Do virtual computer models hinder anatomy learning?
Abstract
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An alternative emerging from research on 3-D computer visualizations in medical training and visual object recognition is to allow learners only a limited degree of freedom in manipulating the model.
“An alternative, emerging from research on 3-D computer visualizations on medical training and visual object recognition is to allow learners only a limited degree of freedom in manipulating the model (Garg et al. 1999).”
From Interactivity in Video-based Models (2007) · cites this paper as Garg et al. 1999
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“Garg et al. (1999) have recently warned against the simplistic view that virtual modality is necessarily superior to the traditional one in anatomy instruction.”
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“D computer visualizations on medical training and visual object recognition is to allow learners only a limited degree of freedom in manipulating the model (Garg et al. 1999).”
BackgroundStereoscopic neuroanatomy lectures using a three-dimensional virtual reality environment
Kockro, R. A., Amaxopoulou, C., Killeen, T., Wagner, W., Reisch, R., Schwandt, E., Gutenberg, A., Giese, A., Stofft, E., & Stadie, A. T. (2015) · Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger · doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2015.05.006 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
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“However, despite of the overall positive effect on learning, 3DVT appears to have significant disadvantages for students with lower visual-spatial abilities (Garg et al., 1999a,b; 2002; Levinson et al., 2007; Naaz, 2012).”
BackgroundEnhancement of Mental Rotation Abilities and Its Effect on Anatomy Learning
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“79 Alterna-tively, learners could gradually progress from less cognitively complex static graphics to animations as expertise increases.”
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A survey of virtual human anatomy education systems
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“This contrasts with the work of Garg and colleagues who found no advantage for any kind of rotation or dynamic interaction with virtual computer models (Garg et al., 1999, 2001, 2002).”
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“The results confirm earlier research that shows higher visuospatial ability significantly indicates better anatomical learning ( Garg et al., 1999, 2001, 2002; Rochford, 1985).”
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“Garg et al. (1999, 2001, 2002) reported a series of experiments that investigated the usefulness in anatomical learning of computer mediated anatomical 3D reconstructions , and active control of these reconstructions.”
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“…Garg and colleagues (1999b; 2002) where students with lower visual-spatial abilities had significant disadvantages by learning anatomy with multiple view presentations, while students with higher visual-spatial abilities performed better with these types of presentations (Garg et al., 1999b, 2002).”
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“…al., 2012), other studies conducted in the field of medical instruction provide support for the conclusion that static modes of presentation avoiding complicated interaction patterns may outperform more interactive learning media (e.g., Garg, Norman, Spero, & Maheshwari, 1999; Song et al., 2014).”
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“Earlier studies on carpal bone anatomy were unable to identify any benefit of CAL over traditional learning supplements (Garg et al., 1999, 2001, 2002).”
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Nuland, S. E. V., & Rogers, K. A. (2015) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.1589 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“This finding is consistent with earlier studies that demonstrate similar learning outcomes between students who use static images and those who use dynamic ones (Garg et al., 1999a,b; Levinson et al., 2007; Vogel-Walcutt et al., 2010; Dindar et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSpatial abilities of medical graduates and choice of residency programs
Langlois, J., Wells, G. A., Lecourtois, M., et al. (2014) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.1453 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
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“In studies of searching for structure in 3-D data ( Marchak & Zulager, 1992 ) and learning anatomy ( Garg, Norman, Spero, & Maheshwari, 1999 ), participants have actually been found to perform worse with interactive than with noninteractive displays.”
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“Monoscopic 3DVT has been demonstrated to have disadvantages for students with lower visual-spatial abilities (Garg et al., 1999a, b; 2002; Levinson et al., 2007; Naaz, 2012; Bogomolova et al., 2020).”
BackgroundDeterminants of Learning Anatomy in an Immersive Virtual Reality Environment — A Scoping Review
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“One recent study argues that students with low spatial skills may be hindered in their learning when using virtual models (Garg et al., 1999).”
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“…tools which enable structures to be studied from multiple views, such as Netter’s 3D Interactive Anatomy, should produce an increase in extraneous cognitive load, particularly if a learner has a poor ability to mentally rotate structures in space (Garg et al., 1999; Levinson et al., 2007).”
BackgroundVirtual Dissection: Alternative to Cadaveric Dissection for a Pregnant Nurse Anesthesia Student
Washmuth, N. B., Cahoon, T. M., Tuggle, K., & Hunsinger, R. N. (2019) · Health Professions Education · doi:10.1016/j.hpe.2019.11.001 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Stereoscopic vascular models of the head and neck: A computed tomography angiography visualization
Cui, D., Lynch, J. C., Smith, A. D., et al. (2015) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.1537 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The place of surface anatomy in the medical literature and undergraduate anatomy textbooks
Azer, S. A. (2013) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.1368 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Computer Assisted Learning: Assessment of the Veterinary Virtual Anatomy Education Software IVALA™
Little, W. B., Artemiou, E., Conan, A., et al. (2018) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci5020058 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Appropriate utilization of anatomy teaching resources will be assisted by a further understanding of image perception by the brain as well as characteristics that influence a student’s three-dimensional learning [55].”
