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Shared and separate systems in bilingual language processing: Converging evidence from eyetracking and brain imaging
Abstract
The neurological and cognitive aspects of bilingual language processing were examined in late Russian-English bilinguals using headband-mounted eyetracking and functional neuroimaging. A series of three eyetracking studies suggested that, at early stages of word recognition, bilinguals can activate both languages in parallel, even when direct linguistic input is in one language only. A functional neuroimaging study suggested that, although the same general structures are active for both languages, differences within these general structures are present across languages and across levels of processing. For example, different centers of activation were associated with first versus second language processing within the left Inferior Frontal Gyrus, but not within the Superior Temporal Gyrus. We suggest that parallel activation (as found with eyetracking) and shared cortical structures (as found with fMRI) may be characteristic of early stages of language processing (such as phonetic processing), but the two languages may be using separate structures at later stages of processing (such as lexical processing).
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“English-Russian bilinguals performing a task in English in which they had to look at the named picture from four alternatives were distracted by a picture whose name shared phonology with Russian”
From Bilingualism: consequences for mind and brain (2012) · cites this paper as [57]
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“An example of such a study is Marian et al. (2002), who looked at English–Russian bilinguals.”
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“Evidence in favor of language nonselectivity in L1 processing comes from studies by Spivey and Marian (1999) and by Marian et al. (2003).”
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“So far, most studies have focused on lexical processing (e.g., De Groot & Kroll, 1997; Dijkstra & van Heuven, 2002 ;F ox,1996; French & Jacquet, 2004; Grainger & Dijkstra, 1992; Marian, Spivey, & Hirsch, 2003 ), whereas much less work has been done on bilingual syntactic processing (see, e.g., Schwartz & Kroll, 2006).”
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“Typical aspects that were investigated in bilingualism studies include the handling of more than one language, language interference and the switching between languages(Crinion et al., 2006; Marian et al., 2003; Mondt et al., 2009; Rodriguez-Fornells et al., 2002).”
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What is special about L3 processing?
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“A good example is the study of bilinguals using both neuroimaging and eyetracking by Marian, Spivey and Hirsch (2003).”
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Kaushanskaya, M., & Marian, V. (2007) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2007.00401.x · Cited by 133
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“, 1999), while others argue for distinct representations of L1 and L2 (Dehaene et al., 1997; Marian et al., 2003; Perani et al., 1996, 1998, Wartenburger et al., 2003).”
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“…were equally Sebastian et al.: Meta-analysis of the neural representation of L1 and L2 proficient in both languages consistently showed similar patterns of activation for both languages (Hernandez et al., 2000, 2001; Illes et al., 1999; Klein et al., 1994; Marian et al., 2003, Price et al., 1999).”
BackgroundResultBilingualism as a model for multitasking
Poarch, G. J., & Bialystok, E. (2014) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2014.12.003 · Cited by 130
“For example, in a study with Russian-English bilinguals conducted by Marian, Spivey, and Hirsch (2003), eye movements were recorded during an English-only task.”
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The functional overlap of executive control and language processing in bilinguals
Coderre, E. L., Smith, J. F., van Heuven, W. J. B., & Horwitz, B. (2015) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728915000188 · Cited by 114
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BackgroundDie Rolle der Sprache für zuwanderungsbezogene Ungleichheiten im Bildungserfolg
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“…second language (L2) (Chee et al., 1999; Crinion et al., 2006; Klein et al., 1999), other studies report differences for L2 reading, such as increased activation of language prefrontal and cerebellar regions (Klein et al., 2006; Marian et al., 2003; Meschyan and Hernandez, 2006; Xue et al., 2004).”
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Individual differences in inhibitory control relate to bilingual spoken word processing
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“The relatively weak evidence for cross-language activation found in terms of fixations, even in native French bilinguals with limited exposure to the task language, contrasts with prior findings by Marian and Spivey (Marian & Spivey, 2003a, b; Marian et al., 2003; Spivey & Marian, 1999).”
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“Indeed, quite a few previous studies have shown that this region is more involved in L2 than in L1 due to task difficulty (De Bleser et al., 2003; Klein et al., 1999; Marian et al., 2003, 2007b; Perani et al., 2003; see Indefrey, 2006 for a review).”
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“There is evidence for this claim from behavioral (Francis 1999; Kroll and DeGroot 1997; Grainger 1993), imaging (Martin et al. 2009; Marian et al. 2003; Rodriguez-Fornells et al. 2002), and patient (Abutalebi et al.”
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New Discoveries From the Bilingual Brain and Mind Across the Life Span: Implications for Education
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Reduced frontal activation with increasing 2nd language proficiency.
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Carpet or Cárcel: The effect of age of acquisition and language mode on bilingual lexical access
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“There is also evidence for differential activation in the semantic processing of bilinguals’ two languages, but not in their phonological processing (Marian et al., 2003).”
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“…have been studied using a variety of techniques including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI; Dehaene et al., 1997; Kim et al., 1997; Marian et al., 2003, 2007; Perani et al., 2003; Wartenburger et al., 2003; Cheung et al., 2006; Meschyan and Hernandez, 2006; van Heuven et al.,…”
BackgroundMethodBilingual memory, to the extreme: Lexical processing in simultaneous interpreters
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“For example, Russian-English high proficient bilinguals have been shown to activate word form level competitors i.e. ‘marka’ in Russian and ‘marker’ in English while listening to either one of them (Marian et al., 2003).”
