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Child and adolescent obesity: part of a bigger picture
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The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has risen substantially worldwide in less than one generation. In the USA, the average weight of a child has risen by more than 5 kg within three decades, to a point where a third of the country's children are overweight or obese. Some low-income and middle-income countries have reported similar or more rapid rises in child obesity, despite continuing high levels of undernutrition. Nutrition policies to tackle child obesity need to promote healthy growth and household nutrition security and protect children from inducements to be inactive or to overconsume foods of poor nutritional quality. The promotion of energy-rich and nutrient-poor products will encourage rapid weight gain in early childhood and exacerbate risk factors for chronic disease in all children, especially those showing poor linear growth. Whereas much public health effort has been expended to restrict the adverse marketing of breastmilk substitutes, similar effort now needs to be expanded and strengthened to protect older children from increasingly sophisticated marketing of sedentary activities and energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods and beverages. To meet this challenge, the governance of food supply and food markets should be improved and commercial activities subordinated to protect and promote children's health.
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“Another example of how consumer prices can influence oral health is given by the proportion of income needed to purchase sugar-sweetened beverages which has decreased worldwide since 1990 but particularly in LMIC.139”
From Oral diseases: a global public health challenge (2019) · cites this paper as [139]
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Fulkerson, J. A., Friend, S. E., Flattum, C. F., Horning, M. L., Draxten, M. L., Neumark‐Sztainer, D., Gurvich, O. V., Story, M. T., Garwick, A. W., & Kubik, M. (2015) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0320-3 · Cited by 91
“Background Overweight/obesity continues to be major public health problem for youth, with prevalence among 2-19-yearolds at about one-third in the United States [1] and slightly lower but increasing rates worldwide [2].”
BackgroundPries, A. M., Huffman, S. L., Adhikary, I., Upreti, S. R., Dhungel, S., Champeny, M., & Zehner, E. R. (2016) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12267 · Cited by 91
“…products can foster rapid weight gain and increase the risk of chronic disease and obesity in children (Goris et al. 2009), especially those showing poor linear growth (Lobstein et al. 2015), addressing the high rates of promotion and consumption of sugary snack foods should be a national priority.”
BackgroundSonneville, K. R., Thurston, I. B., Milliren, C. E., Kamody, R. C., Gooding, H. C., & Richmond, T. K. (2015) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2015.166 · Cited by 85
Morgan, E. H., Schoonees, A., Sriram, U., Faure, M. C., & Seguin‐Fowler, R. A. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012547.pub2 · Cited by 94
Type 2 Diabetes: Why We Are Winning the Battle but Losing the War? 2015 Kelly West Award Lecture
Narayan, K. M. V. (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-0205 · Cited by 87
“However, we need a better and fuller understanding of the early-life factors that predispose individuals and subpopulations to obesity and type 2 diabetes, and global studies are likely to be of great value, as childhood obesity and young-onset type 2 diabetes are happening at quickening pace, especially in economical…”
BackgroundGardner, R., Feely, A., Layte, R., Williams, J. M., & McGavock, J. (2019) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-019-0414-8 · Cited by 84
Ronto, R., Rathi, N., Worsley, A. F., Sanders, T., Lonsdale, C., & Wolfenden, L. (2020) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980019004865 · Cited by 83
“Over the last few decades, childhood obesity has increased dramatically, posing a major public health challenge globally(1,2).”
BackgroundParental Perception of Weight Status and Weight Gain across Childhood
Robinson, E., & Sutin, A. (2016) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2015-3957 · Cited by 83
Transforming community well-being through patients' lived experiences
Gallan, A. S., McColl‐Kennedy, J. R., Barakshina, T., Figueiredo, B., Jefferies, J. G., Gollnhofer, J., Hibbert, S. A., Luca, N. R., Roy, S. K., Spanjol, J., et al. (2018) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.12.029 · Cited by 83
Mbogori, T. N., Kimmel, K., Zhang, M., Kandiah, J., & Wang, Y. (2020) · AIMS Public Health · doi:10.3934/publichealth.2020035 · Cited by 82
“Some international organizations, such as the WHO, and some researchers have provided various recommendations including developing new national policies that regulate food distribution and marketing, especially those targeting children [35,36].”
