Cited by 1,279Obesity, Physical Activity, DietGlobal Public Health Policies and EpidemiologyChild Nutrition and Water Access

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Child and adolescent obesity: part of a bigger picture

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Lobstein, Tim, Jackson-Leach, Rachel, Moodie, Marjory L, Hall, Kevin D, Gortmaker, Steven L, Swinburn, Boyd A, James, W Philip T, Wang, Youfa, McPherson, Klim·2015·The Lancet

DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61746-3PMC PMC4594797

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Abstract

The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has risen substantially worldwide in less than one generation. In the USA, the average weight of a child has risen by more than 5 kg within three decades, to a point where a third of the country's children are overweight or obese. Some low-income and middle-income countries have reported similar or more rapid rises in child obesity, despite continuing high levels of undernutrition. Nutrition policies to tackle child obesity need to promote healthy growth and household nutrition security and protect children from inducements to be inactive or to overconsume foods of poor nutritional quality. The promotion of energy-rich and nutrient-poor products will encourage rapid weight gain in early childhood and exacerbate risk factors for chronic disease in all children, especially those showing poor linear growth. Whereas much public health effort has been expended to restrict the adverse marketing of breastmilk substitutes, similar effort now needs to be expanded and strengthened to protect older children from increasingly sophisticated marketing of sedentary activities and energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods and beverages. To meet this challenge, the governance of food supply and food markets should be improved and commercial activities subordinated to protect and promote children's health.

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Age and body mass index are associated with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation in response to unhealthy food cues
van Meer, F., van der Laan, L. N., Eiben, G., Lissner, L., Wolters, M., Rach, S., Herrmann, M., Erhard, P., Molnár, D., Orsi, G., et al. (2025) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2025.108138 · Cited by 3
“Nevertheless, there has been little government regulation to limit the marketing of unhealthy foods targeting children (Boyland et al., 2022; Lobstein et al., 2015).”
Variations in eating habits between Ecuadorian parents and children related to excess weight
Romero-Sandoval, N. C., Robles, J., Cisneros, M. J., Ruiz, V., & Martin, M. L. (2017) · Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil · doi:10.1590/1806-93042017000300011 · Cited by 1
ASPECTOS EPIDEMIOLÓGICOS DO EXCESSO DE PESO EM CRIANÇAS E ADOLESCENTES: TENDÊNCIA SECULAR NAS PERSPECTIVAS MUNDIAL E BRASILEIRA
Neves, F. S., Oliveira, R. M. S., & Cândido, A. P. C. (2018) · Revista de APS · doi:10.34019/1809-8363.2017.v20.16586 · Cited by 1
The Comparative Analysis of Obesity Risk Factors among Indian and Ukrainian Adolescents
Starets, O. O., Khimenko, T. M., Kaur, N., & Bharadwaj, O. (2018) · Diabetes & its Complications · doi:10.33425/2639-9326.1034 · Cited by 1
“Children need nutrient-rich foods rather than high-energy foods [4].”
A 11–18 éves fiatalok országos, reprezentatív táplálkozási és fizikai aktivitási vizsgálata
Antal, E., Pilling, R., Kőris, T., & Bíró, L. (2019) · Magyar Tudomány · doi:10.1556/2065.180.2019.5.11 · Cited by 1
Obesidade, Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 e fragilidade óssea: uma revisão narrativa
Gomes, T. P. S., Veloso, F. L. D. M., Filho, J. A., Mourão, F. C., Nascif, N. H. T., Loures, E. D. A., Labronici, P. J., & Mendes, A. F. (2019) · HU Revista · doi:10.34019/1982-8047.2018.v44.14058 · Cited by 1
“Crianças obesas e fragilidade óssea O aumento na prevalência da obesidade infantil (LOBSTEIN et al., 2015) aliado ao aumento na incidência de fraturas do antebraço na infância (DIMITRI, 2018), suscitou associações entre os mecanismos que regulam a massa óssea e os tecidos adiposo e ósseo durante o…”
Background
Perceptions and Impact of a Youth-led Childhood Obesity Prevention Intervention among Youth-leaders
Steeves, E. A., Trude, A. C. B., Ruggiero, C. F., Ruiz, M. J. M., Jones‐Smith, J. C., Porter, K. M. P., Cheskin, L. J., Hurley, K. M., Hopkins, L. C., & Gittelsohn, J. (2019) · Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition · doi:10.1080/19320248.2019.1649777 · Cited by 1
FOOD CHOICES AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT DISEASES ASSOCIATED AMONG PRIVATE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN SHAH ALAM, MALAYSIA
Selvamoney, Y., & Abdalqader, M. A. (2019) · Global Journal of Public Health Medicine · doi:10.37557/gjphm.v1i1.1 · Cited by 1
ORGANIZATION OF SCHOOL NUTRITION: INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL EXPERIENCE
", S. I., Hulich, M. P., NAMSU, Petrenko, O. D., Lubarskaia, L. S., Harchenko, O. O., & Yashchenko, O. V. (2019) · Hygiene of populated places · doi:10.32402/hygiene2019.69.165 · Cited by 1
Obez Çocuklarda Anestezi
Erkılıç, E. (2020) · Balıkesir Medical Journal · doi:10.33716/bmedj.678177 · Cited by 1
Exploring 12-Year trends in childhood obesity prevalence for the Republic of Ireland – a national study using survey data from 2002 and 2014
Millar, S., Harding, M., McCarthy, L. E., Kelleher, V., Harrington, J. M., James, P. M. C., Whelton, H. P., & Perry, I. J. (2021) · HRB Open Research · doi:10.12688/hrbopenres.12988.1
“The Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Cork Teaching Hospitals approved both oral health studies (National Survey of Children’s Dental Health approved on 02/10/2001, FACCT (ECM 5 (2) 07/05/13).”
Method
Diseño y validación de un cuestionario para estudiar hábitos saludables en adolescentes de 12-14 años
(2021) · Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria · doi:10.5546/aap.2021.177 · Cited by 1
Nutrition Education on Sedentary Activity for Adolescent
Insani, H. M., Kustiyah, L., Dwiriani, C. M., & Sentanu, M. A. (2021) · JURNAL PENDIDIKAN JASMANI DAN OLAHRAGA · doi:10.17509/jpjo.v6i1.30438 · Cited by 1
Systematic review of the community environment for physical activity in young people - an update to the Report Card Brazil
de Victo, E. R., Solé, D., & Ferrari, G. (2021) · Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance · doi:10.1590/1980-0037.2021v23e83464 · Cited by 1
Missing Health Political Opportunities Due to a Lack of Behavior Acceptance
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Parental Control over School Nutrition: Practical Implementation in the Moscow Region
Mikailova, O. (2022) · ЗДОРОВЬЕ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ И СРЕДА ОБИТАНИЯ - ЗНиСО / PUBLIC HEALTH AND LIFE ENVIRONMENT · doi:10.35627/2219-5238/2022-30-2-74-77 · Cited by 1
Epidemiology of Obesity in Children and Adolescents
(2013) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000175 · Cited by 1
Epidemiology of Obesity
James, W. P. T. (2017) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47685-8_1-1 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Doctors
OECD (2016) · Health at a glance. Europe · doi:10.1787/health_glance_eur-2016-53-en · Cited by 1
Out-of-pocket medical expenditure
OECD (2016) · Health at a glance. Europe · doi:10.1787/health_glance_eur-2016-52-en · Cited by 1
Feasibility of split night polysomnography in children to diagnose and treat sleep related breathing disorders
Gerdung, C. A., Castro‐Codesal, M. L., Nettel‐Aguirre, A., Kam, K., Hanly, P. J., MacLean, J. E., & Bendiak, G. N. (2022) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2022.05.011 · Cited by 1
Inclusão da educação alimentar e nutricional nos currículos escolares
Weirich, J., & Menti, M. D. M. (2022) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v11i10.33042 · Cited by 1
Prevention and Treatment of Obesity in Children
Hitt, T. A., Wasserstein, K. L., Malina, S. N., & Magge, S. N. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-40116-9_51 · Cited by 1
The role of the primary school in preventing childhood obesity
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Snacking preferences of primary school children as a guideline to develop a sensory acceptable snack food item enhanced with Moringa oleifera
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Prevalencia, determinantes y prevención de la obesidad infantil
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Neural processing of healthy foods in normal-weight and overweight children and adults
van Meer, A.-F. (2017) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 1
Direito humano à alimentação adequada e atuação profissional em saúde pública
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Scheduling Recess: Perceptions Of Lunchroom Supervisors, Teachers, And Principal
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““… The more an environment consistently promotes health behavior, the greater the likelihood that such behavior will occur” (Lobstein et al., 2015, p. 2510-2511).”
Background
Culture and Community of Children's Mealtimes: A Constructed Grounded Theory of Mealtimes in Early Childhood Education and Care Settings
Harte, S. M. (2019) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.125542 · Cited by 1

