Stimulant Drug Effects on Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Review of the Effects of Age and Sex of Patients
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OBJECTIVE: As dopamine functioning varies by sex and age it might be expected that the effects of methylphenidate or amfetamine, the psychostimulants used for the treatment of Attention Deficit /Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), will also be moderated by these factors. Here we review the published literature on whether stimulant effects in ADHD symptoms vary by age and sex. METHOD: We searched for studies published from 1989 until October 2009. Databases searched included U.S. National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO and ISI Web of Knowledge. Firstly, we reviewed the effects of stimulant drugs on male and female patients and also patients of pre-school, middle childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Secondly, we reviewed studies that directly tested the moderating effect of age and sex on stimulant treatment outcome. RESULTS: Randomised controlled trials confirm that stimulant medication is efficacious for, and well tolerated by, males and females and patients across the age range; although preschoolers appear to have a less beneficial response and more side effects. Few studies that specifically examined the moderating effect of age and/or sex were identified. For sex, no effects on overall response were found, although one study reported that sex moderated methylphenidate pharmacodynamics. The few effects found for age were small and inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence suggests that stimulant medication, when appropriately administered, has efficacy as an ADHD treatment for both sexes and across all ages. There are currently too few published papers examining the effects of sex and age to draw strong conclusions about moderation. Further studies of the pharmacodynamics of stimulants on symptoms measured using objective tests in the laboratory or classroom setting need to be undertaken.
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Evidence suggests that age plays a minimal role in moderating the efficacy of stimulant treatment in children, adolescents, and adults with ADHD.
“However, evidence suggests that age plays a minimal role in moderating the efficacy of stimulant treatment in children, adolescents, and adults with ADHD [35,81]”
From Treatment of Adolescents with Concurrent Substance Use Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as [81]
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- Authors
- Cornforth, C., Sonuga-Barke, E., & Coghill, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Ghent University (BE)
- Venue
- Current Pharmaceutical Design
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2010-07-01
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 2424-2433
- ISSN
- 1381-6128 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2126189538
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 5 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- biblio.ugent.be
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Current Pharmaceutical Design (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, stimulant medication, methylphenidate, amphetamine, sex differences, age differences, treatment response, pharmacodynamics, preschool children, adolescents, adults, adverse effects
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child, Preschool, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Characteristics, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Databases, Factual, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult
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