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Differential subjective effects of d-amphetamine by gender, hormone levels and menstrual cycle phase
Abstract
Estrogen and progesterone interact with monoamines in ways that suggest the potential modulation of responses to psychoactive drugs by endogenous steroids, both between menstrual phases and between the sexes. The present study assessed the subjective and physiological effects of a single dose of D-amphetamine (AMPH; 15 mg oral) in healthy, normally cycling women (n=13), who received amphetamine and placebo (PL) during both the follicular and luteal phases of a single menstrual cycle, and in healthy men (n=7). Females reported greater amphetamine-induced subjective stimulation [Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI)-A, ARCI-MBG; Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ) Feel Drug, Feel High, Want More] during the follicular phase than the luteal phase. Within the follicular phase, the magnitude of individuals' AMPH-induced stimulation was positively associated with baseline (predrug) salivary estradiol [r=+.55-.78; Profile of Mood States (POMS) Vigor, Positive Mood, Elation], and negatively associated with salivary progesterone [r=-.66-.68; POMS Friendliness; Subjective States Questionnaire (SSQ) Pleasant Sedation]. Sex differences also emerged. Males reported feeling greater AMPH-induced stimulation (ARCI-A, ARCI-MBG; DEQ Feel Drug, Want More) than females in the luteal phase. Thus, higher levels of estrogen and lower levels of progesterone are associated with greater subjective stimulation after AMPH in women, and these hormonal influences contribute to sex differences in amphetamine responding.
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“Additionally, during periods of low oestrogen, increased ADHD symptoms [30,41,91,92] and decreased response to psychostimulant medication [25,42,93,94,95] have been described.”
From A Female-Specific Treatment Group for ADHD—Description of the Programme and Qualitative Analysis of First Experiences (2024) · cites this paper as [95]
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“ifferently from preclinical investigations, human studies have hown that women in the luteal phase of menstrual cycle dislay reduced subjective responses to amphetamine and cocaine ompared to men [116,117].”
BackgroundSex Differences in Striatal Dopamine Release in Healthy Adults
Munro, C. A., McCaul, M. E., Wong, D. F., Oswald, L. M., Zhou, Y., Brašić, J. R., Kuwabara, H., Kumar, A., Alexander, M., Ye, W., et al. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.01.008 · Cited by 361
“It has been posited that the ratio of estrogen to progesterone, which changes throughout the menstrual cycle, helps determine responsiveness to amphetamine (White et al 2002).”
BackgroundSex differences in the neural mechanisms mediating addiction: a new synthesis and hypothesis
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“53,54 Furthermore, transdermal estradiol administration had stimulating effects when administered alone and increased the stimulating effects of amphetamine, as measured by the Stimulant Sedative Questionnaire, in healthy young women (mean age of 23–26 years).”
BackgroundAmping Up Effort: Effects ofd-Amphetamine on Human Effort-Based Decision-Making
Wardle, M. C., Treadway, M. T., Mayo, L. M., Zald, D. H., & de Wit, H. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4387-11.2011 · Cited by 271
“Women not on hormonal birth control were scheduled during the follicular phase (White et al., 2002).”
BackgroundThe drug effects questionnaire: psychometric support across three drug types
Morean, M. E., de Wit, H., King, A. C., Sofuoglu, M., Rueger, S. Y., & O’Malley, S. S. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2954-z · Cited by 252
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Exogenous Progesterone Attenuates the Subjective Effects of Smoked Cocaine in Women, but not in Men
Evans, S. M., & Foltin, R. W. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300887 · Cited by 204
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BackgroundResultInfluentialSex differences in vulnerability to drug self-administration.
Lynch, W. J. (2006) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.14.1.34 · Cited by 199
Menstrual cycle phase and responses to drugs of abuse in humans
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“Female subjects were investigated during the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle (days 2–14) when the reactivity to amphetamines is expected to be similar to men (White et al., 2002).”
