The neural substrates underlying word generation: A bilingual functional-imaging study
Open accessAbstract
We used positron emission tomography to investigate word generation in subjects whose first language was English but who were also proficient in French. These subjects performed three types of lexical search: rhyme generation based on phonological cues, synonym generation requiring a semantic search, and translation involving access to a semantic representation in the other language. Two control tasks required word repetition in each language. We investigated whether phonological and semantic word-generation activate similar regions and whether the same neural substrates subserve the second language as subserve the first. A series of cerebral blood flow increases, corresponding to Brodmann's areas 47, 46, 45, and 8, were observed in the left frontal cortex when the baseline repetition task was subtracted from each of the respective generation tasks. The results suggest that common neural substrates are involved in within- and across-language searches and that the left inferior frontal region is activated irrespective of whether the search is guided by phonological or semantic cues.
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The ventral aspect of BA46 lies in IFG, participates in language processes, and has been implicated in the genesis of AVHs.
“Although BA46 is typically viewed as a middle frontal region, its ventral aspect lies in IFG and participates in language processes (51–53) and has been implicated in the genesis of AVHs (26,54).”
From Elevated functional connectivity along a corticostriatal loop and the mechanism of auditory/verbal hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia (2011) · cites this paper as [52]
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- Authors
- Klein, D., Milner, B., Zatorre, R. J., Meyer, E., & Evans, A. C.
- Affiliations
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (CA)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1995-03-28
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 2899-2903
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC42326
- OpenAlex
- W1997448502
- Cited by
- 457
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 6.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship@McGill (McGill) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- word production, bilingualism, lexical search, synonym generation, translation, phonological cues, semantic cues, left inferior frontal cortex, cross-language activation, French-English bilinguals
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Adult, Brain, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Language, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neurons, Speech, Stereotaxic Techniques, Tomography, Emission-Computed
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