Cited by 455Stress Responses and CortisolAdrenal Hormones and DisordersNeuroendocrine regulation and behavior

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Neuroendocrine aspects of hypercortisolism in major depression

Parker, Karen J, Schatzberg, Alan F, Lyons, David M·2003·Hormones and Behavior

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Abstract

A consistent finding in biological psychiatry is that hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis physiology is altered in humans with major depression. These findings include hypersecretion of cortisol at baseline and on the dexamethasone suppression test. In this review, we present a process-oriented model for HPA axis regulation in major depression. Specifically, we suggest that acute depressions are characterized by hypersecretion of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor, pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and adrenal cortisol. In chronic depressions, however, enhanced adrenal responsiveness to ACTH and glucocorticoid negative feedback work in complementary fashion so that cortisol levels remain elevated while ACTH levels are reduced. In considering the evidence for hypercortisolism in humans, studies of nonhuman primates are presented and their utility and limitations as comparative models of human depression are discussed.

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Authors: Parker, K. J., Schatzberg, A. F., & Lyons, D. M.
Affiliations: Stanford Medicine (US)
Corresponding author: Parker, Karen J
ORCID: Parker, Karen J
Schatzberg, Alan F
Venue: Hormones and Behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2003-01
Volume: 43
Issue: 1
Pages: 60-66
ISSN: 0018-506X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0018-506x(02)00016-8
OpenAlex: W2093358121
Cited by: 455
References: 89
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 7.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Hormones and Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: School of Medicine, Stanford University
National Institute of Mental Health (MH-47573, R01MH050604, MH50604, R01MH047573)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Keywords: hypercortisolism, major depressive disorder, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cortisol, corticotropin-releasing factor, ACTH, glucocorticoid negative feedback, dexamethasone suppression test, chronic depression, acute depression, neuroendocrinology
MeSH terms: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Animals, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Neurosecretory Systems

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Neuroendocrine aspects of hypercortisolism in major depression

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