BackgroundSelf-citationRzehak, P., Covic, M., Saffery, R., Reischl, E., Wahl, S., Grote, V., Weber, M., Xhonneux, A., Langhendries, J., Ferré, N., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13099-4 · Cited by 82
Lauria, L., Spinelli, A., Buoncristiano, M., & Nardone, P. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6946-3 · Cited by 82
Jones, L. J., VanWassenhove-Paetzold, J., Thomas, K., Bancroft, C., Ziatyk, E. Q., Kim, L. S.-H., Shirley, A., Warren, A. C., Hamilton, L., George, C., et al. (2020) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/cdn/nzaa109 · Cited by 78
Cunha, C. D. M., Costa, P. R. D. F., de Oliveira, L. P. M., Queiroz, V. A. D. O., Pitangueira, J. C. D., & Oliveira, A. M. (2018) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114518000533 · Cited by 91
“Continued References, country Population Sample size (sex) Age range (years) Type of study Diet assessment method (items) Method used to identify dietary pattern Elected healthy and not healthy dietary patterns and food content Mean BMI (kg/m2) SD Mean WC (cm) SD Mean SBP (mmHg) SD Mean DBP (mmHg) SD RTI (risk of bias…”
MethodInfluentialObesity is a risk factor for central precocious puberty: a case-control study
Liu, G., Guo, J., Zhang, X., Lu, Y., Miao, J., & Xue, H. (2021) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-021-02936-1 · Cited by 87
“Obesity has been well documented to be a very important risk factor for metabolic disease [13].”
BackgroundAdolescent sugar-sweetened beverage consumption: An extended Health Action Process Approach
Zhang, C., Wong, M. C.-Y., Zhang, R., Hamilton, K., & Hagger, M. S. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.104332 · Cited by 79
School Feeding Programs in Middle Childhood and Adolescence
Drake, L., Fernandes, M., Aurino, E., Kiamba, J., Giyose, B. B., Burbano, C., Alderman, H., Mai, L., Mitchell, A. H., & Gelli, A. (2017) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0423-6_ch12 · Cited by 75
Obesity and Altered Sleep: A Pathway to Metabolic Derangements in Children?
Hakim, F., Gozal, D., & Gozal, D. (2015) · Seminars in Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.spen.2015.04.006 · Cited by 74
“Moreover, in a recently published review by Lobstein and colleagues [9], the authors concluded that in the USA, the average weight of a child has risen by more than 5 kg over the last three decades, and a third of the country's children are overweight or obese.”
BackgroundChen, L., Aris, I. M., Bernard, J. Y., Tint, M. T., Chia, A., Colega, M., Gluckman, P. D., Shek, L. P., Saw, S., Chong, Y. S., et al. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9010002 · Cited by 78
“The prevalence of childhood obesity has risen at an alarming rate [1].”
BackgroundSugino, K. Y., Paneth, N., & Comstock, S. S. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213733 · Cited by 74
Liu, J., Mu, C., Li, K., Luo, H., Liu, Y., & Li, Z. (2021) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2021.1604371 · Cited by 78
“Obesity has become a global pandemic, but the growing burden in the pediatric population is even more worrisome [1].”
BackgroundCaloric restriction and exercise “mimetics”: ready for prime time
Handschin, C. (2016) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2015.11.009 · Cited by 72
“Importantly, in addition to the older segments of the population, lifestyle-associated diseases are also on the rise in young individuals at an alarming rate [6]: for example, type 2 diabetes, classically referred to as adult-onset diabetes, is now much more commonly diagnosed in children compared to type 1, so-called…”
BackgroundImplementing Nature-Based Solutions in Urban Areas: Financing and Governance Aspects
Droste, N., Schröter‐Schlaack, C., Hansjürgens, B., & Zimmermann, H. (2017) · Theory and practice of urban sustainability transitions · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56091-5_18 · Cited by 72
Dietary patterns associated with body mass index (BMI) and lifestyle in Mexican adolescents
Gutiérrez-Pliego, L. E., Camarillo-Romero, E. D. S., Montenegro-Morales, L. P., & Garduño‐García, J. D. J. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3527-6 · Cited by 72
“It has been described that Mexican children and adolescents has the higher increasing trend in the prevalence of obesity and overweight all over the world [20].”