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Lynch, W. J. (2008) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-007-1028-0 · Cited by 152
“…humans, results have revealed that the subjective effects of stimulants vary across the menstrual cycle (for a review, see Terner and de Wit 2006), with the greatest increases in subjective effects observed when estrogen levels are high and relatively unopposed by progesterone (White et al. 2002).”
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“…(smoked) Study 2: 6 × 0.4 mg cocaine (smoked) N Cocaine history (23 M, 21 F) Cocaine history (11M, 12 F) M & F (follicular) > F (luteal): “feel high” M < F: “feel high,” HR, heart racing White et al. (2002)75 15 mg amphetamine (oral) Y Healthy volunteers (7 M, 13 F) F (follicular) > F (luteal):…”
InfluentialMDMA enhances “mind reading” of positive emotions and impairs “mind reading” of negative emotions
Hysek, C. M., Domes, G., & Liechti, M. E. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2645-9 · Cited by 144
Effects of MDMA and intranasal oxytocin on social and emotional processing
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Feltenstein, M. W., Henderson, A. R., & See, R. E. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2187-6 · Cited by 141
“Relative to women during the luteal phase, women in the follicular phase report an enhancement in the subjective effects of cocaine (Evans et al. 2002; Sofuoglu et al. 1999) and D-amphetamine (Justice and de Wit 1999; White et al. 2002).”
Stimulant Use in Pregnancy: An Under-recognized Epidemic Among Pregnant Women
Smid, M. C., Metz, T. D., & Gordon, A. J. (2019) · Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/grf.0000000000000418 · Cited by 141
Dopamine Transporter Gene Associated with Diminished Subjective Response to Amphetamine
Lott, D. C., Kim, S., Cook, E. H., & de Wit, H. (2004) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300637 · Cited by 138
“There are many potential sources of this variability, including expectancies (Mitchell et al, 1996), personality (Hutchison et al, 1999), psychiatric symptomatology (Cesarec and Nyman, 1985), sex, and menstrual cycle phase (White et al, 2002).”
BackgroundLarson, E. B., Anker, J. J., Gliddon, L. A., Fons, K. S., & Carroll, M. E. (2007) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.15.5.461 · Cited by 141
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“In human females, behavioral effects of drugs that act primarily on brain DA systems, such as amphetamine and cocaine, differ as a function of menstrual cycle phase (Justice and de Wit, 1999; Sofuoglu et al., 1999; Evans et al., 2002; White et al., 2002; Evans and Foltin, 2006; Terner and de Wit, 2006).”
Evans, S. M., & Foltin, R. W. (2009) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.08.010 · Cited by 127
“These data are similar to what other studies have published with smoked cocaine (Sofuoglu et al., 1999) as well as oral d-amphetamine (White et al., 2002).”
BackgroundResultO’Leary, M. M., Loney, B. R., & Eckel, L. A. (2007) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.12.004 · Cited by 127
“During the luteal phase, mean salivary progesterone increases dramatically with an average concentration of 300 pg/ml (range 1⁄4 100–500 pg/ml) (White et al., 2002).”
BackgroundDolder, P. C., Müller, F., Schmid, Y., Borgwardt, S. J., & Liechti, M. E. (2018) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4650-5 · Cited by 117
“phase of their menstrual cycle (day 2–14 after the start of the menstruation) to account for cyclic changes in reactivity, which has been demonstrated for amphetamines (White et al. 2002).”
Oswald, L. M., Wand, G. S., Kuwabara, H., Wong, D. F., Zhu, S., & Brasic, J. R. (2014) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3407-z · Cited by 114
“However, because of the lack of control for gender in the design and prior evidence of sex differences in DA and subjective responses to AMPH (Abi-Dargham et al. 2003; Evans 2007; Munro et al. 2006; White et al. 2002), perceived stress (Allen et al.”
