Rate, extent, and modifiers of spermatogenic recovery after hormonal male contraception: an integrated analysis

Liu, Peter Y; Swerdloff, Ronald S; Christenson, Peter D; Handelsman, David J; Wang, Christina

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68614-5

Cited by 272Reproductive Health and ContraceptionSperm and Testicular FunctionHypothalamic control of reproductive hormones

Rate, extent, and modifiers of spermatogenic recovery after hormonal male contraception: an integrated analysis

Liu, Peter Y, Swerdloff, Ronald S, Christenson, Peter D, Handelsman, David J, Wang, Christina·2006·The Lancet

DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68614-5

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background Hormonal methods for safe, reliable, and reversible contraception based on the suppression of spermatogenesis could soon become available. We have investigated the rate, extent, and predictors of reversibility of hormonal male contraception.Methods We undertook an integrated multivariate time-to-event analysis of data from individual participants in 30 studies published in 1990-2005, in which sperm output was monitored every month until recovery. The primary outcome was the time for the sperm concentration to recover to a threshold of 20 million per mL, an indicator of fertility. We undertook univariate and multivariate analyses, using Kaplan-Meier and Cox's methods.Findings 1549 healthy eugonadal men who were white (n=965), Asian (almost all Chinese men; n=535), or of other origins (n=49) and aged 18-51 years underwent 1283.5 man-years of treatment and 705 man-years of post-treatment recovery. These data represented about 90% of all published data from individuals using androgen or androgen-progestagen regimens. The median times for sperm to recover to thresholds of 20, 10, and 3 million per mL were 3.4 months (95% CI 3.2-3.5), 3.0 months (2.9-3.1), and 2.5 months (2.4-2.7), respectively. Multivariate Cox's analysis showed higher rates of recovery with older age, Asian origin, shorter treatment duration, shorter-acting testosterone preparations, higher sperm concentrations at baseline, faster suppression of spermatogenesis, and lower blood concentrations of luteinising hormone at baseline. The typical probability of recovery to 20 million per mL was 67% (61-72) within 6 months, 90% (85-93) within 12 months, 96% (92-98) within 16 months, and 100% within 24 months.Interpretation Hormonal male contraceptive regimens show full reversibility within a predictable time course. Various covariables affect the rate but not the extent of recovery, although their effect sizes are minor. These data are crucial for the further safe and practical development of such regimens.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68614-5

Cites

78 of 78 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

When exogenous testosterone is administered to men, pituitary LH is suppressed by negative feedback and sperm production halts for as long as exogenous testosterone or androgen exposure continues, after which it recovers.
“When exogenous testosterone (or any other androgen) is administered to men, pituitary LH is suppressed by negative feedback and the sperm production halts for as long as exogenous testosterone or androgen exposure continues, after which it recovers (69).”
From Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance (2018) · cites this paper as [69]

Modeling Survival Data: Extending the Cox Model
Therneau, T. M., & Grambsch, P. M. (2000) · Statistics for Biology and Health · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3294-8 · Cited by 8,674 · see citing works
Sperm Morphology, Motility, and Concentration in Fertile and Infertile Men
Guzick, D. S., Overstreet, J. W., Factor-Litvak, P., Brazil, C. K., Nakajima, S. T., Coutifaris, C., Carson, S. A., Cisneros, P., Steinkampf, M. P., Hill, J. A., et al. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa003005 · Cited by 1,336 · see citing works
Relation between semen quality and fertility: a population-based study of 430 first-pregnancy planners
Bonde, J. P. E., Ernst, E., Jensen, T. K., Hjollund, N. H. I., Kolstad, H., Scheike, T., Giwercman, A., Skakkebæk, N. E., Henriksen, T. B., & Olsen, J. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)10514-1 · Cited by 791 · see citing works
Androgens and Cardiovascular Disease
Liu, P. Y., Death, A. K., & Handelsman, D. J. (2003) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2003-0005 · Cited by 690 · see citing works
Self-citation
Androgens and Coronary Artery Disease
Wu, F. C. W., & von Eckardstein, A. (2003) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2001-0025 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Contraceptive efficacy of testosterone-induced azoospermia in normal men
Wu, F. C. W. (1990) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)92416-f · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Contraceptive efficacy of testosterone-induced azoospermia and oligozoospermia in normal men
World Health Organization Task Force on Methods for the Regulation of Male Fertility (1996) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)58221-1 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Geographic differences in semen quality of fertile U.S. males.
Swan, S. H., Brazil, C., Drobnis, E. Z., Liu, F., Kruse, R. L., Hatch, M., Redmon, J. B., Wang, C., Overstreet, J. W., & Study For Future Families Research Group (2003) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.5927 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Self-citation
Contraceptive efficacy of testosterone-induced azoospermia in normal men. World Health Organization Task Force on methods for the regulation of male fertility.
