Cardiovascular, respiratory, and related disorders: key messages from Disease Control Priorities, 3rd edition
Open accessAbstract
Cardiovascular, respiratory, and related disorders (CVRDs) are the leading causes of adult death worldwide, and substantial inequalities in care of patients with CVRDs exist between countries of high income and countries of low and middle income. Based on current trends, the UN Sustainable Development Goal to reduce premature mortality due to CVRDs by a third by 2030 will be challenging for many countries of low and middle income. We did systematic literature reviews of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness to identify priority interventions. We summarise the key findings and present a costed essential package of interventions to reduce risk of and manage CVRDs. On a population level, we recommend tobacco taxation, bans on trans fats, and compulsory reduction of salt in manufactured food products. We suggest primary health services be strengthened through the establishment of locally endorsed guidelines and ensured availability of essential medications. The policy interventions and health service delivery package we suggest could serve as the cornerstone for the management of CVRDs, and afford substantial financial risk protection for vulnerable households. We estimate that full implementation of the essential package would cost an additional US$21 per person in the average low-income country and $24 in the average lower-middle-income country. The essential package we describe could be a starting place for low-income and middle-income countries developing universal health coverage packages. Interventions could be rolled out as disease burden demands and budgets allow. Our outlined interventions provide a pathway for countries attempting to convert the UN Sustainable Development Goal commitments into tangible action.
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- [59]Ali MK Siegel KR Chandrasekar E Chapter 12 Prabhakaran D Gaziano T Anand S Mbanya J-C Wu Y Nugent R Disease control priorities, 3rd edn. Volume 5: cardiovascular, respiratory, and related disorders Washington, DC World Bank 2017 (in press) 30212054
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Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease
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Self-citationZhou, B., Perel, P., Mensah, G. A., & Ezzati, M. (2021) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-021-00559-8 · Cited by 1,612 · see citing works
Geldsetzer, P., Manne-Goehler, J., Marcus, M.-E., Ebert, C., Zhumadilov, Z., Wesseh, C. S., Tsabedze, L., Supiyev, A., Sturua, L., Bahendeka, S. K., et al. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30955-9 · Cited by 860 · see citing works
Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease
Dibben, G. O., Faulkner, J., Oldridge, N., Rees, K., Thompson, D. R., Zwisler, A., & Taylor, R. S. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001800.pub4 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis
Dibben, G. O., Faulkner, J., Oldridge, N., Rees, K., Thompson, D. R., Zwisler, A., & Taylor, R. S. (2022) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac747 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Bergmark, B. A., Mathenge, N., Merlini, P. A., Lawrence-Wright, M. B., & Giugliano, R. P. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02391-6 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Vascular Tissue Engineering: Progress, Challenges, and Clinical Promise
Song, H.-H. G., Rumma, R. T., Ozaki, C. K., Edelman, E. R., & Chen, C. S. (2018) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2018.02.009 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
NCD Countdown 2030: pathways to achieving Sustainable Development Goal target 3.4
Bennett, J. E., Kontis, V., Mathers, C. D., Guillot, M., Rehm, J., Chalkidou, K., Kengne, A. P., Carrillo-Larco, R. M., Bawah, A. A., Dain, K., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31761-x · Cited by 447 · see citing works
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Self-citationFlood, D., Seiglie, J. A., Dunn, M. R., Tschida, S., Theilmann, M., Marcus, M. E., Brian, G. R., Норов, Б., Mayige, M. T., Gurung, M. S., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Healthy Longevity · doi:10.1016/s2666-7568(21)00089-1 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Tol, W. A., Leku, M. R., Lakin, D. P., Carswell, K., Augustinavicius, J., Adaku, A., Au, T. M., Brown, F. L., Bryant, R. A., Garcia-Moreno, C., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(19)30504-2 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
“18 WHO has been seeking to apply such a public health approach to address vast mental health needs and has developed a multimedia guided (ie, audio recordings and book) self-help intervention called Self-Help Plus.”
