The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Screening for somatization and hypochondriasis in primary care and neurological in-patients
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the internal and external validity of the Whiteley Index as a screening instrument for somatization illness. A 14-item version of the Whiteley Index for hypochondriacal traits was given to 99 of 191 consecutive primary care patients, aged 18-65 years, and to 100 consecutive patients, aged 18-60 years, admitted for the first time to a neurological ward. The primary care sample was, in addition, interviewed by means of the SCAN (Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry) psychiatric interview. The GPs and the neurologists were asked to rate various characteristics of the patients that might indicate somatization. The internal validity of the Whiteley Index was tested by means of latent structure analysis. On this basis, a reduced seven-item scale (Whiteley-7 scale) and two subscales (i.e., an Illness Conviction and Illness Worrying scale, each with three items) were constructed. All three had a high internal validity fitting into the very restricted Rasch statistical model (p>0.05) and an acceptable transferability between most of the subpopulations investigated. In the primary care population, the Whiteley-7 and the Illness Conviction scales at cut-point 0/1 showed 1.00 and 0.87 sensitivity and 0.65 and 0.87 specificity, respectively, using as "gold standard" the fulfillment of criteria for at least one ICD-10 somatoform disorder, and 0.71 and 0.63 sensitivity and 0.62 and 0.87 specificity, respectively, as gold standard for the fulfillment of criteria for at least one DSM-IV somatoform disorder, excluding the NOS diagnostic group. The Illness Worrying subscale showed less impressive performance in this respect. The agreement between the Whiteley-7 scale including the two subscales and neurologists' rating and the GPs' rating and the somatization subscale on the SCL-90 was modest or worse. It may be concluded that the Whiteley-7 scale and the Illness Conviction subscale had acceptable psychometric profiles, and both seem to be promising screening tools for not only hypochondriasis but also for somatoform disorders in general.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The WI-7 is a frequently used outcome measure that has shown good sensitivity and specificity in screening for health anxiety [32].”
From Cost Effectiveness of Internet-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Patients with Severe Health Anxiety: A Randomised Controlled Trial (2022) · cites this paper as [32]
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Rozeboom, W. W., Lord, F. M., Novick, M. R., & Birnbaum, A. (1969) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162101 · Cited by 8,012
Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests
Psychology, M. (1961) · Information and Control · doi:10.1016/s0019-9958(61)80061-2 · Cited by 6,936
SCL-90: an outpatient psychiatric rating scale--preliminary report.
Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R. S., & Covi, L. (1973) · PubMed · Cited by 3,800
Robins, L. N. (1988) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800360017003 · Cited by 2,909
SCAN: Schedules fonr Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry
Wing, J. K. (1990) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810180089012 · Cited by 2,517
(1968) · Addison-Wesley eBooks · Cited by 2,001
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Preedy, V., & Watson, R. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_5485 · Cited by 1,146
Pilowsky, I. (1967) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.113.494.89 · Cited by 865
Common mental disorders : a bio-social model
Goldberg, D. P., & Huxley, P. J. (1992) · Cited by 757
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Derogatis, 1973, SCL-90, Psychopharmacol Bull, 9, 13
- Clarke, 1991, Screening for psychiatric morbidity in the general hospital, Int J Meth Psychiatric Res, 1, 79
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 314
Assessing Bodily Preoccupations is sufficient: Clinically effective screening for hypochondriasis
Höfling, V., & Weck, F. (2013) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.10.011 · Cited by 35
Mose, S., Kent, P. M., Smith, A. J., Andersen, J. H., & Christiansen, D. H. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-06994-0 · Cited by 32
Hüsing, P., Bassler, M., Löwe, B., Koch, S., & Toussaint, A. C. (2018) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2018.08.006 · Cited by 33
van der Sluijs, J. F. V. E., ten Have, M., de Graaf, R., Rijnders, C. A. T., van Marwijk, H., & Feltz-Cornelis, C. M. V. D. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00613 · Cited by 73
“Seeking treatment is an essential part of the definition somatisation and MUS (57-59), so in our article we stay in line with this.”
