Alzheimer Disease
Raskind, M. A., Sadowsky, C. H., Sigmund, W. R., Beitler, P., & Auster, S. (1997) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1997.00550190026010 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
A Reliability and Validity Study of Geriatric Depression Scale
Jung, I. K., Kwak, D. I., Shin, D. K., Lee, M. S., Lee, H. S., & Kim, J. Y. (1997) · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationGrey, A. B., Cundy, T., Evans, M., et al. (1996) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1996.667488.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Heikkinen, A. M., NISKANEN, L. K., Ryynänen, M., Komulainen, M. H., Tuppurainen, M. T., Parviainen, M. T., & Saarikoski, S. (1999) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.19.2.402 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Natale, V., Albertazzi, P., Zini, M., et al. (2001) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2001.00070.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Clinical Research Designs for Emerging Treatments for Alzheimer Disease
Knopman, D. S., Kahn, J. P., & Miles, S. H. (1998) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.55.11.1425 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Symptom Relief and Side Effects of Postmenopausal Hormones
Greendale, G. A., Reboussin, B. A., Hogan, P. E., et al. (1998) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/00006250-199812000-00019 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Depressive Symptoms and Cognitive Decline in Nondemented Elderly Women: A Prospective Study
Yaffe, K., Blackwell, T., Gore, R., Sands, L., Reus, V., & Browner, W. S. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.5.425 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Menopausal progesterone replacement and sleep quality
Regestein, Q. R. (2001) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/00042192-200101000-00002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Kang Y, Chin JH, Na DL, Lee J, Park JS. A normative study of the Korean version of Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) in the elderly. Kor J Clin Psychol 2000;19:385-92.
- Rosler M, Anand R, Cicin-Sain A, Gauthier S, Agid Y, Dal-Bianco P, et al. Efficacy and safety of rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer's disease: international randomized controlled trial. BMJ 1999;318:633-8.
- Honjo H, Ogino Y, Tanaka K, Urabe M, Kashiwagi T, Ishihara S, et al. An effect of conjugated estrogen to cognitive impairment in women with senile dementia-Alzheimer's type: a placebo-controlled, double- blind study. J Jpn Menopause Soc 1993;1:167-71.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mehla, J., Gupta, P., Pahuja, M., Diwan, D., & Diksha, D. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10120964 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Though it performed better than tacrine [31], it is no longer recommended, as it may increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular events and breast cancer [32].”
BackgroundSabaliauskas, N., Shen, H., Molla, J., Gong, Q. H., Kuver, A., Aoki, C., & Smith, S. S. (2015) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.12.026 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
- Authors
- Yoon, B.-K., Kim, D. K., Kang, Y., Kim, J.-W., Shin, M.-H., & Na, D. L.
- Affiliations
- Samsung Medical Center (KR)
- Hallym University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Na, Duk L
- Venue
- Fertility and Sterility
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-02
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 274-280
- ISSN
- 0015-0282 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2010199365
- Cited by
- 35
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 1.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Fertility and Sterility (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Keywords
- hormone replacement therapy, Alzheimer's disease, tacrine, conjugated equine estrogens, micronized progesterone, postmenopausal women, APOE ε4, cognitive function, mood, activities of daily living, cholinesterase inhibitors
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Apolipoproteins E, Body Constitution, Cholinesterase Inhibitors, Female, Genotype, Humans, Menarche, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Prospective Studies, Tacrine, Estrogen Replacement Therapy, Postmenopause
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
