Effects of MDMA and intranasal oxytocin on social and emotional processing
Open accessAbstract
MDMA (± 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 'ecstasy') is used recreationally, reportedly because it increases feelings of empathy, sociability, and interpersonal closeness. One line of evidence suggests that MDMA produces these effects by releasing oxytocin, a peptide involved in social bonding. In the current study, we investigated the acute effects of MDMA and oxytocin on social and emotional processing in healthy human volunteers. MDMA users (N = 65) participated in a 4-session, within-between-subjects study in which they received oral MDMA (0.75, 1.5 mg/kg), intranasal oxytocin (20 or 40 IU), or placebo under double-blind conditions. The primary outcomes included measures of emotion recognition and sociability (desire to be with others). Cardiovascular and subjective effects were also assessed. As expected, MDMA dose-dependently increased heart rate and blood pressure and feelings of euphoria (eg, 'High' and 'Like Drug'). On measures of social function, MDMA impaired recognition of angry and fearful facial expressions, and the larger dose (1.5 mg/kg) increased desire to be with others, compared with placebo. Oxytocin produced small but significant increases in feelings of sociability and enhanced recognition of sad facial expressions. Additionally, responses to oxytocin were related to responses to MDMA with subjects on two subjective measures of sociability. Thus, MDMA increased euphoria and feelings of sociability, perhaps by reducing sensitivity to subtle signs of negative emotions in others. The present findings provide only limited support for the idea that oxytocin produces the prosocial effects of MDMA.
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MDMA's softening of rigid self-protective mechanisms reduces interpersonal defensiveness and increases sensitivity to emotional and relational dynamics, allowing deeper engagement in the therapeutic process.
“MDMA’s softening of rigid self-protective mechanisms reduces interpersonal defensiveness, and increases sensitivity to emotional and relational dynamics, allowing for deeper engagement in the therapeutic process (88, 100, 102).”
From Psychoanalytically informed MDMA-assisted therapy for pathological narcissism: a novel theoretical approach (2025) · cites this paper as [88]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports increased sociability and reduced recognition of negative facial expressions, and suggests these effects may help people with PTSD engage with a therapist. It does not measure rigid self-protective mechanisms or interpersonal defensiveness, and it presents therapeutic engagement as a possibility rather than an established effect. The claim also overgeneralizes emotional sensitivity: the study found reduced recognition of negative expressions. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMDMA's prosocial effects (increased sociability, decreased social sensitivity) are linked to improved therapeutic engagement, making patients less guarded and more willing to explore painful emotional material.
“Additionally, its prosocial effects - such as increased sociability and decreased social sensitivity - have been linked to improved therapeutic engagement (81, 88), making patients less guarded and more willing to explore painful emotional material.”
From Psychoanalytically informed MDMA-assisted therapy for pathological narcissism: a novel theoretical approach (2025) · cites this paper as [88]
The Discussion reports increased sociability and reduced recognition of negative expressions, and suggests these effects may facilitate engagement with a therapist and help clients focus on negative emotions. But the study tested healthy volunteers, not patients in therapy, and did not establish that MDMA makes patients less guarded or more willing to explore painful material. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMDMA at 1.5 mg/kg, but not 0.75 mg/kg, decreased the accuracy of fear recognition and of anger and fear recognition.
“This is in line with further results showing that 1.5 mg/kg but not 0.75 mg/kg MDMA decreased the accuracy of fear recognition (55) and anger and fear recognition (36).”
From Modulation of Social Cognition via Hallucinogens and “Entactogens” (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
After administration of 1.5 mg/kg MDMA, participants reported a significantly increased desire to engage in social activities.
“after the administration of 1.5 mg/kg MDMA participants reported a significantly increased desire to engage in social activities (36)”
From Modulation of Social Cognition via Hallucinogens and “Entactogens” (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
No effect was found on the evaluation of romantic relationships of others or on attractiveness ratings after MDMA.
“Furthermore, no effect was found on the evaluation of romantic relationships of others (80) or on attractiveness ratings (36).”
From Modulation of Social Cognition via Hallucinogens and “Entactogens” (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
The effects of MDMA (1.5 mg/kg) on social cognition were substantially more pronounced than the ones induced by oxytocin (40 IU).
“The effects of MDMA (1.5 mg/kg) on social cognition were also substantially more pronounced than the ones induced by oxytocin (40 IU) (36).”
From Modulation of Social Cognition via Hallucinogens and “Entactogens” (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
In contrast to MDMA, intranasal oxytocin enhanced recognition of negative emotional faces.
“A further study reported that, in contrast to MDMA, intranasal oxytocin enhanced recognition of negative emotional faces (36).”
From Modulation of Social Cognition via Hallucinogens and “Entactogens” (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
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- Authors
- Kirkpatrick, M. G., Lee, R., Wardle, M. C., Jacob, S., & de Wit, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Published
- 2014-01-22
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1654-1663
- ISSN
- 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
- 1740-634X
- PMC
- PMC4023138
- OpenAlex
- W2045231516
- Cited by
- 143
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11
- FWCI
- 18.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000430)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA026570, R21DA026570, DA 02812, R01DA002812)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- MDMA, ecstasy, intranasal oxytocin, social processing, emotional processing, emotion recognition, facial expression recognition, sociability, prosocial effects, empathy, cardiovascular effects, euphoria, dose dependence
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Intranasal, Adult, Blood Pressure, Choice Behavior, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Double-Blind Method, Emotions, Female, Hallucinogens, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Oxytocin, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Behavior, Time Factors, Linear Models, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, Young Adult
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