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Child and adolescent obesity: part of a bigger picture
Open accessAbstract
The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has risen substantially worldwide in less than one generation. In the USA, the average weight of a child has risen by more than 5 kg within three decades, to a point where a third of the country's children are overweight or obese. Some low-income and middle-income countries have reported similar or more rapid rises in child obesity, despite continuing high levels of undernutrition. Nutrition policies to tackle child obesity need to promote healthy growth and household nutrition security and protect children from inducements to be inactive or to overconsume foods of poor nutritional quality. The promotion of energy-rich and nutrient-poor products will encourage rapid weight gain in early childhood and exacerbate risk factors for chronic disease in all children, especially those showing poor linear growth. Whereas much public health effort has been expended to restrict the adverse marketing of breastmilk substitutes, similar effort now needs to be expanded and strengthened to protect older children from increasingly sophisticated marketing of sedentary activities and energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods and beverages. To meet this challenge, the governance of food supply and food markets should be improved and commercial activities subordinated to protect and promote children's health.
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“Another example of how consumer prices can influence oral health is given by the proportion of income needed to purchase sugar-sweetened beverages which has decreased worldwide since 1990 but particularly in LMIC.139”
From Oral diseases: a global public health challenge (2019) · cites this paper as [139]
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“…growth retardation and increased obesity were shown to coexist in a study of young children in urban areas of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa, and researchers believe that the community has transitioned from undernutrition to overnutrition without reaching optimal nutritional status (69).”
BackgroundSilva‐Neto, L. G. R., Clemente, A. P. G., Bueno, N. B., dos Santos, T. L. F., Neto, J. E. D. S., & Florêncio, T. M. D. M. T. (2024) · Ecology of Food and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/03670244.2024.2322732 · Cited by 9
“Measures such as these are necessary to curb the increase in consumption of ultra-processed foods since this situation can influence the dietary patterns adopted throughout life (Lobstein et al. 2015).”
BackgroundMarcovecchio, M. L., de Giorgis, T., Giovanni, I. D., Chiavaroli, V., Chiarelli, F., & Mohn, A. (2016) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.12391 · Cited by 10
“already during childhood and adolescence (1, 2).”
Engström, A., Abildsnes, E., & Mildestvedt, T. (2016) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.3402/qhw.v11.32744 · Cited by 11
Lew, E., Alviando, J., Kwon, E., & Camba, J. D. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58509-3_36 · Cited by 9
Tarro, L., Aceves‐Martins, M., Papell-Garcia, I., Arola, L., Giralt, M., Llauradó, E., & Solà, R. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14080923 · Cited by 9
“Unhealthy habits are associated with chronic diseases such as obesity [1].”
BackgroundJames, A., Birch, L., Fletcher, P. R., Pearson, S., Boyce, C., Ness, A., Hamilton-Shield, J. P., & Lithander, F. E. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018214 · Cited by 9
“IntrODuctIOn Childhood obesity is a global health concern.(1) Almost 10% of 4–5-year-olds and 20% of 10–11-year-olds in the UK are currently classified as obese(2) 3 which is known to increase morbidity and mortality in later life through its association with cancer, cardiovascular disease and mental health disorders.”
BackgroundExeter, D. J., Shackleton, N., Browne, M., Zhao, J., Lee, A. C.-L., & Crengle, S. M. (2019) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.12520 · Cited by 9
Gao, H. Q., Wang, B. X., Sun, L. L., Li, T., Wu, L., Fu, L. G., & Ma, J. (2019) · PubMed · doi:10.3967/bes2019.083 · Cited by 9
Adinda, D., Sudaryati, E., Aritonang, E. Y., & Nasution, E. (2019) · Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.33258/birci.v2i4.645 · Cited by 9
“School is seen as key to preventing obesity because the majority of children have a long time and communication within them (Lobstein et al., 2015).”
BackgroundTriggers for Children and Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa: A Retrospective Chart Review.