Wu, F. C. W. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 288 · see citing works
The Male Factor in Fertility and Infertility. II. Spermatozoön Counts in 1000 Men of Known Fertility and in 1000 Cases of Infertile Marriage
Macleod, J., & Gold, R. Z. (1951) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)74358-3 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Attitudes toward male fertility control: results of a multinational survey on four continents
Heinemann, K., Saad, F., Wiesemes, M., White, S., & Heinemann, L. A. J. (2004) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deh574 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
THE MALE FACTOR IN FERTILITY AND INFERTILITY. III. AN ANALYSIS OF MOTILE ACTIVITY IN THE SPERMATOZOA OF 1000 FERTILE MEN AND 1000 MEN IN INFERTILE MARRIAGE
Macleod, J., & Gold, R. Z. (1951) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/00006254-195112000-00067 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Contraceptive efficacy of testosterone‐induced azoospermia in normal men
ZHANG, G. ‐., Li, G., Wu, F. C. W., Baker, H. W. G., Wang, X., Soufir, J. C., Huhtaniemi, I. T., Paulsen, C. A., Gottlieb, C., Handelsman, D. J., et al. (1991) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1016/0020-7292(91)90685-x · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Self-citation
Combined administration of levonorgestrel and testosterone induces more rapid and effective suppression of spermatogenesis than testosterone alone: a promising male contraceptive approach
Bebb, R. A., Anawalt, B. D., Christensen, R. B., Paulsen, C. A., Bremner, W. J., & Matsumoto, A. M. (1996) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.81.2.8636300 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
The Male Factor in Fertility and Infertility. II. Spermatozoön Counts in 1000 Men of Known Fertility and in 1000 Cases of Infertile Marriage
Macleod, J., & Gold, R. Z. (2016) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/j.juro.2016.10.077 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
A Multicenter Contraceptive Efficacy Study of Injectable Testosterone Undecanoate in Healthy Chinese Men
Gu, Y., Wang, X., Xu, D., Peng, L., Cheng, L.-F., Huang, M.-K., Huang, Z.-J., & Zhang, G. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020447 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Would women trust their partners to use a male pill?
Glasier, A. F., Anakwe, R. E., Everington, D., Martin, C. W., van der Spuy, Z. M., Cheng, L., Ho, P. C., & Anderson, R. (2000) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/15.3.646 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Contraceptive Efficacy of a Depot Progestin and Androgen Combination in Men
Turner, L., Conway, A. J., Jimenez, M., Liu, P. Y., Forbes, E. A., McLachlan, R. I., & Handelsman, D. J. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030107 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Self-citation
Spontaneous Germ Cell Apoptosis in Humans: Evidence for Ethnic Differences in the Susceptibility of Germ Cells to Programmed Cell Death
HIKIM, A. P. S., Wang, C., Lue, Y., Johnson, L., Wang, X.-H., & Swerdloff, R. S. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.1.4485 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citation
A combined regimen of cyproterone acetate and testosterone enanthate as a potentially highly effective male contraceptive.
Meriggiola, M. C., Bremner, W. J., Paulsen, C. A., Valdiserri, A., Incorvaia, L., Motta, R., Pavani, A., Capelli, M., & Flamigni, C. (1996) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.81.8.8768868 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Male Contraception
Anderson, R. A., & Baird, D. T. (2002) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2002-0002 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
The Rationale, Efficacy and Safety of Androgen Therapy in Older Men: Future Research and Current Practice Recommendations
Liu, P. Y., Swerdloff, R. S., & Veldhuis, J. D. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0807 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citation
An Effective Hormonal Male Contraceptive Using Testosterone Undecanoate with Oral or Injectable Norethisterone Preparations
Kamischke, A., Heuermann, T., Krüger, K., von Eckardstein, S., Schellschmidt, I., Rübig, A., & Nieschlag, E. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.87.2.8218 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Effects of testosterone enanthate in normal men: experience from a multicenter contraceptive efficacy study**Supported by the United Nations Development Programme/United Nations Fund for Population/World Health Organization/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, and by the U.S. Agency for International Development through the Contraceptive Research and Development (CONRAD) program, contract CSA-88-024 to the United States center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
Wu, F. C. W., Farley, T. M. M., Peregoudov, A., & Waites, G. M. H. (1996) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)58166-7 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Oral Progestogen Combined with Testosterone as a Potential Male Contraceptive: Additive Effects between Desogestrel and Testosterone Enanthate in Suppression of Spermatogenesis, Pituitary-Testicular Axis, and Lipid Metabolism1
Wu, F. C. W., Balasubramanian, R., Mulders, T. M. T., & Bennink, H. J. T. C. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.1.5412 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Intramuscular Testosterone Undecanoate and Norethisterone Enanthate in a Clinical Trial for Male Contraception1
Kamischke, A., Venherm, S., Plöger, D., von Eckardstein, S., & Nieschlag, E. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.1.7057 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Predicting pregnancy and spermatogenesis by survival analysis during gonadotrophin treatment of gonadotrophin-deficient infertile men
Liu, P. Y., Gebski, V., Turner, L., Conway, A. J., Wishart, S. M., & Handelsman, D. J. (2002) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/17.3.625 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Clinical Trial of 7α-Methyl-19-Nortestosterone Implants for Possible Use as a Long-Acting Contraceptive for Men
von Eckardstein, S., Noé, G., Brache, V., Nieschlag, E., Croxatto, H. B., Alvarez, F., Moo-Young, A. J., Sivin, I., Kumar, N., Small, M., et al. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-022043 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
A Lower Dosage Levonorgestrel and Testosterone Combination Effectively Suppresses Spermatogenesis and Circulating Gonadotropin Levels with Fewer Metabolic Effects Than Higher Dosage Combinations
Anawalt, B. D., Bebb, R. A., Bremner, W. J., & Matsumoto, A. M. (1999) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1002/j.1939-4640.1999.tb02535.x · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Low dose of cyproterone acetate and testosterone enanthate for contraception in men
Meriggiola, M. C., Bremner, W. J., Costantino, A., Cintio, G. D., & Flamigni, C. (1998) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/13.5.1225 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Effects of testosterone enanthate in normal men: experience from a multicenter contraceptive efficacy study. World Health Organization Task Force on Methods for the Regulation of Male Fertility.
