How medical students learn spatial anatomy
Abstract
Despite its importance in clinical tasks, spatial learning is poorly understood. We did a randomised, single-blind study on 146 medical students to assess the effectiveness of student-controlled multiple views on the spatial learning process. High spatial ability of the student, and self-directed examination of an object from multiple different perspectives improves spatial learning.
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Studies in medical training and visual object recognition in which learners could manipulate 3-D computer visualizations and observe the instructional material from multiple views suggest that control over appearance can be effective.
“studies in medical training and visual object recognition in which learners could manipulate 3-D computer visualizations and observe the instructional material from multiple views suggest that control over appearance can be effective (Garg et al. 2001;Harman et al. 1999;James et al. 2002).”
From Interactivity in Video-based Models (2007) · cites this paper as Garg et al. 2001
Cites
Mental Rotations, a Group Test of Three-Dimensional Spatial Visualization
Vandenberg, S. G., & Kuse, A. R. (1978) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1978.47.2.599 · Cited by 2,620 · see citing works
McGee, M. G. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.5.889 · Cited by 1,236 · see citing works
How Are Three-Dimensional Objects Represented in the Brain?
Bülthoff, H., Edelman, S., & Tarr, M. J. (1995) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/5.3.247 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Do virtual computer models hinder anatomy learning?
Garg, A., Norman, G. R., Spero, L., & Maheshwari, P. (1999) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00001888-199910000-00049 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Self-citationSpatial learning disabilities and underachievement among university anatomy students
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How are three-dimensional objects represented in the brain?
Bülthoff, H. (1994) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 112 · see citing works
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Jang, S., Vitale, J. M., Jyung, R. W., & Black, J. B. (2017) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2016.12.009 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Interactivity in Video-based Models
Wouters, P., Tabbers, H. K., & Paas, F. (2007) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-007-9045-4 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
- Authors
- Garg, A. X., Norman, G., & Sperotable, L.
- Affiliations
- London Health Sciences Centre (CA)
- McMaster University (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Garg, Amit X
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 357
- Issue
- 9253
- Pages
- 363-364
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W1971722549
- Cited by
- 351
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 1.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Anatomy and Medical Technology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Innovations in Medical Education
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Undergraduate Neuroscience Education and Research
- Keywords
- spatial learning, anatomy education, medical students, multiple views, self-directed learning, spatial ability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Carpal Bones, Education, Medical, Female, Humans, Male, Space Perception, Linear Models, Single-Blind Method
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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