Sex-dependent regulation of social reward by oxytocin: an inverted U hypothesis
Borland, J. M., Rilling, J. K., Frantz, K. J., & Albers, H. E. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0129-2 · Cited by 116
Krolick, K. N., Zhu, Q., & Shi, H. (2018) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.07.008 · Cited by 126
Transdermal nicotine alters some of marihuana's effects in male and female volunteers
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Effect of Menstrual Cycle Phase on Dopamine D2 Receptor Availability in Female Cynomolgus Monkeys
Czoty, P. W., Riddick, N. V., Gage, H. D., Sandridge, M., Nader, S. H., Garg, S., Bounds, M. C., Garg, P., & Nader, M. A. (2008) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2008.3 · Cited by 109
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BackgroundInfluentialWilleit, M., Ginovart, N., Graff, A., Rusjan, P., Vitcu, I., Houle, S., Seeman, P., Wilson, A. A., & Kapur, S. (2008) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301400 · Cited by 107
“The dopamine D2 receptor exists in a high (D2 high) and a low-affinity state for dopamine.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHamidovic, A., Dlugos, A., Skol, A., Palmer, A. A., & de Wit, H. (2009) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0017840 · Cited by 108
Sex differences in the subjective effects of oral Δ9-THC in cannabis users
Fogel, J. S., Kelly, T. H., Westgate, P. M., & Lile, J. A. (2016) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2016.01.007 · Cited by 107
“…that women rated certain positive subject-rated drug effect questionnaire items higher during the early-to-mid follicular phase, when only estrogen levels are increasing, relative to the luteal phase, when both estrogen and progesterone are elevated (Justice and deWit, 2000a;White et al., 2002).”
Plasma oxytocin concentrations following MDMA or intranasal oxytocin in humans
Kirkpatrick, M. G., Francis, S. M., Lee, R., de Wit, H., & Jacob, S. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.04.006 · Cited by 106
“Women not using hormonal contraceptives were tested only during the follicular phase (days 2—14; White et al., 2002).”
MethodLacy, R. T., Strickland, J. C., Feinstein, M. A., Robinson, A. M., & Smith, M. A. (2016) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4368-9 · Cited by 106
“estrogen) following administration of amphetamine and smoked cocaine (Evans and Foltin 2006; Evans et al. 2002; Justice and de Wit 1999; White et al. 2002).”
InfluentialEffects of progesterone on the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in female rats.
Anker, J. J., Larson, E. B., Gliddon, L. A., & Carroll, M. E. (2007) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.15.5.472 · Cited by 107
“, 2002) and negatively correlated with increasing plasma levels of P (White et al., 2002) during the follicular phase.”
BackgroundEstradiol Modulates Effort-Based Decision Making in Female Rats
Uban, K. A., Rummel, J., Floresco, S., & Galea, L. A. M. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.176 · Cited by 101
“In pre-menopausal humans, females in the late follicular phase (estradiol levels are higher compared with levels of progesterone) report greater liking of drugs of abuse and more euphoria (”
BackgroundRussell, S. E., Rachlin, A. B., Smith, K. L., Muschamp, J. W., Berry, L., Zhao, Z., & Chartoff, E. H. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.07.042 · Cited by 103
MDMA alters emotional processing and facilitates positive social interaction
Wardle, M. C., & de Wit, H. (2014) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3570-x · Cited by 96
“Women not on hormonal contraceptives were scheduled only during the follicular phase (White et al. 2002).”
Marijuana, the Endocannabinoid System and the Female Reproductive System.
Brents, L. K. (2016) · PubMed Central · Cited by 96
Drug-drug interactions between psychiatric medications and MDMA or psilocybin: a systematic review
Sarparast, A., Thomas, K., Malcolm, B., & Stauffer, C. S. (2022) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-022-06083-y · Cited by 88
“Many studies required female participants to be in the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle (day 2–14) during drug dosing due the potential for cyclic change in subjective reactivity to amphetamines (White et al. 2002).”
BackgroundSex Differences in the Effects of MDMA (Ecstasy) on Plasma Copeptin in Healthy Subjects
Simmler, L. D., Hysek, C. M., & Liechti, M. E. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-1143 · Cited by 91
Attenuation of cocaine-seeking by progesterone treatment in female rats
Feltenstein, M. W., Byrd, E. A., Henderson, A. R., & See, R. E. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.09.014 · Cited by 88
“Similar results have been reported for healthy women after d-amphetamine administration (Justice and de Wit, 1999; White et al., 2002).”