Wu, F. C. W., Farley, T. M. M., Peregoudov, A., & Waites, G. M. H. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Levonorgestrel Implants (Norplant II) for Male Contraception Clinical Trials: Combination with Transdermal and Injectable Testosterone
Gonzalo, I. T. G., Swerdloff, R. S., Nelson, A. L., Clevenger, B., Garcia, R., Berman, N., & Wang, C. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.87.8.8710 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citation
Successful treatment of anabolic steroid–induced azoospermia with human chorionic gonadotropin and human menopausal gonadotropin
Menon, D. K. (2003) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(03)00365-0 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Norethisterone Enanthate Plus Testosterone Undecanoate for Male Contraception: Effects of Various Injection Intervals on Spermatogenesis, Reproductive Hormones, Testis, and Prostate
Meriggiola, M. C., Costantino, A., Saad, F., D’Emidio, L., Labate, A. M. M., Bertaccini, A., Bremner, W. J., Rudolph, I., Ernst, M. E., Kirsch, B., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1852 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Sperm output of healthy men in Australia: magnitude of bias due to self- selected volunteers
Handelsman, D. J. (1997) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/12.12.2701 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citation
Intramuscular testosterone undecanoate with or without oral levonorgestrel: a randomized placebo‐controlled feasability study for male contraception
Kamischke, A., Plöger, D., Venherm, S., von Eckardstein, S., von Eckardstein, A., & Nieschlag, E. (2000) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.01024.x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
An oral regimen of cyproterone acetate and testosterone undecanoate for spermatogenic suppression in men
Meriggiola, M. C., Bremner, W. J., Costantino, A., Pavani, A., Capelli, M., & Flamigni, C. (1997) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(97)00363-4 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Intramuscular Testosterone Undecanoate and Norethisterone Enanthate in a Clinical Trial for Male Contraception
Kamischke, A. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.86.1.303 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Desogestrel plus testosterone effectively suppresses spermatogenesis but also causes modest weight gain and high-density lipoprotein suppression
Anawalt, B. D., Herbst, K. L., Matsumoto, A. M., Mulders, T. M. T., Bennink, H. J. T. C., & Bremner, W. J. (2000) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(00)01490-4 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Comparison of two androgens plus depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate for suppression to azoospermia in Indonesian men
Task Force on Methods for the Regulation of Male Fertility (1993) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)56411-5 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
10th Summit Meeting Consensus: Recommendations for Regulatory Approval for Hormonal Male Contraception
Aaltonen, P., Amory, J. K., Anderson, R. A., Behre, H. M., Bialy, G., Blithe, D., Bone, W., Bremner, W. J., Colvard, D., Cooper, T. G., et al. (2007) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.2164/jandrol.106.002311 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citation
Development of methods of male contraception: impact of the World Health Organization Task Force
Waites, G. M. H. (2003) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(03)00577-6 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
A combined regimen of cyproterone acetate and testosterone enanthate as a potentially highly effective male contraceptive
Meriggiola, M. C. (1996) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.81.8.3018 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Oral desogestrel with testosterone pellets induces consistent suppression of spermatogenesis to azoospermia in both Caucasian and Chinese men
Kinniburgh, D. W., Zhu, H., Cheng, L., Kicman, A. T., Baird, D. T., & Anderson, R. A. (2002) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/17.6.1490 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Suppression of Spermatogenesis by Etonogestrel Implants with Depot Testosterone: Potential for Long-Acting Male Contraception
Anderson, R. A., Kinniburgh, D. W., & Baird, D. T. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.87.8.8773 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Prolonged use of oral contraception before a planned pregnancy is associated with a decreased risk of delayed conception
Farrow, A. (2002) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/17.10.2754 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Male Hormonal Contraception: Effects of Injections of Testosterone Undecanoate and Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate at Eight-Week Intervals in Chinese Men
Gu, Y., Tong, J.-S., Ma, D.-Z., Wang, X., Yuan, D., Tang, W., & Bremner, W. J. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031307 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Ethnic Differences in Testicular Structure and Spermatogenic Potential May Predispose Testes of Asian Men to a Heightened Sensitivity to Steroidal Contraceptives
Johnson, L. W., Barnard, J. J., RODRIGUEZ, L., Smith, E. C., Swerdloff, R. S., Wang, X. H., & Wang, C. (1998) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1002/j.1939-4640.1998.tb02015.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citation
Drug Insight: recent advances in male hormonal contraception
Amory, J. K., Page, S. T., & Bremner, W. J. (2006) · Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology &#38 Metabolism · doi:10.1038/ncpendmet0069 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Male Hormonal Contraception: Suppression of Spermatogenesis by Injectable Testosterone Undecanoate Alone or With Levonorgestrel Implants in Chinese Men
Gui, Y.-L., He, C.-H., Amory, J. K., Bremner, W. J., Zheng, E., Yang, J., Yang, P.-J., & Gao, E. (2004) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1002/j.1939-4640.2004.tb02846.x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Higher Testosterone Dose Impairs Sperm Suppression Induced by a Combined Androgen‐Progestin Regimen
Meriggiola, M. C., Costantino, A., Bremner, W. J., & Morselli‐Labate, A. M. (2002) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1002/j.1939-4640.2002.tb02311.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Testosterone Undecanoate Maintains Spermatogenic Suppression Induced by Cyproterone Acetate Plus Testosterone Undecanoate in Normal Men
Meriggiola, M. C., Costantino, A., Cerpolini, S., Bremner, W. J., Huebler, D., Morselli‐Labate, A. M., Kirsch, B., Bertaccini, A., Pelusi, C., & Pelusi, G. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030574 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Depot testosterone with etonogestrel implants result in induction of azoospermia in all men for long-term contraception