BackgroundPredictors of Health Related Job Loss: A Two-Year Follow-up Study in a General Working Population
Haahr, J. P., Frost, P., & Andersen, J. H. (2007) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-007-9106-z · Cited by 33
“(3) Health behaviours: Whiteley’s Index of Health Anxiety [18], number of contacts with the general practitioner within the past year (0, 1–5, or more than 5), and reports of a work compensation claim within the past 12 months.”
Somatization in survivors of catastrophic trauma: a methodological review.
North, C. S. (2002) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.02110s4637 · Cited by 33
Screening for common mental disorders: who will benefit? Results from a randomised clinical trial
Christensen, K. S., Toft, T., Frostholm, L., Ørnbøl, E., Fink, P., & Olesen, F. (2005) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmi032 · Cited by 33
Self-citationHansen, M. S., Fink, P., Frydenberg, M., Oxhøj, M.-L., Søndergaard, L., & Eriksen, M. (2001) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1176/appi.psy.42.1.41 · Cited by 33
Self-citationQuality of life of patients with asthma related to damp and moldy work environments
Karvala, K., Uitti, J., Luukkonen, R. A., & Nordman, H. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3289 · Cited by 32
Health anxiety by proxy in women with severe health anxiety: A case control study
Thorgaard, M. V., Frostholm, L., Walker, L. S., Jensen, J. S., Morina, B., Lindegaard, H., Salomonsen, L., & Rask, C. U. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.09.001 · Cited by 32
Self-citationPsychobehavioral Predictors of Somatoform Disorders in Patients With Suspected Allergies
Hausteiner, C., Bornschein, S., Bubel, E., Groben, S., Lahmann, C., Grosber, M., Löwe, B., Eyer, F., Eberlein, B., Behrendt, H., et al. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181b4fe3a · Cited by 32
“All items are scored on 5-point Likert scales from 1 “Not at all” to 5 “A great deal” so that each subscale reaches a minimum of 3 points and a maximum of 15 points (11).”
BackgroundIntervening variables in group-based acceptance & commitment therapy for severe health anxiety
Eilenberg, T., Hoffmann, D., Jensen, J. S., & Frostholm, L. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.01.009 · Cited by 29
Self-citationQuality of doctor–patient relationship in patients with high somatic symptom severity in China
Wu, H., Zhao, X., Fritzsche, K., Leonhart, R., Schaefert, R., Sun, X., & Larisch, A. (2015) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2014.12.006 · Cited by 31
Frostholm, L., Petrie, K. J., Ørnbøl, E., & Fink, P. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171400035x · Cited by 30
“Functional somatic symptoms are very prevalent in primary care (Toft et al. 2005) and are common in high utilizers of medical care (Fink et al. 1999; Hansen et al. 2002; Reid et al. 2002; Creed & Barsky, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationSøgaard, H. J., & Bech, P. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494809344653 · Cited by 32
Functional Somatic Symptoms and Psychological States: An Electronic Diary Study
Burton, C. D., Weller, D., & Sharpe, M. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31818f2acb · Cited by 31
“Baseline Measures Mean standard deviation (SD) values for the baseline questionnaire were as follows: HAD-A: 10.0 4.8; HAD-D: 6.8 3.6; ICQ: 4.2 1.6; SSI: 15.1 5.6.”
MethodInfluentialBerens, S., Banzhaf, P., Baumeister, D., Gauss, A., Eich, W., Schaefert, R., & Tesarz, J. (2019) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109846 · Cited by 29
Veddegjærde, K.-E. F., Sivertsen, B., Wilhelmsen, I., & Skogen, J. C. (2014) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.06.011 · Cited by 29
Thorgaard, M. V., Frostholm, L., Walker, L. S., Stengaard‐Pedersen, K., Karlsson, M. M., Jensen, J. S., Fink, P., & Rask, C. U. (2016) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-016-0927-1 · Cited by 32
Self-citationMetacognitive Therapy in the Treatment of Hypochondriasis: A Systematic Case Series
Bailey, R., & Adrian Wells, A. (2014) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9615-y · Cited by 29
“The measure has been shown to have good test–retest reliability and both discriminant and convergent validity (Fink et al. 1999; Speckens 2001).”