ResultSex differences in the glutamate system: Implications for addiction
Giacometti, L. L., & Barker, J. M. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.010 · Cited by 92
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MDMA decreases the effects of simulated social rejection
Frye, C. G., Wardle, M. C., Norman, G. J., & de Wit, H. (2014) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2013.11.030 · Cited by 85
“Women not on hormonal birth control were scheduled only during the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle, as menstrual cycle may affect responses to stimulant drugs (White et al., 2002).”
BackgroundProsocial effects of MDMA: A measure of generosity
Kirkpatrick, M. G., Delton, A. W., Robertson, T. E., & de Wit, H. (2015) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881115573806 · Cited by 92
“, 2005), stimulant response (White et al., 2002), and prosocial behaviors such as empathy (Derntl et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCarvedilol inhibits the cardiostimulant and thermogenic effects of MDMA in humans
Hysek, C. M., Schmid, Y., Rickli, A., Simmler, L. D., Donzelli, M., Grouzmann, E., & Liechti, M. E. (2012) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01936.x · Cited by 86
“The female subjects were investigated during the follicular phase (day 2–14) of their menstrual cycle when the reactivity to amphetamines is expected to be similar to men (White et al., 2002).”
BackgroundHow Reward and Emotional Stimuli Induce Different Reactions Across the Menstrual Cycle
Sakaki, M., & Mather, M. (2012) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00415.x · Cited by 90
“…Effects of Ovarian Hormones in Research Although estrogen and progesterone are best known for their effects on the female reproductive organs (e.g., uterus; ovary), they cross the blood-brain barrier (Henderson, 1997; Wirth, 2011) and affect brain functions as well (e.g., McEwen, 2002).”
BackgroundOvarian Hormones and Drug Abuse
Maria, M. M. M., Flanagan, J. C., & Brady, K. T. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0511-7 · Cited by 89
Personality and the Subjective Effects of Acute Amphetamine in Healthy Volunteers
White, T. L., Lott, D. C., & de Wit, H. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300939 · Cited by 77
“Sessions were separated by at least 48 h, and women were tested only during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (days 2–14; White et al, 2002).”
MethodSelf-citationMDMA effects consistent across laboratories
Kirkpatrick, M. G., Baggott, M. J., Mendelson, J. E., Galloway, G. P., Liechti, M. E., Hysek, C. M., & de Wit, H. (2014) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3528-z · Cited by 78
“, perceptual effects and thought disturbances versus mood), subject samples, or hormonal states in women at the time of testing (White et al. 2002).”
Effects of allopregnanolone on the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in male and female rats
Anker, J. J., Holtz, N. A., Zlebnik, N. E., & Carroll, M. E. (2008) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1371-9 · Cited by 77
“For example, women reported increased amphetamine(Justice and de Wit 1999; White et al. 2002) and cocaineelicited (Evans et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialPharmacogenetic Treatments for Drug Addiction: Cocaine, Amphetamine and Methamphetamine
Haile, C. N., Kosten, T. R., & Kosten, T. A. (2009) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990902825447 · Cited by 76
“This heterogeneity of response may be due to a number of factors such as expectancies of the drug (211), psychiatric disease or personality type (212, 213), or gender differences (214).”
BackgroundMDMA Impairs Both the Encoding and Retrieval of Emotional Recollections
Doss, M. K., Weafer, J. J., Gallo, D. A., & de Wit, H. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.171 · Cited by 77
Anker, J. J., & Carroll, M. E. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.04.003 · Cited by 74
“…cocaine (Evans and Foltin, 2006; Evans et al., 2002; Sofuoglu et al., 1999), women reported decreased positive-subjective effects following amphetamine administration during the luteal phase compared to follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (Justice and de Wit, 1999, 2000; White et al., 2002).”