Chen, A., & Couturier, J. L. (2019) · PubMed Central · Cited by 9
Child’s body mass index and mother’s obesity: the moderating role of physical fitness
Brand, C., Fochesatto, C. F., Dias, A. F., Gaya, A. R., Martins, C., Renner, J. D. P., Reuter, C. P., & Kelishadi, R. (2020) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-020-03810-5 · Cited by 9
Magalhães, P., Silva, C., Pereira, B., Figueiredo, G., Guimarães, A., Pereira, A., & Rosário, P. J. S. L. F. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-04685-5 · Cited by 9
Pereira, F. E. F., Teixeira, F. D. C., Kac, G., Soares, E. D. A., & Ribeiro, B. G. (2020) · Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP · doi:10.1590/s1980-220x2019036203654 · Cited by 13
Bustamante, M. J., Alfaro, E., Dipierri, J. E., & Román, M. D. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10239-4 · Cited by 11
Constantinescu, M. A., & VIZITIU, E. L. (2021) · Balneo and PRM Research Journal · doi:10.12680/balneo.2021.447 · Cited by 9
“among children and teenagers has increased in recent decades (23,24,25,26), whereas the causes are a change in”
BackgroundEffectiveness of the “Planning Health in School” Programme on Children’s Nutritional Status
Vieira, M., Teixeira, A., & de Carvalho, G. S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182312846 · Cited by 10
“Overweight and obesity have spread worldwide very fast in the last thirty years, with children most affected [1].”
BackgroundPereira, B., Rosário, P. J. S. L. F., Núñez, J. C., Rosendo, D., Roces, C., & Magalhães, P. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182412897 · Cited by 9
“, external factors such as parental styles and school cafeteria vending options) [51,52].”
BackgroundByeon, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2022.955339 · Cited by 9
Field, P., Gauld, R. D. C., & Lawrence, M. A. (2016) · Health Research Policy and Systems · doi:10.1186/s12961-016-0154-8 · Cited by 11
van der Kleij, R., Crone, M. R., Reis, R., & Paulussen, T. G. (2016) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyw047 · Cited by 9
Morgan, E. H., Schoonees, A., Faure, M. C., & Seguin‐Fowler, R. A. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012547 · Cited by 16
Arlen, A. M., Cooper, C. S., & Leong, T. L. (2017) · Journal of Pediatric Urology · doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.03.033 · Cited by 9
Public Policies on Obesity: A Literature Review of Global Challenges and Response Strategies
Lan, X., & Sulaiman, N. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.62758 · Cited by 8
“Modern life is much more convenient and faster, mobile phones and computers are used frequently, people spend more time sitting in front of screens than before, and a sedentary lifestyle has become a major factor in obesity [14].”
BackgroundTrends in Obesity, Overweight, and Thinness in Children in the Seychelles Between 1998 and 2016
Aly, R., Viswanathan, B., Mangroo, G., Gédéon, J., & Bovet, P. (2018) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22112 · Cited by 8
“thritis, lower quality of life, and premature death later in life (1).”
BackgroundKIZGIN, Y., & TUNCER, B. (2020) · Business And Management Studies An International Journal · doi:10.15295/bmij.v8i2.1471 · Cited by 8
Pyšná, J., Pyšný, L., Cihlář, D., Petrů, D., Müllerová, L. H., Čtvrtečka, L., Čechová, A., & Suchý, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19053068 · Cited by 8
Brien, A., Wu, S., Maharaj, S., Meneses, S., Yousif, L., Nasimham, H., Smith, M., & Egli, V. (2022) · Kōtuitui New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online · doi:10.1080/1177083x.2022.2058407 · Cited by 8
“According to the United Nations, all children should have access to a healthy food environment and governments should prohibit all unhealthy food and beverage advertisements that children are likely to view (Lobstein et al. 2015).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Lobstein, T., Jackson-Leach, R., Moodie, M. L., Hall, K. D., Gortmaker, S. L., Swinburn, B. A., James, W. P. T., Wang, Y., & McPherson, K.
- Affiliations
- World Obesity Federation (GB)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Deakin University (AU)
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lobstein, Tim
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-06
- Volume
- 385
- Issue
- 9986
- Pages
- 2510-2520
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC4594797
- OpenAlex
- W1996661765
- Cited by
- 1,279
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 145 · 2018: 124 · 2017: 110 · 2016: 151 · 2015: 93
- FWCI
- 23.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- RWJF (grant 260639)
- CDC (U48/DP00064)
- NIH (1R01HD064685–01A1, U54HD070725)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Keywords
- childhood obesity, adolescent obesity, childhood overweight, obesity prevalence trends, nutrition policy, healthy growth, energy-dense nutrient-poor foods, food marketing regulation, sedentary activity, malnutrition, child health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Body Height, Child, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Energy Metabolism, Female, Food Supply, Health Promotion, Humans, Infant, Male, Primary Prevention, Social Responsibility, Socioeconomic Factors, Causality, Prevalence, Nutrition Policy, Developed Countries, Food Industry, Overweight, Pediatric Obesity
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