BackgroundA community-based epidemiological study of health anxiety and generalized anxiety disorder
Lee, S., Lam, I. M. H., Kwok, K. P. S., & Leung, C. M. C. (2013) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.10.002 · Cited by 32
Kallesøe, K. H., Schröder, A., Wicksell, R. K., Preuss, T., Jensen, J. S., & Rask, C. U. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02862-z · Cited by 24
“Whiteley-7 has shown acceptable psychometric properties in primary care [68], and good sensitivity and specificity in screening for DSM-IV hypochondriasis [69].”
MethodSelf-citationUndetected Common Mental Disorders in Long-Term Sickness Absence
Søgaard, H. J. (2012) · International Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.1155/2012/474989 · Cited by 27
IPS multicentric study: Functional somatic symptoms in depression
Grover, S., Avasthi, A., Kalita, K. N., Dalal, P., Rao, G., Chadda, R., Lakdawala, B. M., Bang, G., Chakraborty, K., Kumar, S., et al. (2013) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/0019-5545.105502 · Cited by 27
“Similar correlations between FSCs, especially painful symptoms and severity of depression[17,19,25,26,38,40] and anxiety,[7,40-43] have been reported in various studies across the”
ResultPorcelli, P., De Carne, M., & Leandro, G. (2020) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.03.004 · Cited by 26
Kozlowska, K., Chudleigh, C., Savage, B., Hawkes, C., Scher, S., & Nunn, K. P. (2023) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000358 · Cited by 28
Jensen, J. C., Haahr, J. P., Frost, P., & Andersen, J. H. (2011) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmr046 · Cited by 26
Self-citationFrølund Pedersen, H., Holsting, A., Frostholm, L., Rask, C., Jensen, J. S., Høeg, M. D., & Schröder, A. (2019) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2019.04.016 · Cited by 25
Andersen, J. H., & Jensen, J. C. (2012) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.07.007 · Cited by 25
“This has previously been shown to work well in primary care settings [15].”
BackgroundSelf-citationTesting a biopsychosocial model of the basic birth beliefs
Preis, H., Chen, R., Eisner, M., Pardo, J., Peled, Y., Wiznitzer, A., & Benyamini, Y. (2017) · Birth · doi:10.1111/birt.12313 · Cited by 25
Fergus, T. A., Kelley, L. P., & Griggs, J. O. (2019) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109839 · Cited by 25
The influence of psychosocial factors on recovery following acute whiplash trauma.
Carstensen, T. B. W. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 25
Covid-19 Pandemisinde Kaygı Durumu ve Hijyen Davranışları
Altun, Y. (2020) · STED / Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi · doi:10.17942/sted.777035 · Cited by 24
Sommer, T. G., Frost, P., & Svendsen, S. W. (2015) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-015-1036-z · Cited by 25
Psychological Distress Among Patients With Musculoskeletal Illness in General Practice
Jørgensen, C. K., Fink, P., & Olesen, F. (2000) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1176/appi.psy.41.4.321 · Cited by 24
Self-citationKallesøe, K. H., Schröder, A., Wicksell, R. K., Fink, P., Ørnbøl, E., & Rask, C. U. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012743 · Cited by 23
Self-citationBerens, S., Stroe‐Kunold, E., Kraus, F., Tesarz, J., Gauss, A., Niesler, B., Herzog, W., & Schaefert, R. (2017) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.12.002 · Cited by 23
“• Illness anxiety was measured using the brief Whitley Index-7 (WI-7; range 0–28) [54]; additionally, the 5-point Likert scale was dichotomized [55] and used as an indicator of relevant illness anxiety (cut-off-score ≥ 4) [56,57].”
