Cited by 1,279Obesity, Physical Activity, DietGlobal Public Health Policies and EpidemiologyChild Nutrition and Water Access

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Child and adolescent obesity: part of a bigger picture

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Lobstein, Tim, Jackson-Leach, Rachel, Moodie, Marjory L, Hall, Kevin D, Gortmaker, Steven L, Swinburn, Boyd A, James, W Philip T, Wang, Youfa, McPherson, Klim·2015·The Lancet

DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61746-3PMC PMC4594797

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Abstract

The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has risen substantially worldwide in less than one generation. In the USA, the average weight of a child has risen by more than 5 kg within three decades, to a point where a third of the country's children are overweight or obese. Some low-income and middle-income countries have reported similar or more rapid rises in child obesity, despite continuing high levels of undernutrition. Nutrition policies to tackle child obesity need to promote healthy growth and household nutrition security and protect children from inducements to be inactive or to overconsume foods of poor nutritional quality. The promotion of energy-rich and nutrient-poor products will encourage rapid weight gain in early childhood and exacerbate risk factors for chronic disease in all children, especially those showing poor linear growth. Whereas much public health effort has been expended to restrict the adverse marketing of breastmilk substitutes, similar effort now needs to be expanded and strengthened to protect older children from increasingly sophisticated marketing of sedentary activities and energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods and beverages. To meet this challenge, the governance of food supply and food markets should be improved and commercial activities subordinated to protect and promote children's health.