Candidate Gene Studies of a Promising Intermediate Phenotype: Failure to Replicate
Hart, A. B., de Wit, H., & Palmer, A. A. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2012.245 · Cited by 70
Hysek, C. M., Brugger, R., Simmler, L. D., Bruggisser, M., Donzelli, M., Grouzmann, E., Hoener, M. C., & Liechti, M. E. (2011) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.111.188425 · Cited by 72
“amphetamines is expected to be similar to men (White et al., 2002).”
BackgroundSex Differences in the Response of Children With ADHD to Once-Daily Formulations of Methylphenidate
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Coghill, D., Markowitz, J. S., Swanson, J. M., Vandenberghe, M., & HATCH, S. J. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31804659f1 · Cited by 66
“shown to play a role in DA function and stimulant response (White et al., 2002), and additional research on their role in predicting MPH response is warranted, especially in relation to the onset of puberty.”
BackgroundIntimate insight: MDMA changes how people talk about significant others
Baggott, M. J., Kirkpatrick, M. G., Bedi, G., & de Wit, H. (2015) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881115581962 · Cited by 69
“Women who used hormonal contraceptives were tested regardless of menstrual cycle phase, but women not using hormonal contraceptives were tested only during the follicular phase (days 2–14; White et al., 2002) .”
MethodDiekhof, E. K., & Ratnayake, M. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.10.016 · Cited by 65
“…more responsive to rewarding substances (e.g., dopaminergic drugs) and reward-related activation in mesolimbic brain regions increased in comparison to the luteal phase (LP) when PROG level peaked (Dreher et al., 2007; Quinones-Jenab and Jenab, 2010; Terner and de Wit, 2006; White et al., 2002).”
Gender differences in the behavioral and subjective effects of methamphetamine in healthy humans
Mayo, L. M., Paul, E. R., DeArcangelis, J., Hedger, K. V., & de Wit, H. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05276-2 · Cited by 64
“2000), but there are few reports on the potential contribution of gender differences to these effects in controlled laboratory settings (White et al. 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDose-response effects of d-amphetamine on effort-based decision-making and reinforcement learning
Soder, H. E., Cooper, J. A., Lopez-Gamundi, P., Hoots, J. K., Nunez, C., Lawlor, V. M., Lane, S. D., Treadway, M. T., & Wardle, M. C. (2021) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-0779-8 · Cited by 61
Comer, S. D., Bickel, W. K., Yi, R., de Wit, H., Higgins, S. T., Wenger, G. R., Johanson, C., & Kreek, M. J. (2010) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0b013e32833bb9f8 · Cited by 60
“The effects of amphetamine and cocaine are greater during the follicular phase, compared with the luteal phase (Justice and de Wit, 1999, 2000; Evans et al., 2002; White et al., 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialStress-induced changes in mood and cortisol release predict mood effects of amphetamine
Hamidovic, A., Childs, E., Conrad, M., King, A. C., & de Wit, H. (2010) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.12.029 · Cited by 60
“…to minimize the potential confound of sex hormones upon stress responses (Childs et al., In Press; Kajante and Phillips, 2006), women were tested only during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, i.e., 2–10 days after the self-reported first day of menstruation (see White et al., 2002).”
BackgroundChilds, E., & de Wit, H. (2011) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00416.x · Cited by 60
Kirkpatrick, M. G., Goldenson, N. I., Kapadia, N., Kahler, C. W., de Wit, H., Swift, R. M., McGeary, J. E., Sussman, S. Y., & Leventhal, A. M. (2015) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-015-4091-y · Cited by 59
“Women were tested during the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle (as D-amphetamine effects are dampened during the luteal phase; White et al. 2002) unless they reported taking birth control medications.”
Mello, N. K., Knudson, I. M., & Mendelson, J. H. (2007) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301314 · Cited by 59
“In some studies, the subjective effects of cocaine (Sofuoglu et al, 1999; Evans et al, 2002) and d-amphetamine (Justice and de Wit, 1999; White et al, 2002) were greater during the follicular phase than during the luteal phase, and in other studies no menstrual cycle phase differences were detected…”
Alyea, R. A., & Watson, C. S. (2009) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.0800026 · Cited by 59
“Human females have been reported to experience increased euphoric feeling from these drugs during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, which is correlated with the highest E2 levels (White et al. 2002).”