BackgroundActing on non-communicable diseases in low- and middle-income tropical countries
Ezzati, M., Pearson‐Stuttard, J., Bennett, J. E., & Mathers, C. D. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0306-9 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Rheumatic Heart Disease Worldwide
Watkins, D., Beaton, A., Carapetis, J. R., Karthikeyan, G., Mayosi, B. M., Wyber, R., Yacoub, M. H., & Zuhlke, L. J. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.06.063 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Self-citationWatkins, D. A., Msemburi, W. T., Pickersgill, S. J., Kawakatsu, Y., Gheorghe, A., Dain, K., Johansson, K. A., Said, S., Renshaw, N., Tolla, M. T., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02347-3 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Self-citationKalra, A., Jose, A. P., Prabhakaran, P., Kumar, A., Agrawal, A., Roy, A., Bhargava, B., Tandon, N., & Prabhakaran, D. (2023) · The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia · doi:10.1016/j.lansea.2023.100156 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citationDiagnosis and prognosis of myocardial infarction on a plasmonic chip
Xu, W. L., Wang, L., Zhang, R., Sun, X., Huang, L., Su, H., Wei, X., Chen, C., Lou, J., Dai, H., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15487-3 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Global health 2050: the path to halving premature death by mid-century
Jamison, D. T., Summers, L. H., Chang, A. Y., Karlsson, O., Mao, W., Norheim, O. F., Ogbuoji, O., Schäferhoff, M., Watkins, D., Adeyi, O., et al. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01439-9 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationCardiovascular Diseases in India Compared With the United States
Prabhakaran, D., Singh, K., Roth, G. A., Banerjee, A., Pagidipati, N. J., & Huffman, M. D. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.042 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationNeutrophil degranulation and myocardial infarction
Zhang, N., Aiyasiding, X., Li, W., Liao, H.-H., & Tang, Q. (2022) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-022-00824-4 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Qasim, M. H., Haq, F. U., Kang, M.-H., & Kim, J. (2019) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s189587 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Prevention and management of CVD in LMICs: why do ethnicity, culture, and context matter?
Anand, S., Bradshaw, C., & Prabhakaran, D. (2020) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-019-1480-9 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationModeling global 80-80-80 blood pressure targets and cardiovascular outcomes
Pickersgill, S. J., Msemburi, W., Cobb, L. K., Ide, N., Moran, A. E., Su, Y., Xu, X., & Watkins, D. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01890-4 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationJaberinezhad, M., Farhoudi, M., Nejadghaderi, S. A., Alizadeh, M., Sullman, M. J. M., Carson‐Chahhoud, K., Collins, P. G. S., & Safiri, S. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-06418-x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Mo, L., Ma, C., Wang, Z., Li, J., He, W., Niu, W., Chen, Z., Zhou, C., & Liu, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.950030 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
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How effects on health equity are assessed in systematic reviews of interventions
Welch, V., Dewidar, O., Ghogomu, E. T., Abdisalam, S., Ameer, A. A., Barbeau, V. I., Brand, K., Kebedom, K., Benkhalti, M., Kristjansson, E., et al. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.mr000028.pub3 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Preventing and managing chronic diseases
Nugent, R. A. (2019) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l459 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationBurgos, L. M., Farina, J., Liendro, M. C., Saldarriaga, C., Liprandi, Á. S., Wyss, F. S., Mendoza, I., & Baranchuk, A. M. (2020) · Global Heart · doi:10.5334/gh.867 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Common mechanisms and holistic care in atherosclerosis and osteoporosis
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Costs and cost-effectiveness of HIV/noncommunicable disease integration in Africa
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Self-citationZheng, M., Guo, J., Li, Q., Yang, J., Han, Y., Yang, H., Yu, M., Zhong, L., Li, L., li, L., et al. (2020) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.08.008 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
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Self-citationDugani, S. B., Hydoub, Y. M., Ayala, A. P., Reka, R., Nayfeh, T., Ding, J., McCafferty, S. N., Alzuabi, M. A., Farwati, M., Murad, M. H., et al. (2021) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings Innovations Quality & Outcomes · doi:10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2021.03.009 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation between serum uric acid levels and dyslipidemia in Chinese adults
Chen, S., Yang, H., Chen, Y., Wang, J., Xu, L., Miao, M., & Xu, C. (2020) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000019088 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Predicting cardiovascular disease risk using photoplethysmography and deep learning
Weng, W., Baur, S., Daswani, M., Chen, C., Harrell, L., Kakarmath, S. S., Jabara, M., Behsaz, B., McLean, C. Y., Matias, Y., et al. (2024) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0003204 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Nutritional Considerations of Cardiovascular Diseases and Treatments