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Background
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Method
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Background
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Influential
The impact of BMI on disease activity and growth outcomes in juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Yıldız, Ç., Küçükali, B., Kutlar, M., Belder, N., Karaçayır, N., Acun, B., Şenol, P. E., Yayla, E. N. S., Yıldırım, D. G., & Bakkaloglu, S. A. (2025) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-025-06084-x · Cited by 4
Antioxidant Supplementation in Childhood Obesity: A Path to Improved Metabolic Health?
Lupu, A., Mihai, C. M., Dragan, F., Tarnita, I., Alecsa, M., Chisnoiu, T., Morariu, I. D., Cuciureanu, M. D., Nedelcu, A. H., Șalaru, D. L., et al. (2025) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox14040466 · Cited by 5
“This alarming trend is driven by a complex inter-play of genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors, such as increased consumption of energy-dense foods and sedentary lifestyles [2,3].”
Enhanced oral glucose tolerance test for early detection of insulin resistance and metabolic complications in children with obesity
Grošelj, U., Kafol, J., Šikonja, J., Mlinarič, M., Šket, R., Remec, Ž. I., Kovač, J., Torkar, A. D., Omladič, J. Š., Lampret, B. R., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2025.101016 · Cited by 4
Police Fitness: An International Perspective on Current and Future Challenges
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“With obesity being a growing international problem [106], research suggests than one in 3–4 children in the United States of America [107], the United Kingdom [108], and Australia [109], as examples, are overweight or obese.”
Comparison of glycemic and lipid profiles indicators among obese children and adolescents treated at public or private services from the city of Ribeirão Preto (SP)
Nogueira‐de‐Almeida, C. A., Pires, L. A. F., & dos Santos, R. G. (2016) · Medicina (Ribeirão Preto) · doi:10.11606/issn.2176-7262.v49i6p504-510 · Cited by 4
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“Therefore, it is particularly important to understand the risk factors associated with childhood obesity and to take preventive and control measures [6,7].”
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Body Composition in Youths Aged 10‒17 Years by Deuterium Oxide Dilution, Air Displacement Plethysmography, and DXA: Validation of the Medical Body Composition Analyzer Bioimpedance Device by a 4-Compartment Model
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Ultra-processed food intake in relation to metabolic health status in Iranian adolescents with overweight and obesity
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da Rocha, R. Z., Ribeiro, F. D. S., Romig, I. D. K., Arrieira, H. D. O., da Cunha, G. D. O. K., Gaya, A. R., Pinheiro, E. D. S., & Bergmann, G. G. (2025) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2024-0720 · Cited by 4
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Frew, E. J., Ng, S. W., Coast, J., Hollingsworth, B. P., & Smith, R. A. (2018) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22211 · Cited by 4
“Relative to the number of studies with a clinical focus on interventions that target individuals to change behavior, there have been few reported economic evaluations (5).”
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Child obesity moderates the association between poverty and academic achievement
Kranjac, A. W., & Kranjac, D. (2021) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22497 · Cited by 6
“, 2020), with children raised by families facing economic hardship experiencing the highest susceptibility (Levine, 2011; Lobstein et al., 2015).”
Background
Evaluating routine pediatric growth measurement as a screening tool for overweight and obese status
Hale, I., & Jackson, E. (2021) · Canadian Family Physician · doi:10.46747/cfp.6703161 · Cited by 4
Weight perception and symptoms of depression in rural Australian adolescents
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Durmuş, H., & Solak, Y. (2021) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2021.1998020 · Cited by 3
“Childhood obesity, which was first seen in developed countries, has become a public health concern in developing and low-income countries over time with the ease of access to food due to the developing technology and growing food industry (Lakshman, Elks Cathy, & Ong Ken, 2012; Lobstein et al., 2015).”
Background
Adolescents’ proxy reports on obesity-related parenting practices: factorial validity and reliability across four behavioral domains
Fuligni, G. L., Gonzalez, C. J., & Figueroa, R. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-12745-5 · Cited by 5
“Such alarming prevalence are consistent with global obesity trends among adolescents, driven by increases in calorie-rich and energy-dense foods and increased engagement in sedentary behaviors [2].”
Background
Overview of meta‐analysis on prevention and treatment of childhood obesity
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Fighting obesity and non-communicable diseases needs different perspectives and new actions
Peng, W. H., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Global Health Journal · doi:10.1016/j.glohj.2022.07.010 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Stimulating motor competence through field games: an experimental study on elementary school students
Gustian, U., Samodra, Y. T. J., Gandasari, M. F., & Yosika, G. F. (2023) · Jurnal Keolahragaan · doi:10.21831/jk.v11i1.57148 · Cited by 5
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Brandão, J. M., Sichieri, R., Ribas, S. A., Verly, E., Pereira, R. A., de Castro, I. R. R., Hassan, B. K., de Oliveira, A. S. D., Marques, E. S., & Cunha, D. B. (2020) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/16170 · Cited by 4
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A Public Policy Advocacy Project to Promote Food Security
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Background
Bariatric surgery: is it reasonable before the age of 16?
Massabki, L., SEWAYBRICKER, L. E., Nakamura, K. H., Mendes, R. T., Filho, A. D. A. B., Antônio, M. Â. R. D. G. M., & Zambon, M. P. (2016) · Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões · doi:10.1590/0100-69912016005009 · Cited by 5
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“Overweight and obesity are worldwide health problems, with dramatically increasing prevalence rates even in youths (Lobstein et al., 2015).”
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Influences of physical activity environments on obesity among adolescents
Yoon, N. (2018) · 보건교육·건강증진학회지 · doi:10.14367/kjhep.2018.35.2.25 · Cited by 4
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Brzęk, A., Strauß, M., Sanchis‐Gomar, F., & Leischik, R. (2021) · Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.26444/aaem/130268 · Cited by 4
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Global Incidence Trend of Early-Onset Obesity-Related and Non-Obesity-Related Cancers
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Exploring the influence of psychological factors on the comorbidity of dental caries and obesity in adolescents from the perspective of the oral-gut-brain axis
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Intensity of Physical Activity in Physical Education Classes and School Recesses and Its Associations with Body Mass Index and Global Fitness Score in Spanish Schoolchildren
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Authors: Lobstein, T., Jackson-Leach, R., Moodie, M. L., Hall, K. D., Gortmaker, S. L., Swinburn, B. A., James, W. P. T., Wang, Y., & McPherson, K.
Affiliations: World Obesity Federation (GB)
National Institutes of Health (US)
Harvard University (US)
Deakin University (AU)
University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
University of Oxford (GB)
Corresponding author: Lobstein, Tim
ORCID: Lobstein, Tim
Hall, Kevin D
Gortmaker, Steven L
Swinburn, Boyd A
McPherson, Klim
Venue: The Lancet
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2015-06
Volume: 385
Issue: 9986
Pages: 2510-2520
ISSN: 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
0140-6736
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61746-3
PMC: PMC4594797
OpenAlex: W1996661765
Cited by: 1,279
References: 74
Citations by year: 2026: 47 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 145 · 2018: 124 · 2017: 110 · 2016: 151 · 2015: 93
FWCI: 23.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: The Lancet (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: RWJF (grant 260639)
CDC (U48/DP00064)
NIH (1R01HD064685–01A1, U54HD070725)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
Keywords: childhood obesity, adolescent obesity, childhood overweight, obesity prevalence trends, nutrition policy, healthy growth, energy-dense nutrient-poor foods, food marketing regulation, sedentary activity, malnutrition, child health
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Body Height, Child, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Energy Metabolism, Female, Food Supply, Health Promotion, Humans, Infant, Male, Primary Prevention, Social Responsibility, Socioeconomic Factors, Causality, Prevalence, Nutrition Policy, Developed Countries, Food Industry, Overweight, Pediatric Obesity

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