MethodZvolensky, M. J., Kauffman, B. Y., Garey, L., Viana, A. G., & Matoska, C. T. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2022.104141 · Cited by 27
“In addition, shorter versions of the WI (i. e., WI-7; Fink et al., 1999) and the HAI (i.e., SHAI; Salkovskis et al., 2002) are available.”
Weck, F., Gropalis, M., Neng, J. M. B., & Witthöft, M. (2012) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-012-9276-8 · Cited by 23
“demonstrated good reliability and validity [30,31].”
Udholm, S., Nyboe, C., Dantoft, T. M., Jørgensen, T., Rask, C. U., & Hjortdal, V. E. (2019) · Congenital Heart Disease · doi:10.1111/chd.12808 · Cited by 23
Mental illness and health care use: a study among new neurological patients
Hansen, M. S., Fink, P., Søndergaard, L., & Frydenberg, M. (2005) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2004.10.005 · Cited by 23
Self-citationComplexity of care and mental illness in medical inpatients
Hansen, M. S., Fink, P., Frydenberg, M., de Jonge, P., & Huyse, F. J. (2001) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0163-8343(01)00162-1 · Cited by 23
“Furthermore, it included a version of the seven-item Whiteley-index, which was slightly modified for use in interview, and which measures illness worrying and conviction, and has been shown to detect somatization well [26].”
MethodSelf-citationIngeman, K., Frostholm, L., Frydendal, D. H., Wright, K. D., Lockhart, E., Garralda, M. E., Kangas, M., & Rask, C. U. (2021) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2021.1900389 · Cited by 20
“Selecting scoring formats The items in the sections on Thoughts and Feelings employed a Likert-scale with five response categories inspired by the Whiteley-8 index [33]: ‘Not at all’, ‘A little’, ‘Some’, ‘Quite a lot’ and ‘A lot’.”
MethodTu, C., Liao, S., Liu, C.-Y., Chen, T., Chen, I., Lin, K.-F., & Huang, W. (2015) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2015.12.010 · Cited by 22
Operationalization of diagnostic criteria of DSM-5 somatic symptom disorders
Xiong, N., Zhang, Y., Wei, J., Leonhart, R., Fritzsche, K., Mewes, R., Hong, X., Cao, J., Li, T., Jiang, J., et al. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1526-5 · Cited by 22
“The agreement between the WI-7 and ICAB in diagnosing SSD was high (Cohen’s к = 0.769).”
MethodInfluentialSense of coherence contributes to physical and mental health in general hospital patients in China
Li, W., Leonhart, R., Schaefert, R., Zhao, X., Zhang, L., Wei, J., Yang, J., Wirsching, M., Larisch, A., & Fritzsche, K. (2014) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2014.952644 · Cited by 22
“…Löwe et al., 2008; Spitzer, Kroenke, Williams, & Löwe, 2006); Whiteley-7 index (WI-7) for health anxiety (Conradt, Cavanagh, Franklin, & Rief, 2006; Fink et al., 1999; Lee, Ng, Ma, Tsang, & Kwok, 2011); 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) for QoL (Lam, Tse, & Gandek, 2005; Ware & Sherbourne,…”
Mahoney, A., Hobbs, M. J., Newby, J. M., Williams, A. D., & Andrews, G. (2017) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465817000455 · Cited by 26
“The seven-item WI-7 is a self-report screener for somatization disorder and health anxiety with analyses indicating a one-dimensional structure (Fink et al., 1999).”
BackgroundRimvall, M. K., Jeppesen, P., Skovgaard, A. M., Verhulst, F., Olsen, E. M., & Rask, C. U. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13286 · Cited by 22
“HA at age 16 was measured using the Whiteley-8, which corresponds to the well validated Whiteley-7 (Fink et al., 1999) with an added question on presence of illness-related ruminations, that is regarded as an important feature of health anxiety (Fink et al.”
