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Child and adolescent obesity: part of a bigger picture
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The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has risen substantially worldwide in less than one generation. In the USA, the average weight of a child has risen by more than 5 kg within three decades, to a point where a third of the country's children are overweight or obese. Some low-income and middle-income countries have reported similar or more rapid rises in child obesity, despite continuing high levels of undernutrition. Nutrition policies to tackle child obesity need to promote healthy growth and household nutrition security and protect children from inducements to be inactive or to overconsume foods of poor nutritional quality. The promotion of energy-rich and nutrient-poor products will encourage rapid weight gain in early childhood and exacerbate risk factors for chronic disease in all children, especially those showing poor linear growth. Whereas much public health effort has been expended to restrict the adverse marketing of breastmilk substitutes, similar effort now needs to be expanded and strengthened to protect older children from increasingly sophisticated marketing of sedentary activities and energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods and beverages. To meet this challenge, the governance of food supply and food markets should be improved and commercial activities subordinated to protect and promote children's health.
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“Another example of how consumer prices can influence oral health is given by the proportion of income needed to purchase sugar-sweetened beverages which has decreased worldwide since 1990 but particularly in LMIC.139”
From Oral diseases: a global public health challenge (2019) · cites this paper as [139]
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BackgroundSchool education and childhood obesity: A systemic review
Nga, V. T., Dung, V. N. T., Chu, D., Tien, N. L. B., Thanh, V. V., Ngọc, V. T. N., Hoàn, L. N., Phương, N. T., Pham, V.-H., Tao, Y., et al. (2019) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2019.07.014 · Cited by 56
Urlacher, S. S., Snodgrass, J. J., Dugas, L. R., Madimenos, F. C., Sugiyama, L. S., Liebert, M. A., Joyce, C., Terán, E., & Pontzer, H. (2020) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa361 · Cited by 47
“However, numerous additional factors, including larger macrolevel climatic, environmental, economic, and sociopolitical phenomena, are clearly involved in this process (4, 7, 8, 64).”
BackgroundSocio-behavioral Determinants of Overweight and Obesity in Egyptian Primary School Children
Taha, A. A., & Marawan, M. (2015) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Behaviour · doi:10.4172/2375-4494.1000236 · Cited by 45
“The emerging epidemic of obesity in these countries is of special concern because it creates a dual burden of disease in these countries which still struggle with under nutrition problem [9].”
BackgroundViswanathan, S. K., McNelis, K., Makker, K., Calhoun, D. A., Woo, J. G., & Balagopal, B. (2021) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-021-01904-w · Cited by 47
Epidemiology of Childhood Obesity in Korea
Ha, K. H., & Kim, D. J. (2016) · Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.3803/enm.2016.31.4.510 · Cited by 45
Vepsäläinen, H., Mikkilä, V., Erkkola, M., Broyles, S. T., Chaput, J.-P., Hu, G., Kuriyan, R., Kurpad, A. V., Lambert, E. V., Maher, C. A., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Obesity Supplements · doi:10.1038/ijosup.2015.22 · Cited by 44
Clercq, B. D., Abel, T., Moor, I., Elgar, F. J., Lievens, J., Sioen, I., Braeckman, L., & Deforche, B. I. (2016) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckw236 · Cited by 45
Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome in Children
Fornari, E., & Maffeis, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00702 · Cited by 49
“A policy that involves more investments on this topic would be crucial (90, 91).”
BackgroundAgri-Food Markets in Qatar: Drivers, Trends, and Policy Responses
Hassen, T. B., Bilali, H. E., & Al-Maadeed, M. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12093643 · Cited by 44
Samodra, Y. T. J., Suryadi, D., Wati, I. D. P., Supriatna, E., Santika, I. G. P. N. A., Suganda, M. A., & Dewi, P. C. P. (2023) · Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports · doi:10.15561/26649837.2023.0206 · Cited by 43
Breaking BAT: can browning create a better white?
Warner, A., & Mittag, J. (2015) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-15-0408 · Cited by 45
Rath, S. R., Marsh, J., Newnham, J. P., Zhu, K., Atkinson, H. C., Mountain, J., Oddy, W. H., Hughes, I. P., Harris, M., Leong, G. M., et al. (2016) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.28 · Cited by 42
“Consistent with other studies (39,40), this indicates that the early years comprise an important window for intervention.”