Boban, M., Bulj, N., Zeljković, M. K., Radeljić, V., Krčmar, T., Trbušić, M., Delić-Brkljačić, D., Alebić, T., & Včev, A. (2019) · Nutrition and Metabolic Insights · doi:10.1177/1178638819833705 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Zhu, L., Fu, W., Zhu, B., Feng, Q., Ying, X., Li, S., Chen, J., Xie, X., Pan, C., Liu, J., et al. (2023) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124626 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationDu, H., Tao, L., Wang, W., Liu, D., Zhang, Q., Sun, P., Yang, S., & He, C. (2019) · Materials Science and Engineering C · doi:10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.063 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
CaMKII in Regulation of Cell Death During Myocardial Reperfusion Injury
Yang, Y., Jiang, K., Liu, X., Qin, M., & Xiang, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2021.668129 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Park, J. S., Choi, H., Kim, D.-H., Kim, C. S., Bae, E. H., Kwon, S., & Kim, S. W. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20215489 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Association of light at night with cardiometabolic disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Xu, Y.-X., Zhang, J., & Ding, W.-Q. (2023) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123130 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Low quality cardiovascular care is important coronary risk factor in India
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Self-citationCohorts Consortium of Latin America and the Caribbean (CC-LAC) (2022) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2022.100258 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
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Self-citationCzapla, M., Juárez‐Vela, R., Łokieć, K., Wleklik, M., Karniej, P., & Smereka, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19105827 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Global susceptibility and response to noncommunicable diseases
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Self-citationThe Possible Role of Nutraceuticals in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
Rivellese, A. A., Ciciola, P., Costabile, G., Vetrani, C., & Vitale, M. (2019) · High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention · doi:10.1007/s40292-019-00309-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
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Reorienting health systems towards Primary Health Care in South Asia
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Self-citationTemplate‐Assisted Electrospinning and 3D Printing of Multilayered Hierarchical Vascular Grafts
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Global Surgery: Effective Involvement of US Academic Surgery
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The Latest Global Stroke Fact Sheet 1990–2023: Global Burden of Disease Study
Feigin, V. L., Volovici, V., Brainin, M., Norrving, B. G., Martins, S. O., & Roth, G. A. (2026) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000552065 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationHuang, N., Zhuang, Z., Song, Z., Wang, W., Li, Y., Zhao, Y., Xiao, W., Dong, X. Y., Jia, J., Liu, Z., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.122.026736 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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Health system costs of rheumatic heart disease care in South Africa
Hellebo, A. G., Zuhlke, L. J., Watkins, D., & Alaba, O. A. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11314-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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Self-citationMensah, N. A., Sanuade, O. A., & Baatiema, L. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13646-3 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Reducing the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
Reddy, K. S., & Prabhakaran, D. (2020) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.119.044757 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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COPD and cardiovascular diseases: now is the time for action!
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Кislyak, O. A., Zhernakova, Y. V., Владимировна, А. А., & Chazova, I. E. (2024) · Systemic Hypertension · doi:10.38109/2075-082x-2024-1-5-13 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Modifiable stroke risk factors in Africa: lessons from SIREN
Kengne, A. P., & Mayosi, B. M. (2018) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(18)30030-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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Verner, V., Nový, P., Tauchen, J., Huml, L., Soon, J. W., Kudera, T., Laupua, F., & Kokoška, L. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su122310014 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Análisis bibliométrico de la producción científica peruana en cardiología y medicina cardiovascular
Vargas‐Fernández, R., Visconti-Lopez, F. J., Barón-Lozada, F. A., & Basualdo-Meléndez, G. W. (2021) · Archivos Peruanos de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular · doi:10.47487/apcyccv.v2i3.157 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lin, W., Jiang, X., Chen, J., Yuan, Y., Li, Q., Wu, H., Huang, F., & Zhu, P. (2025) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.16256 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationPeng, L., Liu, L., Ma, N., Yang, F., Nie, C., Yang, T., Zeng, Q., Wang, Z., Xu, D., Lu, M., et al. (2022) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-022-01647-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Liu, H., Huffman, M. D., & Trieu, K. (2020) · Health Research Policy and Systems · doi:10.1186/s12961-020-00553-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationElevated Th17 cells are associated with cardiovascular complications in ankylosing spondylitis
