Hormones in saliva: mode of entry and consequent implications for clinical interpretation
Abstract
Assay of hormones in saliva would be more convenient than assay in blood, but there is no information on the route by which hormones enter saliva, information that would provide insight into the clinical value of such assays. We have examined the mode of entry of various hormones into saliva. The results suggest that unconjugated steroids enter saliva by diffusing through the cells of the salivary glands and that their concentration in saliva does not depend on the rate of saliva production. Conjugated steroids enter saliva via "ultrafiltration" through the tight junctions between the acinar cells, and their concentration in saliva is highly flow-rate dependent. Thyroxin and choriogonadotropin enter saliva via the ultrafiltration route or by contamination of the saliva by plasma or gingival fluid. We conclude that the salivary concentration of unconjugated steroids may usefully reflect the concentration of free (nonprotein-bound) steroids in plasma. Conversely, the concentration of conjugated steroids, thyroxin, and protein hormones such as choriogonadotropin in saliva probably does not reflect their concentration in plasma in any clinically useful way.
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Unconjugated steroids passively diffuse over the membranes of acinar cells in salivary glands independent of salivary flow rate.
“Unconjugated steroids passively diffuse over the membranes of the acinar cells in the salivary glands independent of salivary flow rate [209].”
From Human steroid biosynthesis, metabolism and excretion are differentially reflected by serum and urine steroid metabolomes: a comprehensive review (2019) · cites this paper as [209]
Steroids can passively diffuse from circulation into saliva in the salivary glands, so salivary levels represent bioavailable, non-protein bound levels.
“Steroid measurements in saliva can be superior to that of serum as they rely on a non-invasive, cheap collection technique and are representative of the bioavailable, non-protein bound, levels of the steroid that can passively diffuse from circulation into saliva in the salivary glands (Vining et al., 1983).”
From Intracrine androgen biosynthesis, metabolism and action revisited (2018) · cites this paper as Vining et al., 1983
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Perogamvros, I., Owen, L. J., Keevil, B. G., Brabant, G., & Trainer, P. J. (2010) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03582.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Mezzullo, M., Fanelli, F., Fazzini, A., Gambineri, A., Vicennati, V., Dalmazi, G. D., Pelusi, C., Mazza, R., Pagotto, U., & Pasquali, R. (2016) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.04.012 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Mayo, A., MacIntyre, H. E., Wallace, E. M., & Ahmed, S. F. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031086 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Saliva – a new opportunity for fluid biopsy
Huang, Z., Yang, X., Huang, Y., Tang, Z., Chen, Y., Liu, H., Huang, M., Qing, L., Li, L., Wang, Q. L., et al. (2022) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2022-0793 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Salivary Cortisol Concentrations in Healthy Dogs and Dogs with Hypercortisolism
Wenger‐Riggenbach, B., Boretti, F. S., Quante, S., Schellenberg, S., Reusch, C. E., & Sieber‐Ruckstuhl, N. S. (2010) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0494.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Diagnostic value of salivary cortisol in end stage renal disease
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Hawley, J. M., & Keevil, B. G. (2016) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.05.014 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Radioimmunoassay for Cortisol in Pig Saliva and Serum
Cook, N. J., Schaefer, A. L., Lepage, P., & Jones, S. D. M. (1997) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf960619d · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Dose Effect of Caffeine on Testosterone and Cortisol Responses to Resistance Exercise
Beaven, C. M., Hopkins, W. G., Hansen, K. T., Wood, M. R., Cronin, J. B., & Lowe, T. E. (2008) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.18.2.131 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
- Authors
- Vining, R. F., McGinley, R. A., & Symons, R. G.
- Venue
- Clinical Chemistry
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1983-10-01
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1752-1756
- ISSN
- 0009-9147 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8561
- OpenAlex
- W1906758352
- Cited by
- 341
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 4.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Clinical Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Salivary Gland Disorders and Functions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Keywords
- salivary hormones, tight junctions, steroid conjugates, thyroxine, choriogonadotropin, salivary flow rate, plasma hormone levels
- MeSH terms
- Dehydroepiandrosterone, Estriol, Female, Chorionic Gonadotropin, Hormones, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Parotid Gland, Pregnancy, Radioimmunoassay, Saliva, Thyroid Hormones
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