Brady, B. M., Walton, M., Hollow, N., Kicman, A. T., Baird, D. T., & Anderson, R. A. (2004) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deh491 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Graded Testosterone Infusions Distinguish Gonadotropin Negative-Feedback Responsiveness in Asian and White Men—A Clinical Research Center Study1
Wang, C., Berman, N., Veldhuis, J. D., Der, T., McDonald, V., Steiner, B., & Swerdloff, R. S. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.3.4625 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citation
Male hormonal contraception
Wang, C., & Swerdloff, R. S. (2004) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.01.057 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citation
Selection bias in semen studies due to self-selection of volunteers
Müller, A., Rochebrochard, É. D. L., Labbé-Declèves, C., Jouannet, P., Bujan, L., Mieusset, R., Lannou, D. L., Guérin, J.-F., Benchaïb, M., Slama, R., et al. (2004) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deh521 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Levonorgestrel Implants Enhanced the Suppression of Spermatogenesis by Testosterone Implants: Comparison between Chinese and Non-Chinese Men
Wang, C., Wang, X. H., Nelson, A. L., Lee, K. K., Cui, Y. G., Tong, J. S., Berman, N., Lumbreras, L., Leung, A., Hull, L., et al. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1743 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Review of Androgen‐Progestin Regimens for Male Contraception
Meriggiola, M. C., Farley, T. M. M., & Mbizvo, M. T. (2003) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1002/j.1939-4640.2003.tb02695.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
A Novel Male Contraceptive Pill-Patch Combination: Oral Desogestrel and Transdermal Testosterone in the Suppression of Spermatogenesis in Normal Men
Hair, W. M., Kitteridge, K., O'Connor, D. B., & Wu, F. C. W. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.11.8028 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Intramuscular Testosterone Enanthate Plus Very Low Dosage Oral Levonorgestrel Suppresses Spermatogenesis Without Causing Weight Gain in Normal Young Men: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Anawalt, B. D., Amory, J. K., Herbst, K. L., Coviello, A. D., Page, S. T., Bremner, W. J., & Matsumoto, A. M. (2005) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.2164/jandrol.04135 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Investigation of hormonal male contraception in African men: suppression of spermatogenesis by oral desogestrel with depot testosterone
Anderson, R. A., van der Spuy, Z. M., Dada, O. A., Tregoning, S. K., Zinn, P., Adeniji, O. A., Fakoya, T. A., Smith, K. B., & Baird, D. T. (2002) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/17.11.2869 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
A Multicenter Phase IIb Study of a Novel Combination of Intramuscular Androgen (Testosterone Decanoate) and Oral Progestogen (Etonogestrel) for Male Hormonal Contraception
Hay, C., Brady, B. M., Zitzmann, M., Osmanagaoglu, K., Pöllänen, P., Apter, D. L., Wu, F. C. W., Anderson, R. A., Nieschlag, E., Devroey, P., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0895 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Combination of subcutaneous levonorgestrel implants and transdermal dihydrotestosterone gel for male hormonal contraception
Pöllänen, P., Nikkanen, V., & Huhtaniemi, I. T. (2001) · International Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2605.2001.00319.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Combination injectable contraceptives for contraception
Gallo, M. F., Grimes, D. A., Lopez, L. M., Schulz, K. F., & d’Arcangues, C. (2008) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004568.pub3 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Graded Testosterone Infusions Distinguish Gonadotropin Negative-Feedback Responsiveness in Asian and White Men--A Clinical Research Center Study
Wang, C. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.83.3.870 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citation
Daily Testosterone and Gonadotropin Levels Are Similar in Azoospermic and Nonazoospermic Normal Men Administered Weekly Testosterone: Implications for Male Contraceptive Development
Amory, J. K., Anawalt, B. D., Bremner, W. J., & Matsumoto, A. M. (2001) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1002/j.1939-4640.2001.tb03445.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Hopes for male contraception
Nieschlag, E., & Henke, A. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)17924-0 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Oral contraceptive side effects: Where's the beef?
Goldzieher, J. W., & Zamah, N. M. (1995) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/0010-7824(95)00222-7 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Rates of testosterone‐induced suppression to severe oligozoospermia or azoospermia in two multinational clinical studies
(1995) · International Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.1995.tb00405.x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Rates of Testosterone-Induced Suppression to Severe Oligozoospermia or Azoospermia in 2 Multinational Clinical-Studies
Aribarg, A., ZHANG, G. ‐., Cing, C., Li, G. Z., Anderson, R. A., Wu, F. C. W., Baker, H. W. G., Wang, X. H., Soufir, J. C., Paulsen, C. A., et al. (1995) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citation
Hormonal Male Contraception—Lessons from the East When the Western Market Fails
Handelsman, D. J. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021997 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
NORMAL FERTILITY IN WOMEN WITH POST-PILL AMENORRHOEA
Hull, M. G. R., Savage, P. E., Bromham, D. R., Jackson, J. M., & Jacobs, H. S. (1981) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(81)92515-0 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Sixth Summit Meeting Consensus: Recommendations for Regulatory Approval for Hormonal Male Contraception
(2002) · International Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2605.2002.00387.x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Combination injectable contraceptives for contraception
Gallo, M. F., Grimes, D. A., Lopez, L. M., Schulz, K. F., & d’Arcangues, C. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004568.pub2 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Male Contraception
Handelsman, D. J., & Waites, G. M. H. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-33713-x_34 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
A comparison of levonorgestrel implants with depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate injections for contraception.