BackgroundSilverman, J. L., & Koenig, J. I. (2007) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.03.017 · Cited by 58
Bisagno, V., & Cadet, J. L. (2014) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000049 · Cited by 63
“It has been posited that the ratio of estrogen to progesterone, which changes throughout the menstrual cycle, helps determine the responsiveness to amphetamine (White et al., 2002).”
BackgroundHysek, C. M., & Liechti, M. E. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2761-6 · Cited by 61
Wardle, M. C., Marcus, B. A., & de Wit, H. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140501 · Cited by 57
“Women who were not on birth control were only scheduled during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, as hormone levels may affect AMP responses [34].”
BackgroundDolder, P. C., Strajhar, P., Vizeli, P., Hammann, F., Odermatt, A., & Liechti, M. E. (2017) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00617 · Cited by 61
“Female subjects were investigated during the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle (days 2–14) to account for cyclic changes in the reactivity to D-amphetamine (White et al., 2002).”
BackgroundHysek, C. M., Fink, A. E., Simmler, L. D., Donzelli, M., Grouzmann, E., & Liechti, M. E. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e3182979d32 · Cited by 60
“The female subjects were investigated during the follicular phase (days 2Y14) of their menstrual cycle when the reactivity to amphetamines is expected to be similar to men.(25)”
MethodAllott, K., & Redman, J. R. (2006) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.09.009 · Cited by 57
Bailer, U., Narendran, R., Frankle, W., Himes, M. L., Duvvuri, V., Mathis, C., & Kaye, W. (2011) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20937 · Cited by 54
“Nontreatment oriented previous studies have attributed this variability to various factors including expectancy,(48) personality factors,(49) as well as gender, hormone levels, and menstrual cycle phase.(50)”
BackgroundPersonality and gender differences in effects of d-amphetamine on risk taking.
White, T. L., Lejuez, C. W., & de Wit, H. (2007) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.15.6.599 · Cited by 57
Self-citationAssociation between the Casein Kinase 1 Epsilon Gene Region and Subjective Response to D-Amphetamine
Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. M., Qaadir, A., Palmer, A. A., Cook, E. H., & de Wit, H. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300936 · Cited by 55
“A number of factors have been studied as potential predictors of subjective response to stimulant administration, including personality traits (Hutchison et al, 1999), cognitive states (Mitchell et al, 1996), and menstrual cycle (White et al, 2002).”
BackgroundDopaminergic activity in depressed smokers: A positron emission tomography study
Busto, U. E., Redden, L., Mayberg, H. S., Kapur, S., Houle, S., & Zawertailo, L. A. (2009) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.20646 · Cited by 55
“There was no correction for possible hormonal differences in the subjects (White et al., 2002) and the study was not age- and gender-matched.”
BackgroundHamidovic, A., Dlugos, A. M., Palmer, A. A., & de Wit, H. (2010) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0b013e32833a1f3c · Cited by 52
“As women show a dampened response to d-amphetamine during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (White et al., 2002) they were scheduled to participate during the follicular phase only.”
Wardle, M. C., Kirkpatrick, M. G., & de Wit, H. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu035 · Cited by 55
“Women not using hormonal contraceptives were scheduled during the follicular phase (White et al., 2002).”
BackgroundInteractions between Bupropion and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in Healthy Subjects
Schmid, Y., Rickli, A., Schaffner, A., Duthaler, U., Grouzmann, E., Hysek, C. M., & Liechti, M. E. (2015) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.114.222356 · Cited by 51
“Female participants were investigated during the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle (days 2–14) to account for cyclic changes in the reactivity to amphetamines (White et al., 2002).”