MethodThe Validity of Somatic Symptom Disorder in Patients With Gastrointestinal Complaints
Berens, S., Schaefert, R., Ehrenthal, J. C., Baumeister, D., Gauss, A., Eich, W., & Tesarz, J. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0000000000001505 · Cited by 22
Häuser, W., Burgmer, M., Köllner, V., Schaefert, R., Eich, W., Hausteiner‐Wiehle, C., & Henningsen, P. (2013) · Zeitschrift für psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie · doi:10.13109/zptm.2013.59.2.132 · Cited by 20
Fergus, T. A., Limbers, C. A., Griggs, J. O., & Kelley, L. P. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-017-9873-8 · Cited by 20
“A sizable body of research supports positive associations between health anxiety and somatic symptoms (e.g., Barsky et al. 1993; Clarke et al. 2008; Fink et al. 1999; Lee et al. 2015).”
BackgroundResultMewes, R., Feneberg, A. C., Doerr, J. M., & Nater, U. M. (2022) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001006 · Cited by 19
“To better describe the samples with regard to psychological factors, two additional questionnaires were used: Illness conviction and illness worries were assessed with the WI-7 (51), a short seven-item version of the Whiteley Index.”
MethodXiong, N., Wei, J., Fritzsche, K., Leonhart, R., Hong, X., Li, T., Jiang, J., Zhu, L., Tian, G., Zhao, X., et al. (2017) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-017-0158-y · Cited by 19
“It has demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity for screening DSM-IV somatization disorder and hypochondriasis in primary care samples [40, 41].”
BackgroundPhysical Exercise as a Resilience Factor to Mitigate COVID-Related Allostatic Overload
Eőry, A., Békési, D., Eőry, A., & Rózsa, S. (2021) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000514331 · Cited by 19
Prevalence of DSM‐5 somatic symptom disorder in Chinese patients with breast cancer
Li, J., Fritzsche, K., Glinka, M., Pang, Y. K., Lili, S., Wang, Y., Li, Z., He, Y., Zhang, Y., He, S., et al. (2022) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5932 · Cited by 20
Berk, M., Berk, L., Dodd, S., Jacka, F. N., Fitzgerald, P. B., de Castella, A. R., Filia, S., Filia, K., Kulkarni, J., Jackson, H. J., et al. (2010) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01570.x · Cited by 18
Health anxiety and habitual rumination: The mediating effect of serenity
Wolfradt, U., Oemler, M., Braun, K., & Klement, A. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.07.030 · Cited by 18
Søgaard, H. J., & Bech, P. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494809347551 · Cited by 18
“To be included in the RCT the following number of symptoms had to occur in at least one of the sub-scales in CMD-SQ: SCL-SOM (somatic distress) 4 [23], SCL-8 (emotional disorder) 2 [24], SCL-ANX4 (anxiety) 3 [22], SCL-DEP6 (depression) 3 [22], Whiteley-7 (illness conviction and worry) [25] 2, and CAGE (alcohol abuse)…”
BackgroundSchwarz, D., Witthöft, M., & Bailer, J. (2007) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443.36.2.128 · Cited by 18
Hoffmann, D., Halsboe, L., Eilenberg, T., Jensen, J. S., & Frostholm, L. (2014) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.04.004 · Cited by 17
Self-citationCognitive Training for Adults With Bothersome Tinnitus
Kallogjeri, D., Piccirillo, J. F., Spitznagel, E., Hale, S., Nicklaus, J. E., Hardin, F. M., Shimony, J. S., Coalson, R. S., & Schlaggar, B. L. (2017) · JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2016.3779 · Cited by 17
“(5 minutes; Visit 1) Whiteley-7 Scale (Fink et al. 1999) —”
Yanartaş, Ö., Kani, H. T., Kani, A. S., Demirok, Z. N., Akça, E., Ergün, S., Tezcan, N., Atuğ, Ö., İmeryüz, N., & Sayar, K. (2019) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1080/24750573.2019.1589177 · Cited by 17
“conviction and bodily preoccupation were demonstrated according to validity and reliability study of WI [36].”
