Cited by 267Regulation of Appetite and ObesityEating Disorders and BehaviorsNutrition, Health and Food Behavior

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Effects of deprivation on hedonics and reinforcing value of food

Epstein, Leonard H, Truesdale, Robin, Wojcik, Angela, Paluch, Rocco A, Raynor, Hollie A·2003·Physiology & Behavior

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Abstract

Eating is influenced by both the hedonic preferences and reinforcing value of food. Incentive salience theory predicts these are separate influences. This study tested whether hedonics reliably change as a function of increasing the reinforcing value of food by deprivation in 17 non-obese, non-dietary restrained females. Baseline measures of hedonics for pleasant (chocolate milk), unpleasant (lemon juice) and neutral (water) tastes were determined under deprived conditions. Participants were then randomly assigned to fed or maintained in deprived conditions, and after food consumption, a second determination of hedonics was obtained, followed by assessing the reinforcing value of food. Hedonics was measured by subjective ratings and behavioral observations in a taste reactivity paradigm. Results showed food was more reinforcing for the deprived than the fed group, but no influences of group were observed for the subjective or objective hedonic measures. These results suggest that hedonics and the reinforcing value of food are separate processes in humans, and they may independently influence eating behavior.

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“After the scan participants preformed a progressive food reinforcement value task [43].”
Method
Psychological and weight history variables as predictors of short‐term weight and body fat mass loss
Akter, S., Dawson, J., Kahathuduwa, C. N., Chin, S.-H., & Binks, M. (2019) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.394 · Cited by 1
“The measurement of hedonically based motivations to eat in environmental context has utility in predicting long‐term weight control.(28,29) Understanding how these well‐ validated psychological measures are related to very early treatment response will provide valuable insights into identifying early responders to die…”
Background
Reinforcing Value of a Moderately Physiologically Challenging Active Videogame Versus a Minimally Challenging Active Videogame
Barkley, J. E., Frank, M. L., Dulaney, C. S., Kearney, S. G., Paskert, M. C., Sanders, G. J., Carnes, A. J., & Santo, A. S. (2021) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2020.0021 · Cited by 2
Genotypes and Phenotypes of Anorexia Nervosa
Treasure, J. L., Kanakam, N., & Macare, C.-J. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-92271-3_155 · Cited by 3
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Johannes, N. (2020) · Radboud Repository (Radboud University) · Cited by 2
Reward Region Responsivity Predicts Future Weight Gain and Further Evidence that the TaqIA Allele Moderates these Predictive EffectsPreprint
Burger, K. S. (2017) · doi:10.31232/osf.io/sym8n · Cited by 2
Acute effects of exercise on self-regulation of snacking-related variables among habitual snackers
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Trait-like stability of sweet food preferences during diet-induced weight loss in women with overweight and obesity: Evidence from the Leeds food preference questionnaire
Dominic, O., Nuno, C., Oustric, P., Beaulieu, K., Mark, H., Catherine, G., & Graham, F. (2025) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115098 · Cited by 1
From attributes to value: Neural correlates of a front-of-package label on food decision-making – An fMRI study
Javaheri, N., Doehring, N., Mulay, R., Erhard, P., & Herrmann, M. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0336356 · Cited by 1
“All participants had normal or corrected-to-normal vision and fasted for four hours before the experiment, with hunger levels confirmed via self-report [36].”
miR‐375‐3p regulates food wanting in honeybees by mediating the dopamine synthesis pathway
Wu, Z., Zeng, Z., Li, L., Geng, L., Zhang, H., Pu, S., Zhu, Y., Chen, Z., Lü, Y., Xu, X., et al. (2026) · Insect Science · doi:10.1111/1744-7917.70320 · Cited by 1
Early Toxicant Exposures and the Development of Obesity in Childhood
Goran, M. I. (2016) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781315370958-20 · Cited by 1
Effects of Wet and Dry Intermittent Fasting on Weight and Cardiovascular Risk Indicators
Musharrat, F., Akheruzzaman, M., Khanam, J., & Amin, M. R. (2021) · Bioresearch Communications · doi:10.3329/brc.v8i1.57044 · Cited by 1
The Evolutionary Function of Psychological Hedonism
Williams, D. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316275047.020 · Cited by 1
A randomised controlled trial to investigate the feasibility and acceptability of a small change approach to prevent weight gain
Graham, H., Madigan, C. D., & Daley, A. (2023) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-023-00455-1 · Cited by 2
“…in weight management is disputed within the literature, with some research suggesting it can be a facilitator to successful weight management (Phelan et al., 2009) and other research suggesting it can be a barrier to successful weight management (Epstein et al., 2003; Fairburn, 2008; Stice, 2001).”
Background
An acute social stressor decreases reinforcing value of both high and low energy-dense food in college students in a randomized controlled trial
McKay, N. J., Horvatits, E., Jean, M., Doyle, J., Harrington, M. P., Amir, U. S., & Carr, K. A. (2024) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114531 · Cited by 1
Liking, wanting and eating: drivers of food choice and intake in obesity 1 1.This chapter is an extended version of Mela DJ (2006), ‘Eating for pleasure or just wanting to eat? Reconsidering sensory hedonic responses as a driver of obesity’, Appetite, 47(1), 10–17. Extensive use is made of the original text and figures, with permission of the publishers.
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Satellite Symposium: Industry and academic partnerships for developing health-improving products* Satiety-enhancing products for appetite control: science and regulation of functional foods for weight management†
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VO2, Liking, and Relative Reinforcing Value of Cooperative and Competitive Exergame Play in Young Children
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“Motivation, in this case RRV, has been found to be a stronger predictor of behavior than liking (13).”
Background
Darwinian Hedonism and Hedonic Dread of Physical Activity
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Fat Mass and Obesity-Related Gene (FTO) and Binge Eating Disorder in Adults and Adolescents
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The effects of food deprivation on caffeine and food reinforcement in females
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“Epstein et al. (2003) found no correlation between the reinforcing effects of food and hedonic ratings.”
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The Hungry Lens: Hunger Shifts Attention and Attribute Weighting in Dietary ChoicePreprint
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The role of sweet and savoury taste in food intake and food preferences
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“This procedure has been extensively described elsewhere (72, 73).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
An Eating Frequency Prescription for a Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention
Bachman, J. L. (2011)
On the instigation of implicit motivation: How deprivation and positive affect cause motivated behavior
Veltkamp, M. (2009) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)

Authors: Epstein, L. H., Truesdale, R., Wojcik, A., Paluch, R. A., & Raynor, H. A.
Affiliations: University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
Corresponding author: Epstein, Leonard H
ORCID: Epstein, Leonard H
Paluch, Rocco A
Raynor, Hollie A
Venue: Physiology & Behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2003-02
Volume: 78
Issue: 2
Pages: 221-227
ISSN: 0031-9384 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00978-2
OpenAlex: W2025315614
Cited by: 267
References: 47
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 1.66
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Physiology & Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD025997, HD-25997)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Keywords: food deprivation, incentive salience, taste reactivity, dietary habits, food reward, dietary restraint
MeSH terms: Adult, Eating, Female, Food, Food Deprivation, Food Preferences, Humans, Philosophy, Reinforcement, Psychology, Taste

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Effects of deprivation on hedonics and reinforcing value of food

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