Authors: Lobstein, T., Jackson-Leach, R., Moodie, M. L., Hall, K. D., Gortmaker, S. L., Swinburn, B. A., James, W. P. T., Wang, Y., & McPherson, K.
Affiliations: World Obesity Federation (GB)
National Institutes of Health (US)
Harvard University (US)
Deakin University (AU)
University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
University of Oxford (GB)
Corresponding author: Lobstein, Tim
ORCID: Lobstein, Tim
Hall, Kevin D
Gortmaker, Steven L
Swinburn, Boyd A
McPherson, Klim
Venue: The Lancet
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2015-06
Volume: 385
Issue: 9986
Pages: 2510-2520
ISSN: 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
0140-6736
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61746-3
PMC: PMC4594797
OpenAlex: W1996661765
Cited by: 1,279
References: 74
Citations by year: 2026: 47 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 145 · 2018: 124 · 2017: 110 · 2016: 151 · 2015: 93
FWCI: 23.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: The Lancet (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: RWJF (grant 260639)
CDC (U48/DP00064)
NIH (1R01HD064685–01A1, U54HD070725)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
Keywords: childhood obesity, adolescent obesity, childhood overweight, obesity prevalence trends, nutrition policy, healthy growth, energy-dense nutrient-poor foods, food marketing regulation, sedentary activity, malnutrition, child health
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Body Height, Child, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Energy Metabolism, Female, Food Supply, Health Promotion, Humans, Infant, Male, Primary Prevention, Social Responsibility, Socioeconomic Factors, Causality, Prevalence, Nutrition Policy, Developed Countries, Food Industry, Overweight, Pediatric Obesity

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