The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The effort heuristic
Overview
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Integrity signals
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Claims the paper makes
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Citations
Cites
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124 · Cited by 28,810
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Festinger, L. (1957) · doi:10.1515/9781503620766 · Cited by 24,241 · cited 1×
“more positively they evaluate the product of that effort (Aronson & Mills, 1959; Bem, 1972; Festinger, 1957;”
BackgroundJudgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1975) · Utility, Probability, and Human Decision Making · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1834-0_8 · Cited by 22,650
Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9 · Cited by 9,984 · cited 1×
“heuristic for frequency described by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky (Schwarz et al., 1991; Tversky & Kahneman, 1973 ).”
MethodBem, D. J. (1972) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60024-6 · Cited by 5,241 · cited 1×
“Some of the earliest work in the dissonance and self-perception paradigms, for instance, demonstrated that the more effort individuals invest—whether in the form of time, physical exertion, pain, or money—the more positively they evaluate the product of that effort (Aronson & Mills, 1959; Bem, 1972; Festinger, 1957; G…”
BackgroundRepresentativeness revisited: Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment.
Kahneman, D., & Frederick, S. (2002) · Heuristics and Biases · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.004 · Cited by 3,476
Belief in the law of small numbers.
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1971) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0031322 · Cited by 3,246
Ease of retrieval as information: another look at the availability heuristic
Schwarz, N., Bless, H., Strack, F., Klumpp, G., Rittenauer-Schatka, H., & Simons, A. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.195 · Cited by 1,412
Cited by
Credibility and trust of information in online environments: The use of cognitive heuristics
Metzger, M. J., & Flanagin, A. J. (2013) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2013.07.012 · Cited by 1,000
Art and authenticity: The importance of originals in judgments of value.
Newman, G. E., & Bloom, P. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/a0026035 · Cited by 314
Humans versus AI: whether and why we prefer human-created compared to AI-created artwork
Bellaiche, L., Shahi, R., Turpin, M. H., Ragnhildstveit, A., Sprockett, S., Barr, N., Christensen, A., & Seli, P. (2023) · Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-023-00499-6 · Cited by 233
“(2004), people use effort as a metric to inform their judgements of the quality of a product (e.g., poems, paintings, suits of armor; Kruger et al., 2004).”
BackgroundPutting the art in artificial: Aesthetic responses to computer-generated art.
Chamberlain, R., Mullin, C., Scheerlinck, B., & Wagemans, J. (2018) · Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts · doi:10.1037/aca0000136 · Cited by 225
Humans as Creativity Gatekeepers: Are We Biased Against AI Creativity?
Magni, F., Park, J., & Chao, M. M. (2024) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-023-09910-x · Cited by 201
Metadata
- Authors
- Kruger, J., Wirtz, D., Van Boven, L., & Altermatt, T. W.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-01
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 91-98
- ISSN
- 0022-1031 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3125783638
- Cited by
- 425
- References
- 8
- FWCI
- 1.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The effort heuristic. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/s0022-1031(03)00065-9
- The paper
- Kruger, J., Wirtz, D., Van Boven, L., & Altermatt, T. W. (2004). The effort heuristic. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1031(03)00065-9
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