BackgroundUrlings, J., de Jong, G., Maal, T., et al. (2023) · Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10278-023-00833-w · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Anatomical models: Don't banish them from the anatomy laboratory yet
Pawlina, W., & Drake, R. L. (2013) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.1380 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Several studies have shown that digital media, such as dynamic presentations and virtual reality, may have mixed effects on learners, and not all positive (Garg et al., 1999, 2001, 2002; Brenton et al., 2007; Levinson, 2007).”
BackgroundUsing computer‐based interactive imagery strategies for designing instructional anatomy programs
Khalil, M. K., Lamar, C. H., & Johnson, T. E. (2004) · Clinical Anatomy · doi:10.1002/ca.20049 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Students with low spatial ability learn better from simple presentations of key views (Garg et al., 1999).”
BackgroundJames, H., Chapman, A. W. P., Dhukaram, V., et al. (2018) · The Foot · doi:10.1016/j.foot.2018.11.004 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Brewer‐Deluce, D., Bak, A. B., Simms, A. J., Sinha, S., Mitchell, J. P., Shin, D., Saraco, A. N., & Wainman, B. C. (2021) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.2074 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“There is considerable controversy over whether 3D visualization technology assists those with lower visuospatial ability (Luursema et al., 2008; Brewer et al., 2012; Cui et al., 2017; Bogomolova et al., 2020) or inhibits learning (Garg et al., 1999, 2001, 2002; Levinson et al., 2007).”
BackgroundLearning to think spatially through curricula that embed spatial training
Plummer, J. D., Udomprasert, P. S., Vaishampayan, A., Sunbury, S., Cho, K., Houghton, H., Johnson, E., Wright, E., Sadler, P. M., & Goodman, A. A. (2022) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21754 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Bölek, K. A., de Jong, G., der Zee, C. E. E. M. V., van Walsum, A. V. C., & Henssen, D. J. H. A. (2021) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.2116 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Another possible explanation for the here described gender differences could be the earlier described tendency of lower visual-spatial abilities of females as compared to males (Garg et al., 1999a, b, 2002 ; Gonzales et al., 2020 ).”
BackgroundVandenbossche, V., Valcke, M., Willaert, W., & Audenaert, E. A. (2022) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.14993 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“In a study examining the learning of wrist bone anatomy, multiple-view computer models did not have an advantage over flat, key view (top, bottom, front, back and sides) representations; occasionally, even disadvantages have been reported in learners with poor spatial ability.(8) Follow-up studies support these findin…”
ResultO'Rourke, J. C., Smyth, L., Webb, A. L., et al. (2019) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.1890 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Second, some models in other studies lacked or offered little interactivity, limiting user control (Garg et al., 1999; Codd and Choudhury, 2011; Keedy et al., 2011).”
What do clinicians think of the anatomical knowledge of medical students? Results of a survey.
Staśkiewicz, G. J., Walczak, E., Torres, K., et al. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Spatial abilities in an elective course of applied anatomy after a problem‐based learning curriculum
Langlois, J., Wells, G. A., Lecourtois, M., et al. (2009) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.84 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…have been also related to a carpal bone spatial knowledge examination using images of wrist and hand intersected by a pin over the skin from various angles and requiring students to identify the carpal bone underneath the pin from a multiple choice listing of eight bones (Garg et al., 1999, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialHuh, J.-R., Park, I., Sunwoo, Y., et al. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12239874 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Savoldi, F., Yeung, A. W. K., Tanaka, R., et al. (2020) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.1961 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Since the skull is a complex 3D structure, it is important to guide students in the gradual build-up of spatial information through two-dimensional (2D) images (Garg et al., 1999).”
BackgroundMedical Holography for Basic Anatomy Training
Hackett, M. (2013) · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Garg, A., Norman, G. R., Spero, L., & Maheshwari, P.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- Venue
- Academic Medicine
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1999-10
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- S87-9
- ISSN
- 1040-2446 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2042108103
- Cited by
- 183
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 2.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Academic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Anatomy and Medical Technology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Innovations in Medical Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Simulation-Based Education in Healthcare
- Keywords
- anatomy education, medical education, virtual dissection
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Anatomy, Computer-Assisted Instruction, Education, Medical, Undergraduate, Educational Measurement, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Space Perception, Task Performance and Analysis
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