BackgroundAmphetamine as a social drug: effects of d-amphetamine on social processing and behavior
Wardle, M. C., Garner, M. J., Munafo, M. R., & de Wit, H. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2708-y · Cited by 50
“Women not on hormonal birth control were scheduled only during the follicular phase (White et al. 2002).”
Estrogens of multiple classes and their role in mental health disease mechanisms
Watson, C. S. (2010) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s6907 · Cited by 55
Further evidence of association between amphetamine response and SLC6A2 gene variants
Dlugos, A. M., Hamidovic, A., Palmer, A. A., & de Wit, H. (2009) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1628-y · Cited by 49
“Women were tested in their follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (White et al. 2002).”
BackgroundCommonly used stimulants: Sleep problems, dependence and psychological distress
Ogeil, R. P., & Phillips, J. G. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.036 · Cited by 58
OPRM1 gene variants modulate amphetamine-induced euphoria in humans
Dlugos, A. M., Hamidovic, A., Hodgkinson, C. A., Shen, P., Goldman, D. A., Palmer, A. A., & de Wit, H. (2010) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2010.00655.x · Cited by 49
“Women were only tested in their follicular phase as response to amphetamine is dampened during the luteal phase of the menstruation cycle because of altered pharmacodynamic effects (White et al. 2002).”
BackgroundEffects of amphetamine on reactivity to emotional stimuli
Wardle, M. C., & de Wit, H. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2498-7 · Cited by 49
“Women not on hormonal birth control were scheduled only during the follicular phase (White et al. 2002).”
BackgroundThe Impact of Gender on Antidepressants
Sramek, J. J., & Cutler, N. R. (2011) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2010_118 · Cited by 48
“In addition, women in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, which is associated with high levels of progesterone, display reduced responses to amphetamine and cocaine (inhibitors of DA reuptake) compared to men (Sofuoglu et al. 2004; White et al. 2002 ).”
BackgroundUrinary and plasma oxytocin changes in response to MDMA or intranasal oxytocin administration
Francis, S. M., Kirkpatrick, M. G., de Wit, H., & Jacob, S. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.08.011 · Cited by 46
Neurocognitive, Autonomic, and Mood Effects of Adderall: A Pilot Study of Healthy College Students
Weyandt, L. L., White, T. L., Gudmundsdottir, B. G., Nitenson, A. Z., Rathkey, E. S., De Leon, K. A., & Bjorn, S. A. (2018) · Pharmacy · doi:10.3390/pharmacy6030058 · Cited by 43
“Prescription psychostimulants such as d-amphetamine produce robust increases on these measures in healthy young adults [36,46,47].”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe therapeutic potential of exercise for neuropsychiatric diseases: A review
Swenson, S., Blum, K., McLaughlin, T., Gold, M. S., & Thanos, P. K. (2020) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2020.116763 · Cited by 42
Acute Effects of the Novel Psychoactive Drug 2C-B on Emotions
González, D., Torrens, M., & Farré, M. (2015) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/643878 · Cited by 47
Cornforth, C., Sonuga-Barke, E., & Coghill, D. (2010) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161210791959827 · Cited by 41
“In a further sample of healthy adults, hormonal fluctuat ions in females have also been shown to affect AMF response [76].”
BackgroundPeltier, M. R., & Sofuoglu, M. (2018) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-018-0525-5 · Cited by 42
“Similarly, healthy women had diminished subjective responses to oral d-amphetamine during the luteal phase, compared to the follicular phase [86].”
Metadata
- Authors
- White, T. L., Justice, A. J. H., & de Wit, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- White, Tara L
- Venue
- Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-11
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 729-741
- ISSN
- 0091-3057 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2063675303
- Cited by
- 248
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 1.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA002812, T32DA007255)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR000055)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- amphetamine, subjective effects, menstrual cycle, follicular phase, luteal phase, estrogen, progesterone, salivary estradiol, salivary progesterone, sex differences, stimulant effects, mood states, women
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Analysis of Variance, Dextroamphetamine, Double-Blind Method, Estradiol, Female, Humans, Male, Menstrual Cycle, Progesterone, Sex Characteristics, Cross-Over Studies
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