Rs, L. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Risk of Post‐Pill Amenorrhea: A Preliminary Report from the Menstruation and Reproduction History Research Program
Berger, G. S., Taylor, R. N., & Treloar, A. E. (1977) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1002/j.1879-3479.1977.tb00660.x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A review of the effects of long-acting progestogen-only contraceptives on ovarian activity
Li, X. F., Davies, G. C., & Newton, R. (1992) · Advances in Contraception · doi:10.1007/bf01849342 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 79 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Advances in Male Contraception
Page, S. T., Amory, J. K., & Bremner, W. J. (2008) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2007-0041 · Cited by 1,134 · see citing works
Sleep Apnea as an Independent Risk Factor for All-Cause Mortality: The Busselton Health Study
(2008) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep/31.8.1079 · Cited by 889 · see citing works
Self-citation
Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance
Handelsman, D. J., Hirschberg, A. L., & Bermon, S. (2018) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2018-00020 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
Self-citation
Male infertility
Eisenberg, M. L., Esteves, S. C., Lamb, D. J., Hotaling, J. M., Giwercman, A., Hwang, K., & Cheng, Y.-S. (2023) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-023-00459-w · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Induction of Spermatogenesis and Fertility during Gonadotropin Treatment of Gonadotropin-Deficient Infertile Men: Predictors of Fertility Outcome
Liu, P. Y., Baker, H. W. G., Jayadev, V., Zacharin, M., Conway, A. J., & Handelsman, D. J. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1648 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Self-citation
Anabolic steroid–induced hypogonadism: diagnosis and treatment
Rahnema, C. D., Lipshultz, L. I., Crosnoe-Shipley, L., Kovac, J. R., & Kim, E. D. (2014) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.02.002 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Multicenter Contraceptive Efficacy Trial of Injectable Testosterone Undecanoate in Chinese Men
Gu, Y., Liang, X., Wu, W., Liu, M., Song, S., Cheng, L., Bo, L.-W., Xiong, C., Wang, X., Liu, X., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1846 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Medical consequences of doping with anabolic androgenic steroids: effects on reproductive functions
Nieschlag, E., & Vorona, E. (2015) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-15-0080 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
The insults of illicit drug use on male fertility
Fronczak, C. M., Kim, E. D., & Barqawi, A. B. (2012) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.2164/jandrol.110.011874 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Anabolic–androgenic steroids: How do they work and what are the risks?
Bond, P., Smit, D. L., & de Ronde, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1059473 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Therapeutic efficacy of alpha-1 antitrypsin augmentation therapy on the loss of lung tissue: an integrated analysis of 2 randomised clinical trials using computed tomography densitometry
Stockley, R. A., Parr, D. G., Piitulainen, E., Stolk, J. N., Stoel, B. C., & Dirksen, A. (2010) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/1465-9921-11-136 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Updates to Male Infertility: AUA/ASRM Guideline (2024)
Brannigan, R. E., Hermanson, L., Kaczmarek, J., Kim, S. K., Kirkby, E., & Tanrikut, C. (2024) · Journal of Urology · doi:10.1097/ju.0000000000004180 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Chronic exposures and male fertility: the impacts of environment, diet, and drug use on spermatogenesis
Gabrielsen, J. S., & Tanrikut, C. (2016) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.12198 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
British Society for Sexual Medicine Guidelines on Adult Testosterone Deficiency, with Statements for UK Practice
Hackett, G. I., Kirby, M. G., Edwards, D., Jones, T. H., Wylie, K. R., Ossei‐Gerning, N., David, J., & Muneer, A. (2017) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.10.067 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Efficacy and Safety of an Injectable Combination Hormonal Contraceptive for Men
Behre, H. M., Zitzmann, M., Anderson, R. A., Handelsman, D. J., Lestari, S. W., McLachlan, R. I., Meriggiola, M. C., Misro, M. M., Noé, G., Wu, F. C. W., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2141 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citation
Determinants of the Rate and Extent of Spermatogenic Suppression during Hormonal Male Contraception: An Integrated Analysis
Liu, P. Y., Swerdloff, R. S., Anawalt, B. D., Anderson, R. A., Bremner, W. J., Elliesen, J., Gu, Y.-Q., Kersemaekers, W. M., McLachlan, R. I., Meriggiola, M. C., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2768 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citation
Male Hormonal Contraception: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
Mommers, E. C. M., Kersemaekers, W. M., Elliesen, J., Kepers, M., Apter, D. L., Behre, H. M., Beynon, J., Bouloux, P. M., Costantino, A., Gerbershagen, H.-P., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0265 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Adverse effects of common medications on male fertility
Samplaski, M. K., & Nangia, A. K. (2015) · Nature Reviews Urology · doi:10.1038/nrurol.2015.145 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Diagnosis and Management of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use
Anawalt, B. D. (2019) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2018-01882 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Outcomes of androgen replacement therapy in adult male hypogonadism: recommendations from the Italian society of endocrinology
Isidori, A. M., Balercia, G., Calogero, A. E., Corona, G., Ferlin, A., Francavilla, S., Santi, D., & Maggi, M. (2014) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-014-0155-9 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Recovery of spermatogenesis following testosterone replacement therapy or anabolic-androgenic steroid use
Coward, R. M., & McBride, J. (2016) · Asian Journal of Andrology · doi:10.4103/1008-682x.173938 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Andrology of male‐to‐female transsexuals: influence of cross‐sex hormone therapy on testicular function