Ding, T., Li, B., Su, R. J., Su, R., Wang, Y., Gao, C., Li, X., & Wang, C. (2021) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keab888 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cosı́n-Sales, J., Freixa‐Pamias, R., Bravo, M., Ruvira, J., Gràcia, P. B., Iglesias, F. E. C., & Escobar, C. (2019) · Future Cardiology · doi:10.2217/fca-2018-0083 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Azmin, M., Mohebi, F., Yoosefi, M., Ahmadi, N., Shirazi, S., Modirian, M., & Farzadfar, F. (2023) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0000449 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Implications of the 2017 ACC/AHA Hypertension Guideline for Public Health in Nepal
Watkins, D. (2018) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0778 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationMyocardial Infarctions in Developing Countries
Zeidan, R. K., & Farah, R. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74786-2_5-1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
(2021) · Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry · doi:10.33263/briac124.53475362 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Shaaban, C. E., Suryadevara, V., Hill, A. V., Milani, S. A., Agarwal, P., Aggarwal, N. T., Akinyemi, R., Alladi, S., Brown, M. J., Caldwell, J. K., et al. (2026) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-025-01035-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Raidah, F., Ghisi, G. L. D. M., Anchique, C. V., Soomro, N. N., Candelaria, D., & Grace, S. L. (2024) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2024.131962 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Prabhakaran, D., Anand, S., Watkins, D., Gaziano, T., Wu, Y., Mbanya, J. C., Nugent, R., Ajay, V. S., Afshin, A., Adler, A., Ali, M. K., Bateman, E., Bettger, J., Bonow, R. O., Brouwer, E., Bukhman, G., Bull, F., Burney, P., Capewell, S., Chan, J., Chandrasekar, E. K., Chen, J., Criqui, M. H., Dirks, J., Dugani, S. B., Engelgau, M., El Nahas, M., Fall, C. H., Feigin, V., Fowkes, F. G. R., Glassman, A., Goenka, S., Gupta, R., Hasan, B., Hersch, F., Hu, F., Huffman, M. D., Jabbour, S., Jarvis, D., Jeemon, P., Joshi, R., Kamano, J. H., Kengne, A. P., Kudesia, P., Kumar, R. K., Kumaran, K., Lambert, E. V., Lee, E. S., Li, C., Luo, R., Magee, M., Malik, V. S., Marin-Neto, J. A., Marks, G., Mayosi, B., McGuire, H., Micha, R., Miranda, J. J., Montoya, P. A., Moran, A. E., Mozaffarian, D., Naicker, S., Naidoo, N. G., Narayan, K. V., Nikolic, I., O'Donnell, M., Onen, C., Osmond, C., Patel, A., Perez-Padilla, R., Poulter, N., Pratt, M., Rabkin, M., Rajan, V., Rassi, A., Rassi, A., Rawal, I., Remuzzi, G., Riella, M., Roth, G. A., Roy, A., Rubinstein, A., Sakuma, Y., Sampson, U. K., Siegel, K. R., Sliwa, K., Suhrcke, M., Tandon, N., Thomas, B., Vaca, C., Vedanthan, R., Verguet, S., Webb, M., Weber, M. B., Whitsel, L., Wong, G., Yan, L. L., Yancy, C. W., Zhang, P., Zhao, D., & Zhu, Y.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Peking University (CN)
- Université de Yaoundé I (CM)
- RTI International (US)
- The George Institute for Global Health (GB)
- Public Health Foundation of India (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Prabhakaran, Dorairaj
- ORCID
- Prabhakaran, Dorairaj
- Anand, Shuchi
- Watkins, David
- Gaziano, Thomas
- Wu, Yangfeng
- Mbanya, Jean Claude
- Nugent, Rachel
- Ajay, Vamadevan S
- Afshin, Ashkan
- Adler, Alma
- Ali, Mohammed K
- Bettger, Janet
- Bonow, Robert O
- Brouwer, Elizabeth
- Bukhman, Gene
- Bull, Fiona
- Burney, Peter
- Chan, Juliana
- Chandrasekar, Eeshwar K
- Chen, Jie
- Criqui, Michael H
- Dugani, Sagar B
- Fall, Caroline HD
- Feigin, Valery
- Goenka, Shifalika
- Gupta, Rajeev
- Hasan, Babar
- Hersch, Fred
- Hu, Frank
- Huffman, Mark D
- Jabbour, Samer
- Jarvis, Deborah
- Jeemon, Panniyammakal
- Joshi, Rohina
- Kamano, Jemima H
- Kumaran, Kalyanaraman
- Lambert, Estelle V
- Lee, Edward S
- Li, Chaoyun
- Luo, Rong
- Magee, Matthew
- Malik, Vasanti S
- Marks, Guy
- Mayosi, Bongani
- McGuire, Helen
- Micha, Renata
- Miranda, J Jaime
- Montoya, Pablo Aschner
- Moran, Andrew E
- Mozaffarian, Dariush
- Naicker, Saraladevi
- O'Donnell, Martin
- Osmond, Clive
- Patel, Anushka
- Poulter, Neil
- Pratt, Michael
- Rabkin, Miriam
- Remuzzi, Giuseppe
- Riella, Miguel
- Roy, Ambuj
- Rubinstein, Adolfo
- Siegel, Karen R
- Sliwa, Karen
- Suhrcke, Marc
- Tandon, Nikhil
- Vaca, Claudia
- Vedanthan, Rajesh
- Verguet, Stéphane
- Weber, Mary Beth
- Whitsel, Laurie
- Wong, Gary
- Yan, Lijing L
- Yancy, Clyde W
- Zhang, Ping
- Zhao, Dong
- Zhu, Yishan
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-03
- Volume
- 391
- Issue
- 10126
- Pages
- 1224-1236
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC5996970
- OpenAlex
- W2765097496
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 16
- FWCI
- 1.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Lancet (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- CONICET Digital (CONICET) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
- American Heart Association
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K-23 5K23DK101826-03)
- Medtronic Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention
- Keywords
- disease control priorities, cost-effectiveness, tobacco taxation, trans fat ban, primary care, health policy, universal health coverage, Sustainable Development Goal 3, premature mortality, low- and middle-income countries, health disparities, financial protection
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Developing Countries, Health Priorities, Humans, Respiratory Tract Diseases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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