BackgroundDong, Y., Baumeister, D., Berens, S., Eich, W., & Tesarz, J. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0000000000001261 · Cited by 17
Lyhne, J. D., Smith, A. B., Frostholm, L., Fink, P., & Jensen, L. H. (2020) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-020-06731-6 · Cited by 17
Self-citationPredicting PTSS in general population during COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of health anxiety
Coloma‐Carmona, A., & Carballo, J. L. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.032 · Cited by 18
“Health anxiety was evaluated with the Whiteley Index-7 (WI-7; Fink et al., 1999), which is a 7-item scale with dichotomous response format A. Coloma-Carmona and J.L. Carballo Journal of Affective Disorders 294 (2021) 329–336 (yes/no) that assess disease conviction, bodily preoccupation and disease…”
MethodInfluentialRisk and Protective Factors and Course of Functional Somatic Symptoms in Young People
Rask, C. U., Bonvanie, I. J., & Garralda, M. E. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815310-9.00004-6 · Cited by 21
Momsen, A.-M. H., Stapelfeldt, C. M., Nielsen, C. V., Nielsen, M. B. D., Aust, B., Rugulies, R., & Jensen, C. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3812-4 · Cited by 16
“Symptoms of health anxiety were assessed using the Whiteley scale, originally derived from the Illness Behaviour Questionnaire [34] which has shown good internal and external validity [35, 36].”
MethodDistaso, W., Malik, M., Semere, S., Alhakami, A., Alexander, E. C., Hirani, D., Shah, R. J., Suba, K., McKechnie, V., Nikčević, A. V., et al. (2022) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.14911 · Cited by 15
Akbari, M., Seydavi, M., Babaeifard, M., Firoozabadi, M. A., Nikčević, A. V., & Spada, M. M. (2023) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2861 · Cited by 16
Fergus, T. A., Kelley, L. P., & Griggs, J. O. (2016) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191116645908 · Cited by 16
“To date, a seven-item version of the WI (i.e., WI-7) has been most commonly used in primary care settings (Fink et al., 1999; Fink et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe predictors of somatization: a review -
Sayar, K., & Ak, İ. (2001) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · Cited by 16
Autenrieth, L. K., Asselmann, E., Melzig, C. A., & Benke, C. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.07.018 · Cited by 15
Zhang, G., Liu, Q., Lin, J., Lin, Y., Shen, L., & Si, T. (2020) · Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cdtm.2020.12.001 · Cited by 16
Personality profiles in young adults with orthorexic eating behaviors
Lasson, C., & Raynal, P. (2021) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-021-01124-5 · Cited by 15
The worried young adult as a primary care patient
Laakso, V., Niemi, P. M., Grönroos, M. A., Aalto, S., & Karlsson, H. (2005) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmi038 · Cited by 15
Cohen, S. P., Mao, J., Vu, T.-N., Strassels, S. A., Gupta, A., Erdek, M. A., Christo, P. J., Kurihara, C., Griffith, S. R., Buckenmaier, C. C., et al. (2013) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/pme.12027 · Cited by 15
Hypochondrie in der Allgemeinbevölkerung: Teststatistische Prüfung und Normierung des Whiteley-Index
Hinz, A. (2003) · Cited by 15
Münker, L., Rimvall, M. K., Frostholm, L., Ørnbøl, E., Wellnitz, K. B., Rosmalen, J. G. M., & Rask, C. U. (2022) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.111064 · Cited by 16
Physical symptom attributions: a defining characteristic of somatoform disorders?