Schneider, F., Kliesch, S., Schlatt, S., & Neuhaus, N. (2017) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.12405 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Rate and Extent of Recovery from Reproductive and Cardiac Dysfunction Due to Androgen Abuse in Men
Shankara‐Narayana, N., Yu, C., Savkovic, S., Desai, R., Fennell, C., Turner, L., Jayadev, V., Conway, A. J., Kockx, M., Ridley, L. J., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgz324 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citation
The physiology of male reproduction: Impact of drugs and their abuse on male fertility
Ajayi, A. F., & Akhigbe, R. E. (2020) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/and.13672 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
The British Society for Sexual Medicine Guidelines on Male Adult Testosterone Deficiency, with Statements for Practice
Hackett, G. I., Kirby, M. G., Rees, R. W., Jones, T. H., Muneer, A., Livingston, M. A., Ossei‐Gerning, N., David, J., Foster, J., Kalra, P. A., et al. (2023) · The World Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.5534/wjmh.221027 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism – Towards a unified hypothesis of anabolic steroid action
TAN, R. S.-H., & Scally, M. C. (2009) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2008.12.042 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Management of nonobstructive azoospermia: a committee opinion
(2018) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.09.012 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The treatment of hypogonadism in men of reproductive age
Kim, E. D., Crosnoe, L., Bar-Chama, N., Khera, M., & Lipshultz, L. I. (2013) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.10.052 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
On-label and off-label drugs used in the treatment of male infertility
Chehab, M., Madala, A., & Trussell, J. C. (2015) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.12.122 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Current medical management of endocrine-related male infertility
Ring, J., Lwin, A., & Köhler, T. (2016) · Asian Journal of Andrology · doi:10.4103/1008-682x.179252 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Clinical trials in male hormonal contraception
Nieschlag, E. (2010) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2010.03.020 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Testosterone Is a Contraceptive and Should Not Be Used in Men Who Desire Fertility
Patel, A. S., Leong, J. Y., Ramos, L., & Ramasamy, R. (2018) · The World Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.5534/wjmh.180036 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Testosterone Gel Combined with Depomedroxyprogesterone Acetate Is an Effective Male Hormonal Contraceptive Regimen and Is Not Enhanced by the Addition of a GnRH Antagonist
Page, S. T., Amory, J. K., Anawalt, B. D., Irwig, M. S., Brockenbrough, A. T., Matsumoto, A. M., & Bremner, W. J. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1411 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Testosterone use in the male infertility population: prescribing patterns and effects on semen and hormonal parameters
Samplaski, M. K., Loai, Y., Wong, K., Lo, K. C., Grober, E. D., & Jarvi, K. A. (2013) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.09.003 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Substance Abuse and Male Hypogonadism
Duca, Y., Aversa, A., Condorelli, R. A., Calogero, A. E., & Vignera, S. L. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8050732 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Combined Transdermal Testosterone Gel and the Progestin Nestorone Suppresses Serum Gonadotropins in Men
Mahabadi, V., Amory, J. K., Swerdloff, R. S., Bremner, W. J., Page, S. T., Sitruk-Ware, R. L., Christensen, P. D., Kumar, N., Tsong, Y. Y., Blithe, D., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-2604 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citation
Testosterone: use, misuse and abuse
Handelsman, D. J. (2006) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00642.x · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citation
Elevated End‐of‐Treatment Serum INSL3 Is Associated With Failure to Completely Suppress Spermatogenesis in Men Receiving Male Hormonal Contraception
Amory, J. K., Page, S. T., Anawalt, B. D., Coviello, A. D., Matsumoto, A. M., & Bremner, W. J. (2007) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.2164/jandrol.106.002345 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Male contraception
Amory, J. K. (2016) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.08.036 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Development of Novel Male Contraceptives
Amory, J. K. (2019) · Clinical and Translational Science · doi:10.1111/cts.12708 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Exogenous testosterone: a preventable cause of male infertility.
Crosnoe-Shipley, L., Grober, E. D., Ohl, D. A., & Kim, E. D. (2013) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2013.06.01 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Testis Development and Fertility Potential in Boys with Klinefelter Syndrome
Davis, S., Rogol, A. D., & ROSS, J. L. (2015) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2015.07.008 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Pharmacokinetics of Testosterone Undecanoate Injected Alone or in Combination With Norethisterone Enanthate in Healthy Men
Qoubaitary, A., Meriggiola, M. C., Ng, C. M., Lumbreras, L., Cerpolini, S., Pelusi, G., Christensen, P. D., Hull, L., Swerdloff, R. S., & Wang, C. (2006) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.2164/jandrol.106.000281 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citation
Age and duration of testosterone therapy predict time to return of sperm count after human chorionic gonadotropin therapy
Kohn, T. P., Louis, M. R., Pickett, S. M., Lindgren, M. C., Kohn, J. R., Pastuszak, A. W., & Lipshultz, L. I. (2016) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.10.004 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Management of Anabolic Steroid-Induced Infertility: Novel Strategies for Fertility Maintenance and Recovery
Tatem, A. J., Beilan, J., Kovac, J. R., & Lipshultz, L. I. (2020) · The World Journal of Men's Health · doi:10.5534/wjmh.190002 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Reproductive axis ageing and fertility in men
da Silva, S. M., & Anderson, R. A. (2022) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-022-09759-0 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Hormonal approaches to male contraception
Wang, C., & Swerdloff, R. S. (2010) · Current Opinion in Urology · doi:10.1097/mou.0b013e32833f1b4a · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citation
Male Hormonal Contraception: Where Are We Now?