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“That is, according to some authors, bilingual individuals may engage in different modes of language processing, switching on and off one of the languages as a function of several factors, for example, context (see Grosjean, 1998a, 1998b, 2001; but see also Marian, Spivey, & Hirsch, 2003; Spivey & Marian, 2003, for dif…”
BackgroundNeural consequences of bilingualism for cortical and subcortical function
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“A summary description of a subset of these data appears in Marian, Spivey, and Hirsch (2003) prepared for the International Conference on Neurological Bases of Language at the University of Groningen, Netherlands.”
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Language control abilities of late bilinguals
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Lexical Competition in Nonnative Speech Comprehension
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“Two sources for this enhanced competition have been postulated: (1) due to less efficient phonological processing and/or confusable phonemes between languages, bilinguals may experience greater competition from intralingual lexical candidates (e.g., Broersma, 2005; Weber & Cutler, 2004), and (2) shared lexical storage…”
InfluentialNeural networks for short-term memory for order differentiate high and low proficiency bilinguals
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BackgroundInfluentialNeural basis of first and second language processing of sentence‐level linguistic prosody
Gandour, J. T., Tong, Y., Talavage, T. M., Wong, D., Džemidžić, M., Xu, Y., Li, X., & Lowe, M. J. (2006) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20255 · Cited by 53
“Functional neuroimaging data (functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI; positron emission tomography, PET) reveal that the second language (L2) is largely processed in the same brain regions as the first language (L1), but also to some degree in different brain regions from L1 [Briellmann et al., 2004; Callan et al…”
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Effects of Bilingualism on Cognitive and Linguistic Performance across the Lifespan
Bialystok, E. (2009) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-91596-8_4 · Cited by 52
A longitudinal investigation of structural brain changes during second language learning
Legault, J., Grant, A. M., Fang, S.-Y., & Li, P. (2019) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2019.104661 · Cited by 51
Second language immersion impacts native language lexical production and comprehension
Botezatu, M. R., Kroll, J. F., Trachsel, M. I., & Guo, T. (2020) · Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism · doi:10.1075/lab.19059.bot · Cited by 45
Metalinguistic Ability in Bilingual Children: The Role of Executive Control.
Friesen, D. C., & Bialystok, E. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 44
Kraus, N. (2021) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/13606.001.0001 · Cited by 43
Kühne, K., & Gianelli, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00108 · Cited by 46
FUNDAMENTAL AND GRADIENT DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Herschensohn, J. (2009) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263109090305 · Cited by 43
Discourse-sensitive clitic-doubled dislocations in heritage Spanish
Leal, T., Rothman, J., & Slabakova, R. (2014) · Lingua · doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2014.01.002 · Cited by 40
“In a series of psycholinguistic experiments involving diverse methodologies, including eye tracking and brain imaging, Marian and colleagues (Spivey and Marian, 1999; Marian et al., 2003) present evidence that dual language activation in bilinguals causes languages to compete.”
BackgroundLanguage Disorders in Multilingual and Multicultural Populations
Goral, M., & Conner, P. S. (2013) · Annual Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1017/s026719051300010x · Cited by 43
Mishra, R., & Singh, N. (2016) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2016.1146725 · Cited by 41
“However, Marian et al. (2003) found another group of highly proficient Russian–English bilinguals activated between-language phonologi-”
BackgroundResultInfluentialApfelbaum, K. S., Klein‐Packard, J., & McMurray, B. (2021) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2021.104279 · Cited by 39
Metaphorical language processing and amygdala activation in L1 and L2
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Cognitive advantages of immersion education after 1 year: Effects of amount of exposure
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“In our study, we analyzed three components of EFs as described by Miyake et al. (2000): WM, inhibition, and shifting.”
MethodBilingual Cortical Control of Between- and Within-Language Competition
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Buchweitz, A., Mason, R. A., Hasegawa, M., & Just, M. A. (2009) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728908003970 · Cited by 37
“Brain imaging studies of bilinguals have been carried out on the cortical representation of different language-pairs (Kim, Relkin, Lee and Hirsch, 1997); on bilingual auditory sentence comprehension (Hasegawa, Carpenter and Just, 2002); bilingual reading comprehension (Meschyan and Hernandez, 2006); and on bilingual p…”
BackgroundCoello, A. F., Havas, V., Juncadella, M., Sierpowska, J., Rodríguez‐Fornells, A., & Gabarrós, A. (2016) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/2016.5.jns152791 · Cited by 36
Learning words in a third language: Effects of vowel inventory and language proficiency
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“This means that when non-native listeners listen to their L2, words from their L1 are also activated in the mental lexicon (Schulpen, Dijkstra, Schriefers, & Hasper, 2003 ; Marian, Spivey, & Hirsch, 2003 ; Weber & Cutler, 2004 ).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Marian, V., Spivey, M., & Hirsch, J.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Marian, Viorica
- Venue
- Brain and Language
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-07
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 70-82
- ISSN
- 0093-934X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2137878155
- Cited by
- 302
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 2.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain and Language (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5t32mh019389-10)
- National Institute of Mental Health (5T32MH019389-09)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Keywords
- bilingual language processing, Russian-English bilinguals, parallel activation, word recognition, phonetic processing, lexical processing, inferior frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, levels of processing
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Cognition, Eye Movements, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Speech Perception, Multilingualism
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