Cited by 302Neurobiology of Language and BilingualismLanguage Development and DisordersReading and Literacy Development

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Shared and separate systems in bilingual language processing: Converging evidence from eyetracking and brain imaging

Marian, Viorica, Spivey, Michael, Hirsch, Joy·2003·Brain and Language

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Abstract

The neurological and cognitive aspects of bilingual language processing were examined in late Russian-English bilinguals using headband-mounted eyetracking and functional neuroimaging. A series of three eyetracking studies suggested that, at early stages of word recognition, bilinguals can activate both languages in parallel, even when direct linguistic input is in one language only. A functional neuroimaging study suggested that, although the same general structures are active for both languages, differences within these general structures are present across languages and across levels of processing. For example, different centers of activation were associated with first versus second language processing within the left Inferior Frontal Gyrus, but not within the Superior Temporal Gyrus. We suggest that parallel activation (as found with eyetracking) and shared cortical structures (as found with fMRI) may be characteristic of early stages of language processing (such as phonetic processing), but the two languages may be using separate structures at later stages of processing (such as lexical processing).

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“In fact, evidence exists that a bilingual’s L1 and L2 systems are activated at the same time during low level (e.g., phonetic) language processing (Marian et al., 2003).”
Background
Language change in bilingual returnee children: mutual effects of bilingual experience and cognition
Kubota, M. (2019) · ERA · Cited by 6
Dimensions of convergence in bilingual speech and gesture
Alferink, I. (2015) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 6
The Neurolinguistics of the Second Language Pragmatic System
CITRON, F. M. M. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003190912-14 · Cited by 5
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Coderre, E. L. (2015) · International and cultural psychology/International and cultural psychology series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2260-4_4 · Cited by 6
Evaluieren und Prüfen in DaF / DaZ
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“…der L2 tendenziell am neuronalen Netzwerk der L1 bedient, also die gleichen Areale und Faserbahnen verwendet werden, wobei jedoch zusätzliche Regionen aktiviert werden müssen (vgl. Marian et al. 2003; Parker Jones et al. 2012; Perani & Abutalebi 2005; Sebastian et al. 2011; Sulpizio et al. 2020).”
Background
Entropy and Eye Movement: A Micro-analysis of Information Processing in Activity Units During the Translation Process
Wei, Y. (2021) · Machine translation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-69777-8_7 · Cited by 5
Variation in language networks in monolingual and bilingual English speakers: Consequences for language mapping for surgical preplanning
Schafer, R. J., & Constable, R. T. (2009) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390902766879 · Cited by 5
Investigating the Link Between Linguistic and Non-Linguistic Cognitive Control in Bilinguals Using Laplacian-Transformed Event Related Potentials
Mendoza, M., Blumenfeld, H. K., Knight, R. T., & Riès, S. (2021) · Neurobiology of Language · doi:10.1162/nol_a_00056 · Cited by 5
“…Carreiras Copyright: © 2021 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Published under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license The MIT Press 2001; Costa et al., 1998; Dijkstra & van Heuven, 1998; Green, 1998; Kroll et al., 2008; Marian et al., 2003; Marian & Spivey, 2003).”
BackgroundInfluential
Electrophysiological correlates of early processing of visual word recognition: N2 as an index of visual category feature processing
Zhang, Y., Liu, Q., Yang, Q., & Zhang, Q. (2010) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.02.013 · Cited by 5
Effects of sentence context in L2 natural speech comprehension
FitzPatrick, I. (2007) · Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics · Cited by 5
What Do We Learn from Neurolinguistics?
Leikin, M. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-32505-1_5 · Cited by 4
Studying Bilingualism Through Eye-Tracking and Brain Imaging
Hayakawa, S. L., & Marian, V. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316535967.012 · Cited by 4
“In one experiment, Marian, Spivey, and Hirsch (2003) isolated neural activity associated with lexical processing (by comparing words to nonwords) and phonological processing (by comparing auditory to visual stimuli) in the participants’ L1 and L2.”
Method
The Influence of Prior Linguistic Knowledge on Second Language Semantic Implicit Learning: Evidence from Cantonese–English Bilinguals
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Spanish-specific patterns and nonword repetition performance in English language learners
Brea‐Spahn, M. R. (2009) · Cited by 4
THE NATURE OF CROSS-LANGUAGE LEXICAL ACTIVATION IN SENTENCE CONTEXT: A PSYCHOLINGUISTIC INVESTIGATION
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Williams, J. T., Darcy, I., & Newman, S. D. (2017) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728917000347 · Cited by 4
“Right IFG has also been shown to be activated during word retrieval when more processing is needed, including bilinguals (Blasi et al., 2002; Marian et al., 2003, 2007).”
Background
Cross-Linguistic Transfer (CLT) in Bilingual Speakers : Neural Correlates of Language Learning
Saidi, L. G. (2012) · doi:10.71781/30417 · Cited by 4
Parallel Interactions Between Linguistic and Contextual Factors in Bilinguals
Mishra, R. K., & Prasad, S. G. (2024) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/tops.12745 · Cited by 3
Brain and Language: an overview of neuroimaging studies of bilingual language processing
Buchweitz, A. (2005) · Revista Brasileira de Lingüística Aplicada · doi:10.1590/s1984-63982005000200004 · Cited by 3
“…(1999) on semantic processing; fourth, Hernandez, Martinez, and Kohnert (2000) on language switching; fifth, Hasegawa, Carpenter, and Just (2002) on bilingual processing and cognitive workload; and, finally, sixth, Marian, Spivey, and Hirsch (2003) on phonetic and lexical processing in bilinguals.”
BackgroundInfluential
Structural neural predictors of Farsi-English bilingualism
Berisha, V., Gilton, D., Baxter, L. C., Corman, S. R., Blais, C., Brewer, G. A., Ruston, S. W. V., Ball, B. H., Wingert, K. M., Peter, B., et al. (2018) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2018.04.005 · Cited by 3
Do medical students who are multilingual have higher spatial and verbal intelligence and do they perform better in anatomy examinations?
Stephens, S., & Moxham, B. J. (2018) · Clinical Anatomy · doi:10.1002/ca.23280 · Cited by 3
“It has been suggested that monolingual persons use specific, and restricted, regions of the brain to process language in comparison to multilingual persons who employ a greater neural profile (frontal and bilateral cortex recruitment) (e.g., Kim et al., 1997; Dehaene et al., 1997; Hernandez et al., 2000; Hahne and Fri…”
Background

Authors: Marian, V., Spivey, M., & Hirsch, J.
Affiliations: Northwestern University (US)
Cornell University (US)
Corresponding author: Marian, Viorica
ORCID: Marian, Viorica
Spivey, Michael
Venue: Brain and Language
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2003-07
Volume: 86
Issue: 1
Pages: 70-82
ISSN: 0093-934X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0093-934x(02)00535-7
OpenAlex: W2137878155
Cited by: 302
References: 33
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 2.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Brain and Language (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5t32mh019389-10)
National Institute of Mental Health (5T32MH019389-09)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
Keywords: bilingual language processing, Russian-English bilinguals, parallel activation, word recognition, phonetic processing, lexical processing, inferior frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, levels of processing
MeSH terms: Adult, Brain, Cognition, Eye Movements, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Speech Perception, Multilingualism

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Shared and separate systems in bilingual language processing: Converging evidence from eyetracking and brain imaging

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