Wang, C., Festin, M., & Swerdloff, R. S. (2016) · Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports · doi:10.1007/s13669-016-0140-8 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citation
7α-Methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENTR): the Population Council's contribution to research on male contraception and treatment of hypogonadism
Nieschlag, E., Kumar, N., & Sitruk-Ware, R. L. (2012) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2012.08.036 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Fertility Preservation for Transgender Individuals
Ainsworth, A. J., Allyse, M. A., & Khan, Z. (2020) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.10.040 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Effect of rejuvenation hormones on spermatogenesis
Moss, J. L., Crosnoe-Shipley, L., & Kim, E. D. (2013) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.04.003 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Indications for the use of human chorionic gonadotropic hormone for the management of infertility in hypogonadal men
Lee, J. A., & Ramasamy, R. (2018) · Translational Andrology and Urology · doi:10.21037/tau.2018.04.11 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Demand for male contraception
Dorman, E., & Bishai, D. M. (2012) · Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research · doi:10.1586/erp.12.52 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Adverse health effects of androgen use
Goldman, A., & Basaria, S. S. (2017) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.009 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Characterisation of testicular function and spermatogenesis in transgender women
Vereecke, G., Defreyne, J., Saen, D. V., Collet, S., Dorpe, J. V., T'Sjoen, G. G., & Goossens, E. (2020) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deaa254 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Frontiers in hormone therapy for male infertility
Khourdaji, I., Lee, H., & Smith, R. P. (2018) · Translational Andrology and Urology · doi:10.21037/tau.2018.04.03 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Comparison of the single dose pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of two novel oral formulations of dimethandrolone undecanoate ( DMAU ): a potential oral, male contraceptive
Ayoub, R. M. A. A., Page, S. T., Swerdloff, R. S., Liu, P. Y., Amory, J. K., Leung, A., Hull, L., Blithe, D., Christy, A. Y., Chao, J. H., et al. (2016) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.12303 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citation
Emerging approaches to male contraception
Thirumalai, A., & Amory, J. K. (2021) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.03.047 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Diagnosis and management of testosterone deficiency
Coward, R. M., McBride, J., & Carson, C. (2014) · Asian Journal of Andrology · doi:10.4103/1008-682x.143317 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Male Contraception
Kogan, P., & Wald, M. (2013) · Urologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2013.08.012 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Misuse: Mechanisms, Patterns of Misuse, User Typology, and Adverse Effects
Ding, J. B., Ng, M. Z., Huang, S. S., Ding, M., & Hu, K. (2021) · Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1155/2021/7497346 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Medical Testosterone: An Iatrogenic Cause of Male Infertility and a Growing Problem
Kolettis, P. N., Purcell, M. L., Parker, W. P., Poston, T. L., & Nangia, A. K. (2015) · Urology · doi:10.1016/j.urology.2014.12.052 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Hypogonadal Men
Wang, C., & Swerdloff, R. S. (2022) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2021.11.005 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citation
European Association of Urology Position Statement on the Role of the Urologist in the Management of Male Hypogonadism and Testosterone Therapy
Mirone, V. G., Debruyne, F. M. J., Dohle, G. R., Salonia, A., Sofikitis, N., Verze, P., Fode, M. M., & Chapple, C. R. (2017) · European Urology · doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2017.02.022 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Fertility desires and reproductive needs of transgender people: Challenges and considerations for clinical practice
Feigerlová, E., Pascal, V., Ganne‐Devonec, M., Klein, M., & Guerci, B. (2019) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.13982 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Ethical and medical considerations of androgen deprivation treatment of sex offenders
Gooren, L. J. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-1540 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Androgen abuse: Risks and adverse effects in men
Grant, B., Hyams, E., Davies, R., Minhas, S., & Jayasena, C. N. (2024) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.15187 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Male central hypogonadism secondary to exogenous androgens: a review of the drugs and protocols highlighted by the online community of users for prevention and/or mitigation of adverse effects
Karavolos, S., Reynolds, M. E., Panagiotopoulou, N., McEleny, K. R., Scally, M. C., & Quinton, R. (2014) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12641 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Male hormonal contraception: looking back and moving forward
Roth, M. Y., Page, S. T., & Bremner, W. J. (2015) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.12110 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Male contraception: a clinically-oriented review
Kanakis, G., & Goulis, D. G. (2015) · HORMONES · doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1623 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Does ethnicity matter in male hormonal contraceptive efficacy?
Ilani, N., Liu, P. Y., Swerdloff, R. S., & Wang, C. (2011) · Asian Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1038/aja.2010.133 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citation
Common symptoms associated with usage and cessation of anabolic androgenic steroids in men
Sharma, A., Grant, B., Islam, H., Kapoor, A., Pradeep, A., & Jayasena, C. N. (2022) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2022.101691 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Fertility preservation in pediatric healthcare: a review
Chen, L., Dong, Z., & Chen, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1147898 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Update on male hormonal contraception
Gava, G., & Meriggiola, M. C. (2019) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/2042018819834846 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Hormonal male contraception in men with normal and subnormal semen parameters
Nieschlag, E., Vorona, E., Wenk, M., Hemker, A.-K., Kamischke, A., & Zitzmann, M. (2011) · International Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01142.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Successful Ejaculatory Sperm Cryopreservation After Cessation of Long-term Estrogen Therapy in a Transgender Female
Alford, A. V., Theisen, K. M., Kim, N., Bodie, J., & Pariser, J. J. (2019) · Urology · doi:10.1016/j.urology.2019.08.021 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The current state of male hormonal contraception
Chao, J. H., & Page, S. T. (2016) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.03.012 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Hormonal Male Contraception: Getting to Market
Page, S. T., Blithe, D., & Wang, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.891589 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citation
Trends in Testosterone Prescription and Public Health Concerns
Gabrielsen, J. S., Najari, B. B., Alukal, J. P., & Eisenberg, M. L. (2016) · Urologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2016.01.010 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Male Hormonal Contraception
Thirumalai, A., & Page, S. T. (2019) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev-med-042418-010947 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Role of Hormone Stimulation in Men With Nonobstructive Azoospermia Undergoing Surgical Sperm Retrieval
Tharakan, T., Salonia, A., Corona, G., Dhillo, W. S., Minhas, S., & Jayasena, C. N. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa556 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Understanding and managing the suppression of spermatogenesis caused by testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS)
Desai, A., Yassin, M., Cayetano-Alcaráz, A. A., Tharakan, T., Jayasena, C. N., & Minhas, S. (2022) · Therapeutic Advances in Urology · doi:10.1177/17562872221105017 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Beyond the Condom: Frontiers in Male Contraception
Roth, M. Y., & Amory, J. K. (2016) · Seminars in Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0036-1571435 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Male hormonal contraception: hope and promise
Piotrowska, K., Wang, C., Swerdloff, R. S., & Liu, P. Y. (2016) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(16)00034-6 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citation
The struggle for male hormonal contraception
Nieschlag, E. (2011) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2010.08.008 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Do sperm parameters and infertility affect sexuality of couples?