Frostholm, L., Ørnbøl, E., & Fink, P. (2015) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.01.002 · Cited by 14
“This questionnaire included, among others, the eight-item version of the Symptom Check List (SCL-8d) [13,14] to assess emotional distress, the seven-item Whiteley index [15] measuring illness worry, the somatization subscale of the SCL-92 (SCL-SOM) [16] and the CAGEwhich consists of four questions screening for alcoho…”
MethodSelf-citationJacobson, E., Meleger, A. L., Bonato, P., Wayne, P. M., Langevin, H. M., Kaptchuk, T. J., & Davis, R. B. (2015) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2015/813418 · Cited by 14
de Jonge, P., Zomerdijk, M. M., Huyse, F. J., Fink, P., Herzog, T. R., Lobo, A., Slaets, J. P. J., Arolt, V., Balogh, N., Cardoso, G., et al. (2001) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01983.x · Cited by 14
“For somatization symptoms, we used a short instrument based on the Whiteley-7 index (Fink et al. 1999), consisting of the following ®ve questions: (a) in general do you worry a lot about your health, (b) in general when you go to the doctor with illness and he/she tells you there is nothing to worry about, is it hard…”
MethodSelf-citationThe Korean Study of Women’s Health-Related Issues (K-Stori): Rationale and Study Design
Cho, H. N., Choi, E., Seo, D. H., Suh, M., Lee, H.-Y., Park, B., Park, S., Cho, J., Kim, S., Park, Y.-R., et al. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4531-1 · Cited by 13
Impact of work, health and health beliefs on new episodes of pain-related and general absence-taking
Frost, P., Haahr, J. P., & Andersen, J. H. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494809341094 · Cited by 13
“The questionnaire included items on physical workloads [16], psychosocial workloads, mental and general health [17], fear avoidance beliefs about work and physical activities [18], health anxiety and somatization [19], and regional musculoskeletal pain [20].”
BackgroundChoosing screening instrument and cut-point on screening instruments. A comparison of methods
Søgaard, H. J. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494809344442 · Cited by 13
“CMDQ is composed of subscales, SCL-SOM (somatic distress) [16,17], SCL-8 (emotional disorder) [18], SCL-ANX4 (anxiety) [9,10,19], SCL-DEP6 (depression) [9,10,19], all derived from the Symptom Checklist, (SCL-90) [16], Whiteley-7 (illness conviction and worry) [17] and CAGE (alcohol abuse) [20].”
Revisión crítica sobre los intrumentos para la evaluación psiquiátrica en atención primaria
Tejada, P. A., Jaramillo, L. E., Pedraza, R. S., & Sharma, V. K. (2014) · Revista de la Facultad de Medicina · doi:10.15446/revfacmed.v62n1.43759 · Cited by 12
“Otros instrumentos como la escala Whiteley presenta muy buenas propiedades psicométricas en atención primaria pero su uso está limitado para los diagnósticos de somatización e hipocondriasis (31).”
BackgroundUsing Illness Perceptions to Cluster Chronic Pain Patients
Frostholm, L., Hornemann, C., Ørnbøl, E., Fink, P., & Mehlsen, M. Y. (2018) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000627 · Cited by 13
Self-citationDSM-5 Personality Disorders and Traits in Patients With Severe Health Anxiety
Skjernov, M., Bach, B., Fink, P., Fallon, B. A., Søgaard, U., & Simonsen, E. H. (2019) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001108 · Cited by 14
“4 points on the self-report questionnaire Whiteley Index 7 (WI-7) (Fink et al., 1999); c) age between 18 and 65 years; d) understand, read, and speak Danish fluently; and e) informed written consent.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationRisør, B. W., Frydendal, D. H., Villemoes, M. K., Nielsen, C. P., Rask, C. U., & Frostholm, L. (2022) · PharmacoEconomics - Open · doi:10.1007/s41669-021-00319-x · Cited by 11
“The WI-7 is a frequently used outcome measure that has shown good sensitivity and specificity in screening for health anxiety [32].”
BackgroundKnesebeck, O. V. D., Barbek, R., & Makowski, A. C. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070635 · Cited by 13
Relieved after GP's consultation? Change in the complaint-related worry of young adult patients
Laakso, V., Niemi, P. M., Grönroos, M. A., & Karlsson, H. (2008) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548500701487705 · Cited by 12
“Furthermore, these patients are at risk to develop somatoform disorders (Fink et al., 1999).”