BackgroundThe financial costs, behaviour and psychology of obesity: A one health analysis
Bomberg, E., Birch, L., Endenburg, N., German, A. J., Neilson, J., Seligman, H., Takashima, G., & Day, M. J. (2017) · Journal of Comparative Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.03.007 · Cited by 71
“Campaigns by food companies target children in order to influence immediate dietary choices, condition taste preferences and build brand loyalty (Lobstein et al., 2015).”
Early childhood obesity: Association with healthcare expenditure in Australia
Hayes, A., Chevalier, A., D'Souza, M. I., Baur, L. A., Wen, L. M., & Simpson, J. M. (2016) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21544 · Cited by 71
“As noted by Kleinert and Horton (36,37), preventing child obesity is key to achieving healthy lives in adulthood and reversing obesity prevalence.”
BackgroundCunha, D. B., da Costa, T. H. M., da Veiga, G. V., Pereira, R. A., & Sichieri, R. (2018) · Nutrition and Diabetes · doi:10.1038/s41387-018-0043-z · Cited by 82
Song, Y., Wang, H., Dong, B., Ma, J., Wang, Z., & Agardh, A. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011904 · Cited by 69
“Several studies have observed that there is a gender difference in obesity prevalence.(1) 5 6 11 In many Western countries the prevalence of childhood obesity was higher in girls, whereas, in Asian countries, especially in China, the prevalence of childhood obesity was higher in boys than in girls.”
BackgroundMartin, A., Booth, J. N., McGeown, S. P., Niven, A. G., Sproule, J., Saunders, D. H., & Reilly, J. J. (2017) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-017-0272-9 · Cited by 69
“There was no evidence of an association between obesity and science achievement when girls and boys were analysed as one study sample [31], whereas stratified analysis for gender suggested lower science scores in girls with obesity but not in boys at age 13 and 16 years [45]. Associations Between Change in Obesity Sta…”
InfluentialMechanisms Involved in Childhood Obesity-Related Bone Fragility
Faienza, M. F., D’Amato, G., Chiarito, M., Colaianni, G., Colucci, S. C., Grano, M., Corbo, F., & Brunetti, G. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00269 · Cited by 67
Metadata
- Authors
- Lobstein, T., Jackson-Leach, R., Moodie, M. L., Hall, K. D., Gortmaker, S. L., Swinburn, B. A., James, W. P. T., Wang, Y., & McPherson, K.
- Affiliations
- World Obesity Federation (GB)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Deakin University (AU)
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lobstein, Tim
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-06
- Volume
- 385
- Issue
- 9986
- Pages
- 2510-2520
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC4594797
- OpenAlex
- W1996661765
- Cited by
- 1,279
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 145 · 2018: 124 · 2017: 110 · 2016: 151 · 2015: 93
- FWCI
- 23.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- RWJF (grant 260639)
- CDC (U48/DP00064)
- NIH (1R01HD064685–01A1, U54HD070725)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Keywords
- childhood obesity, adolescent obesity, childhood overweight, obesity prevalence trends, nutrition policy, healthy growth, energy-dense nutrient-poor foods, food marketing regulation, sedentary activity, malnutrition, child health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Body Height, Child, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Energy Metabolism, Female, Food Supply, Health Promotion, Humans, Infant, Male, Primary Prevention, Social Responsibility, Socioeconomic Factors, Causality, Prevalence, Nutrition Policy, Developed Countries, Food Industry, Overweight, Pediatric Obesity
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