Kızılay, F., Sahin, M. A., & Altay, B. (2017) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/and.12879 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Practice and development of male contraception: European Academy of Andrology and American Society of Andrology guidelines
Wang, C., Meriggiola, M. C., Amory, J. K., Barratt, C. L. R., Behre, H. M., Bremner, W. J., Ferlin, A., Honig, S. C., Kopa, Z., Lo, K. C., et al. (2023) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.13525 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citation
Treatment of hypogonadotropic male hypogonadism: Case-based scenarios
Crosnoe-Shipley, L. (2015) · World Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.5527/wjn.v4.i2.245 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Hypothalamo-Pituitary Unit, Testis, and Male Accessory Organs
Liu, P. Y., & Veldhuis, J. D. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-47912-7.00012-3 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citation
Male contraception
Chao, J. H., Page, S. T., & Anderson, R. A. (2014) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2014.05.008 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Use of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids and Male Fertility: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Mulawkar, P. M., Maheshwari, P. N., Gauhar, V., Agrawal, S. G., Mohammed, T. O., Singh, A. G., Tak, G. R., Shah, U. S., Shukla, D. P., & Mamankar, D. (2023) · Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.4103/jhrs.jhrs_90_23 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Management of Male Fertility in Hypogonadal Patients on Testosterone Replacement Therapy
Fink, J. E., Ide, H., & Horie, S. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina60020275 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The deleterious effects of anabolic androgenic steroid abuse on sexual and reproductive health and comparison of recovery between treated and untreated patients: Single‐center prospective randomized study
Hashimi, M. A. (2022) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/and.14576 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Update in Andrology
Handelsman, D. J. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-1431 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citation
Impact of various progestins with or without transdermal testosterone on gonadotropin levels for non‐invasive hormonal male contraception: a randomized clinical trial
Zitzmann, M., Rohayem, J., Raidt, J., Kliesch, S., Kumar, N., Sitruk-Ware, R. L., & Nieschlag, E. (2017) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.12328 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Consideration of gender differences in infertility evaluation
Chu, K. Y., Patel, P., & Ramasamy, R. (2019) · Current Opinion in Urology · doi:10.1097/mou.0000000000000590 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Male Fertility Before and After Androgen Abuse
Windfeld‐Mathiasen, J., Dalhoff, K., Andersen, J. T., Klemp, M., Horwitz, A., & Horwitz, H. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa837 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Androgens in male contraception
Thirumalai, A., & Page, S. T. (2022) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2022.101627 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Integrity of the blood-testis barrier in healthy men after suppression of spermatogenesis with testosterone and levonorgestrel
Ilani, N., Armanious, N., Lue, Y., Swerdloff, R. S., Baravarian, S., Adler, A., Tsang, C., Jia, Y., Cui, Y.-G., Wang, X.-H., et al. (2012) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/des340 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citation
The future of male contraception: a fertile ground
Khourdaji, I. S., Zillioux, J. M., Eisenfrats, K. S., Foley, D., & Smith, R. P. (2018) · Translational Andrology and Urology · doi:10.21037/tau.2018.03.23 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Rates of suppression and recovery of human sperm output in testosterone-based hormonal contraceptive regimens*
Ly, L. P., Liu, P. Y., & Handelsman, D. J. (2005) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deh834 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citation
427 RECOVERY OF SPERMATOGENESIS AFTER ANDROGEN-PROGESTIN THERAPY.
Liu, P. Y., Swerdloff, R. S., & Wang, C. (2006) · Journal of Investigative Medicine · doi:10.2310/6650.2005.x0004.426
Self-citation
Male hormonal contraception: hope and promise
Piotrowska, K., Wang, C., Swerdloff, R. S., & Liu, P. Y. (2016) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(16)00034-6 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citation
Recent methodological advances in male hormonal contraception
Liu, P. Y., Swerdloff, R. S., & Wang, C. (2010) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2010.03.010 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citation
Determinants of the Rate and Extent of Spermatogenic Suppression during Hormonal Male Contraception: An Integrated Analysis
Liu, P. Y., Swerdloff, R. S., Anawalt, B. D., Anderson, R. A., Bremner, W. J., Elliesen, J., Gu, Y.-Q., Kersemaekers, W. M., McLachlan, R. I., Meriggiola, M. C., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2768 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: Liu, P. Y., Swerdloff, R. S., Christenson, P. D., Handelsman, D. J., & Wang, C.
Affiliations: The University of Sydney (AU)
The Lundquist Institute (US)
Corresponding author: Liu, Peter Y
ORCID: Liu, Peter Y
Swerdloff, Ronald S
Handelsman, David J
Wang, Christina
Venue: The Lancet
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2006-04
Volume: 367
Issue: 9520
Pages: 1412-1420
ISSN: 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
0140-6736
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68614-5
OpenAlex: W2144125198
Cited by: 272
References: 79
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 8.62
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: The Lancet (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
National Institutes of Health
National Health and Medical Research Council
National Medical Research Council
National Center for Research Resources (M01RR000425, RR M01 00425)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Keywords: androgen deprivation therapy, testosterone, sperm concentration, luteinizing hormone, predictors of recovery, time to recovery
MeSH terms: Adult, Androgen Antagonists, Androgens, Clinical Trials as Topic, Contraception, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Sperm Count, Spermatogenesis, Spermatogenesis-Blocking Agents, Testosterone, Time Factors, Multicenter Studies as Topic

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Rate, extent, and modifiers of spermatogenic recovery after hormonal male contraception: an integrated analysis

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks