Effort determination of cardiovascular response: An integrative analysis with applications in social psychology

Wright, Rex A.; Kirby, Leslie D.

doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(01)80007-1

Cited by 313Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlPsychological Testing and AssessmentSocial and Intergroup Psychology

Effort determination of cardiovascular response: An integrative analysis with applications in social psychology

Wright, Rex A., Kirby, Leslie D.·2001·Advances in Experimental Social Psychology

DOI 10.1016/s0065-2601(01)80007-1

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Greater cognitive effort increases blood pressure and heart rate responses in a linear, monotonic manner.
“For example, greater cognitive effort increases blood pressure and heart rate responses in a linear, monotonic manner (Wright and Kirby, 2001).”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Wright and Kirby, 2001

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Task Difficulty, Type A Behavior Pattern, and Cardiovascular Response
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Interpersonal control and cardiovascular reactivity: Goals, behavioral expression, and the moderating effects of sex.
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Cardiovascular and electrodermal responses to support and provocation: Interpersonal methods in the study of psychophysiological reactivity
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Social evaluation and cardiovascular response: An active coping approach.
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Magnitude of Incentive Effects on Heart Rate
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Aerobic Fitness, Physical Activity, and Psychophysiological Reactions to Mental Tasks
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Cardiovascular effects of experimentally induced efficacy (ability) appraisals at low and high levels of avoidant task demand
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Self-Relevance of Performance, Task Difficulty, and Task Engagement Assessed as Cardiovascular Response
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Interactive Effects of Difficulty and Instrumentality of Avoidant Behavior on Cardiovascular Reactivity
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The effects of the social environment on stress-related cardiovascular activation: Current findings, prospects, and implications
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Race, Parental History of Hypertension, and Patterns of Cardiovascular Reactivity in Women
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Social evaluation influence on cardiovascular response to a fixed behavioral challenge: Effects across a range of difficulty levels
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Anxiety and self-focused attention
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Hostility, coping, and health
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Perceived Ability and Achievement-Related Behavior
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Ability analysis of gender relevance and sex differences in cardiovascular response to behavioral challenge.
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Gender differences in cardiovascular and neuroendocrine response to stressors.
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Effort as Assessed by Motivational Arousal in Identity-Relevant Tasks
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Incompetence and the concern with human categories.
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Difficulty and Instrumentality of Imminent Behavior as Determinants of Cardiovascular Response and Self‐Reported Energy
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Effort Expenditure Following Failure
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Effects of Behavioral Control and Type A Behavior on Cardiovascular Responses
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Race differences in stress-induced reactivity in young adults.
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Interactive Influence of Self-Reported Ability and Avoidant Task Demand on Anticipatory Cardiovascular Responsivity
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Cardiovascular Responses to Threat: Effects of the Difficulty and Availability of a Cognitive Avoidant Task
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Interactional Influence of Ability Perception and Task Demand on Cardiovascular Response: Appetitive Effects at Three Levels of Challenge1
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Increments and Decrements in Mean Arterial Pressure as a Function of Audience Composition: An Averaging and Summation Analysis
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Reaction time and heart rate as functions of magnitude of incentive and probability of success.
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The Domain Specificity of Cardiovascular Ability (Efficacy) Effects
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Self-citation
Cardiovascular gender effects as a function of task difficulty and the gender relevance of a behavioral challenge
Storey, P. L. (1996) · Cited by 3 · see citing works

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Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion: a review
Kreibig, S. D. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.010 · Cited by 3,188 · see citing works
Consumers acceptance of artificially intelligent (AI) device use in service delivery
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An opportunity cost model of subjective effort and task performance
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More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science
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“For example, greater cognitive effort increases blood pressure and heart rate responses in a linear, monotonic manner (Wright and Kirby, 2001).”
Background
Exploring the Psychology of Interest
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What Is Interesting? Exploring the Appraisal Structure of Interest.
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Approach-Motivated Positive Affect Reduces Breadth of Attention
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On Integrating the Components of Self-Control
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Contributions from research on anger and cognitive dissonance to understanding the motivational functions of asymmetrical frontal brain activity
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Future thought and behaviour change
Oettingen, G. (2012) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2011.643698 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Stereotype Threat Undermines Intellectual Performance by Triggering a Disruptive Mental Load
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Three Decades of Research on Motivational Intensity Theory
Richter, M. M., Gendolla, G. H. E., & Wright, R. A. (2016) · Advances in motivation science · doi:10.1016/bs.adms.2016.02.001 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
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Task difficulty effects on cardiac activity
Richter, M. M., Friedrich, A., & Gendolla, G. H. E. (2008) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00688.x · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Challenge and Threat During Social Interactions With White and Black Men
Mendes, W. B., Blascovich, J., Lickel, B. A., & Hunter, S. B. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616720202800707 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Anger, coping, and frontal cortical activity: The effect of coping potential on anger-induced left frontal activity
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Effort Mobilization when the Self is Involved: Some Lessons from the Cardiovascular System
Gendolla, G. H. E., & Richter, M. M. (2010) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019742 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
The Motivated Gatekeeper of Our Minds
Roets, A., Kruglanski, A. W., Kossowska, M., Pierro, A., & Hong, Y. (2015) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.01.001 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Predicting Behavior During Interracial Interactions: A Stress and Coping Approach
Trawalter, S., Richeson, J. A., & Shelton, J. N. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868309345850 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Effort Intensity: Some Insights From the Cardiovascular System
Gendolla, G. H. E., Wright, R. A., & Richter, M. M. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399820.013.0024 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Self-citation
Refining the Prediction of Effort: Brehm's Distinction between Potential Motivation and Motivation Intensity
Wright, R. A. (2008) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00093.x · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citation
The heart contracts to reward: Monetary incentives and preejection period
Richter, M. M., & Gendolla, G. H. E. (2009) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00795.x · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Challenge and threat responses during downward and upward social comparisons
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Being in the zone: physiological markers of togetherness in joint improvisation
Noy, L., Levit-Binun, N., & Golland, Y. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00187 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
The Association of Cognitive Ability with Right–Wing Ideological Attitudes and Prejudice: A Meta–Analytic Review
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The Robust Nature of the Biopsychosocial Model Challenge and Threat: A Reply to Wright and Kirby
Blascovich, J., Mendes, W. B., Tomaka, J., Salomon, K., & Seery, M. D. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0703_03 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Fighting self-control failure: Overcoming ego depletion by increasing self-awareness
Alberts, H. J. E. M., Martijn, C., & de Vries, N. K. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.08.004 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Building pipelines for educational data using AI and multimodal analytics: A “grey‐box” approach
Sharma, K., Papamitsiou, Z. K., & Giannakos, M. N. (2019) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.12854 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Natural resistance: Exposure to nature and self-regulation, mood, and physiology after ego-depletion
Beute, F., & de Kort, Y. A. W. (2014) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.06.004 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
So near and yet so far: The mental representation of goal progress.
Huang, S., Zhang, Y., & Broniarczyk, S. M. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028443 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Listening effort: Are we measuring cognition or affect, or both?
Francis, A. L., & Love, J. (2019) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1514 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
The Role of Mood States in Self-Regulation
Gendolla, G. H. E., & Brinkmann, K. (2005) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040.10.3.187 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Cybernetic Control Processes and the Self-Regulation of Behavior
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399820.013.0003 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Gritty people try harder: Grit and effort-related cardiac autonomic activity during an active coping challenge
Silvia, P. J., Eddington, K. M., Beaty, R. E., Nusbaum, E. C., & Kwapil, T. R. (2013) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.04.007 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-efficacy and interest: Experimental studies of optimal incompetence
Silvia, P. J. (2003) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0001-8791(02)00013-1 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Evaluation of an Adaptive Game that Uses EEG Measures Validated during the Design Process as Inputs to a Biocybernetic Loop
Ewing, K., Fairclough, S. H., & Gilleade, K. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00223 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-efficacy as a health-protective resource in teachers? A biopsychological approach.
Schwerdtfeger, A. R., Konermann, L., & Schonhofen, K. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.3.358 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Something to gain, something to lose: The cardiovascular consequences of outcome framing
Seery, M. D., Max Weisbuch, A., & Blascovich, J. (2009) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.05.006 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Correspondence between laboratory and ambulatory measures of cardiovascular reactivity: A multilevel modeling approach
Kamarck, T. W., Schwartz, J. E., Janicki, D. L., Shiffman, S. S., & Raynor, D. A. (2003) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.00069 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Cardiovascular correlates of emotional expression and suppression: Do content and gender context matter?
Mendes, W. B., Reis, H. T., Seery, M. D., & Blascovich, J. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.771 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Ego involvement and effort: Cardiovascular, electrodermal, and performance effects
Gendolla, G. H. E., & Richter, M. M. (2005) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00314.x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Does depression interfere with effort mobilization? Effects of dysphoria and task difficulty on cardiovascular response.
Brinkmann, K., & Gendolla, G. H. E. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.146 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Implicit affect primes effort: A theory and research on cardiovascular response
Gendolla, G. H. E. (2012) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.05.003 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
A large-scale study of stress, emotions, and blood pressure in daily life using a digital platform
Gordon, A. M., & Mendes, W. B. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2105573118 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Reward Influence on the Heart: Cardiovascular Response as a Function of Incentive Value at Five Levels of Task Demand
Eubanks, L., Wright, R. A., & Williams, B. J. (2002) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1023/a:1019863318803 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citation
Anticipation of cognitive demand during decision-making
Botvinick, M., & Rosen, Z. B. (2008) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-008-0197-8 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
An integrative effort: Bridging motivational intensity theory and recent neurocomputational and neuronal models of effort and control allocation.
Silvestrini, N., Musslick, S., Berry, A. S., & Vassena, E. (2022) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000372 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Energy resource depletion, task difficulty, and cardiovascular response to a mental arithmetic challenge
Wright, R. A., Martin, R. E., & Bland, J. L. (2003) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.00010 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citation
Predicting autonomic reactivity to public speaking: don't get fixed on self-report data!
Schwerdtfeger, A. R. (2004) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2003.10.008 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Mental fatigue influence on effort-related cardiovascular response: difficulty effects and extension across cognitive performance domains
Wright, R. A., Junious, T. R., Neal, C., Avello, A., Graham, C., Herrmann, L., Junious, S., & Walton, N. (2007) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-007-9066-9 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
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The interactive effect of achievement motivation and task difficulty on mental effort
Capa, R. L., Audiffren, M. F., & Ragot, S. (2008) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.06.007 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Conscious and Unconscious Reward Cues Can Affect a Critical Component of Executive Control
Capa, R. L., Bustin, G. M., Cleeremans, A., & Hansenne, M. (2011) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000104 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Anxiety-based affective communication for implicit human–machine interaction
Rani, P., Sarkar, N., & Adams, J. A. (2007) · Advanced Engineering Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.aei.2006.11.009 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
A Multidimensional Approach to Apathy after Traumatic Brain Injury
Arnould, A., Rochat, L., Azouvi, P., & der Linden, M. V. (2013) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-013-9236-3 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Reactivity During Positive and Negative Marital Interactions
Nealey-Moore, J. B., Smith, T. W., Uchino, B. N., Hawkins, M. W., & Olson-Cerny, C. (2007) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-007-9124-5 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
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Authors: Wright, R. A., & Kirby, L. D.
ORCID: Wright, Rex A.
Kirby, Leslie D.
Venue: Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
Publisher: Elsevier
Published: 2001
Pages: 255-307
ISSN: 0065-2601 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2601(01)80007-1
OpenAlex: W1492096501
Cited by: 313
References: 180
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 39.05
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Advances in experimental social psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: motivational processes, behavioral contingencies, social variables

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