ResultLi, L., Fu, J., Yu, X., Li, G., Xu, L., Yin, J., Cheng, H., Hou, D., Zhao, X., Gao, S., et al. (2017) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx042 · Cited by 42
“INTRODUCTION The alarming increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity and its related cardiometabolic disorders has become a global health problem.(1) Parallel to the epidemic of obesity, there has been a similar decrease in the amount of time spent sleeping.”
Hypertension in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease: management challenges
Gallibois, C., Jawa, N. A., & Noone, D. G. (2017) · International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease · doi:10.2147/ijnrd.s100891 · Cited by 42
“factor in the prevention and treating of obesity in the pediatric population.(73) Risk modification with body weight reduction,”
BackgroundMendes, N. F., Gaspar, J. M., Júnior, J. C. D. L., Donato, J., Velloso, L. A., & ARAUJO, E. P. D. (2018) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2018.04.005 · Cited by 42
Gómez, S. F., Esteve, R. C., Subirana, I., Serra‐Majem, L., Torrent, M. F., Homs, C., Bawaked, R. A., Estrada, L., Fitó, M., & Schröder, H. (2018) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-018-3207-x · Cited by 43
Henriques, P., O’Dwyer, G., Dias, P. C., Barbosa, R. M. S., & Burlandy, L. (2018) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-812320182312.34972016 · Cited by 43
Obesity needs to be put into a much wider context
Kleinert, S., & Horton, R. C. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)33192-1 · Cited by 43
Gilbert, J. R., Stafford, M. R., Sheinin, D. A., & Pounders, K. R. (2021) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/02650487.2020.1863048 · Cited by 49
“…Heslop 1985 Deceptive Advertising Newspaper ads Price perceptions Livingstone 2005 Vulnerable Populations Television ads Effects of food promotion Lobstein et al. 2015 Vulnerable Populations Health promotion ads Protecting children Lwin et al. 2020 Vulnerable Populations Advertising…”
BackgroundMahmoud, S. A., Moshy, S. E., Rady, D., Radwan, I., Abbass, M., & Jawaldeh, A. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.953545 · Cited by 44
Rising tide: The global surge of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents demands action now
Pappachan, J. M., Fernandez, C. J., & Ashraf, A. P. (2024) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v15.i5.797 · Cited by 58
Ending childhood obesity: a multidimensional challenge
Gluckman, P., Nishtar, S., & Armstrong, T. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60509-8 · Cited by 42
Should the IDEFICS outcomes have been expected?
Baranowski, T., & Lytle, L. A. (2015) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12359 · Cited by 41
Lobo, A. S., de Assis, M. A. A., Leal, D. B., Borgatto, A. F., Vieira, F. G. K., Pietro, P. F. D., & Kupek, E. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210425 · Cited by 46
Carducci, B., Oh, C., Keats, E. C., Roth, D. E., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2020) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/cdn/nzaa098 · Cited by 42
“However, in many LMICs, there may be limitations to official registration and regular attendance of students, for reasons including gender biases in school enrollments, financial limitations, and child labor (39).”
BackgroundInfluentialEstevan, I., García‐Massó, X., Molina‐García, J., & Barnett, L. M. (2018) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2018.1559491 · Cited by 41
“Child obesity has increased considerably in developed countries over recent decades (Lobstein et al., 2015) with 16–26% of children aged 6–13 years being obese or overweight in Spain (Gutiérrez, Aldea, Cavia, & Alonso-Torre, 2015).”
BackgroundPlasma Transthyretin as A Biomarker of Sarcopenia in Elderly Subjects
Ingenbleek, Y. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11040895 · Cited by 41
“It was only at the beginning of the new millennium that the WHO recognized the growing epidemic of obesity as a new and major public health problem affecting not only adult and elderly subjects [60] but also children and adolescents [61,62].”