BackgroundWang, Y., Murray, A., Toussaint, A.-K., Chen, L., Guo, W., He, N., Luo, S., Yu, J., Liu, Y., Huang, M., et al. (2019) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000016274 · Cited by 12
Dong, Y., Baumeister, D., Berens, S., Eich, W., & Tesarz, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00714 · Cited by 13
The Multidimensional Inventory of Hypochondriacal Traits
Witthöft, M., Weck, F., & Gropalis, M. (2014) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191114545489 · Cited by 12
“…of a stable factor structure for the full 14-item scale (Conradt, Cavanagh, Franklin, & Rief, 2006; Schwarz, Witthöft, & Bailer, 2007), Fink et al. (1999) proposed a short 7-item version (Whiteley-7 [WI-7]) with a two-dimensional structure (“illness conviction” and “illness worrying”).”
BackgroundHoffmann, D., Rask, C. U., Hedman-Lagerlöf, E., Eilenberg, T., & Frostholm, L. (2019) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2019.54 · Cited by 11
Psychometric Evaluation of the Whiteley Index-8 in Chinese Outpatients in General Hospitals
Chen, Y., Fink, P., Wei, J., Toussaint, A.-K., Zhang, L., Zhang, Y., Hua, C., Ma, X., Li, W., Ren, J., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.557662 · Cited by 14
“In the case of modification indices (MI) > 10, the CFA of Fink’s two-factor model of the original 6-item WI (Fink et al., 1999) showed that the model fit our data well (RMSEA = 0.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationCao, J., Wei, J., Fritzsche, K., Toussaint, A. C., Li, T., Zhang, L., Zhang, Y., Chen, H., Wu, H., Ma, X., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.935597 · Cited by 11
“The original well-validated 7-item scale WI-7 (15) was extended by one additional item: “Recurring thoughts about having a disease that is difficult to be rid of?” This item of rumination seemed to capture one core characteristic of health anxiety (16).”
BackgroundInfluentialGehrt, T. B., Frostholm, L., Obermann, M., & Berntsen, D. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10058-3 · Cited by 12
Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of metacognitive therapy for health anxiety: A pilot RCT
Bailey, R., & Adrian Wells, A. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2024.100751 · Cited by 11
Søgaard, H. J., & Bech, P. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494809350520 · Cited by 10
“It is composed of SCL-SOM (somatic distress) [18], SCL-8 (emotional disorder) [19], SCL-ANX4 (anxiety) [14], SCL-DEP6 (depression) [14] derived from the Symptom Checklist, (SCL-90) [18], Whiteley-7 (Illness conviction and worry) [20], and CAGE (alcohol abuse) [21].”
Sattel, H. C., Häuser, W., Schmalbach, B., Brähler, E., Henningsen, P., & Hausteiner‐Wiehle, C. (2023) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001187 · Cited by 9
“• The Whiteley Index (WI-7) (22,23) consists of seven yes/noquestions about illness conviction and worrying, with five items covering illness conviction and anxiety (e.g., “do you think there is something seriously wrong with your body?,” “do you worry a lot about your health?”)”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Fink, P., Ewald, H., Jensen, J., Sørensen, L., Engberg, M., Holm, M., & Munk-Jørgensen, P.
- Affiliations
- Aarhus University Hospital (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Fink, Per
- Venue
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-03
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 261-273
- ISSN
- 0022-3999 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W146236585
- Cited by
- 314
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 3.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Scopus (Elsevier) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research
- Keywords
- somatization, health anxiety, Whiteley Index, somatoform disorders, screening tool, internal validity, generalizability, neurology inpatients, primary care patients, SCL-90, Rasch model, latent structure analysis, sensitivity and specificity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Family Practice, Female, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, Neurology, Predictive Value of Tests, Primary Health Care, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sensitivity and Specificity, Somatoform Disorders, Reproducibility of Results
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