BackgroundResults from the Healthy Active Kids South Africa 2018 Report Card
Draper, C. E., Tomaz, S. A., Harbron, J., Kruger, H. S., Micklesfield, L. K., Monyeki, M. A., Lambert, E. V., & HAKSA, A. M. O. T. (2019) · South African Journal of Child Health · doi:10.7196/sajch.2019.v13i3.1640 · Cited by 41
“[66] There is a broader need in SA to address food environments, and how these can be adapted to support children and adolescents to make healthy food choices, in order to improve overall child health and support growth.”
BackgroundZhao, J., Cai, D., Cai-yun, Y., Shields, J. L., Xu, Z., & Wang, C. (2019) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-019-09536-2 · Cited by 46
Lane, J. C. E., Butler, K. L., Poveda-Marina, J. L., Martínez-Laguna, D., Reyes, C., de Bont, J., Javaid, M. K., Logue, J., Compston, J. E., Cooper, C. C., et al. (2020) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.3984 · Cited by 43
“First, the proportion of children whose BMI lies within the overweight or obese categories at age 4 years in this region is slightly smaller than in other populations, and therefore external validation in a different population would be beneficial to confirm the generalizability of these results.((1,71)) Second, the u…”
BackgroundResultBenítez‐Páez, A., Hess, A. L., Krautbauer, S., Liebisch, G., Christensen, L. H., Hjorth, M. F., Larsen, T. M., & Sanz, Y. (2021) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.202000996 · Cited by 45
Chavez‐Ugalde, Y., Jago, R., Toumpakari, Z., Egan, M., Cummins, S., White, M. J., Hulls, P. M., & de Vocht, F. (2021) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.507 · Cited by 49
“targets set for agricultural production, economic performance, and competitiveness for agribusinesses.(5,21,46,63,64,69,80,81,93) Practice 2.”
BackgroundLampl, M., Mummert, A., & Schoen, M. S. (2016) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare4040084 · Cited by 40
“and their biological effects [115]; and (3) public health and policy professionals need to continue integrating early development of overweight into the larger context of health [116] and consider this specific dietary area and behavior pattern as part of the long-term obesity prevention and reduction agenda [117].”
BackgroundChronic Care Nursing: A Framework for Practice
Malone, L., & Anderson, J. (2016) · Cited by 40
Anesthetic and pharmacologic considerations in perioperative care of obese children
Chidambaran, V., Tewari, A., & Mahmoud, M. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Anesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2017.12.016 · Cited by 42
“Pediatric obesity has reached epidemic proportionsworldwide, with an estimated 42 million obese children under age five [1,2].”
BackgroundSerum and dietary zinc and copper in Iranian girls
Gonoodi, K., Moslem, A., Darroudi, S., Ahmadnezhad, M., Khorasani, Z. M., Tayefi, M., Zadeh, S. A. T., Eslami, S., Shafiee, M., Khashayarmanesh, Z., et al. (2018) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.02.006 · Cited by 40
“There is some evidence that an adequate intake of copper and zinc are 62 associated with a lower risk of obesity in children and adolescents[5, 6].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Lobstein, T., Jackson-Leach, R., Moodie, M. L., Hall, K. D., Gortmaker, S. L., Swinburn, B. A., James, W. P. T., Wang, Y., & McPherson, K.
- Affiliations
- World Obesity Federation (GB)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Deakin University (AU)
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lobstein, Tim
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-06
- Volume
- 385
- Issue
- 9986
- Pages
- 2510-2520
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC4594797
- OpenAlex
- W1996661765
- Cited by
- 1,279
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 145 · 2018: 124 · 2017: 110 · 2016: 151 · 2015: 93
- FWCI
- 23.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- RWJF (grant 260639)
- CDC (U48/DP00064)
- NIH (1R01HD064685–01A1, U54HD070725)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Keywords
- childhood obesity, adolescent obesity, childhood overweight, obesity prevalence trends, nutrition policy, healthy growth, energy-dense nutrient-poor foods, food marketing regulation, sedentary activity, malnutrition, child health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Body Height, Child, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Energy Metabolism, Female, Food Supply, Health Promotion, Humans, Infant, Male, Primary Prevention, Social Responsibility, Socioeconomic Factors, Causality, Prevalence, Nutrition Policy, Developed Countries, Food Industry, Overweight, Pediatric Obesity
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