Loss of CD28 expression on T lymphocytes: A marker of replicative senescence
Abstract
The CD28 molecule, a disulfide-linked homodimer expressed on peripheral T cells and thymocytes, mediates an essential costimulatory signal following engagement of the T cell receptor (TCR). Increased proportions of CD28- T cells have been observed during aging and in situations of chronic immune stimulation, but the origin and functional characteristics of these cells have been unclear. T cells which reach replicative senescence in culture after multiple rounds of cell division have shortened telomeres, respond poorly to stress stimuli, and no longer express CD28, suggesting that CD28- T cells observed in vivo may be the progeny of memory cells which have been repeatedly stimulated. This review describes the features of T cell replicative senescence, presents several possible mechanisms for the generation of senescent T cells in vivo, and proposes that replicative senescence may explain immune exhaustion.
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Oligoclonal expanded CD8+ memory T cells in humans are distinguished by loss of CD28 expression and impaired immune function.
“These oligoclonal expanded CD8 + memory T cells are further distinguished in humans by loss of expression of the CD28 co-stimulatory molecule (47,48) and impaired immune function.”
From Causes, consequences, and reversal of immune system aging (2013) · cites this paper as [47]
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- Authors
- Effros, R. B.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Effros, Rita B.
- ORCID
- Effros, Rita B.
- Venue
- Developmental & Comparative Immunology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1997-11
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 471-478
- ISSN
- 0145-305X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2032253593
- Cited by
- 175
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Developmental & Comparative Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG-10415, P60AG010415)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Keywords
- CD28, immunosenescence, immune exhaustion, T cell costimulation, telomere shortening, memory T cells, chronic immune stimulation, T cell receptor signaling
- MeSH terms
- Cell Division, Humans, T-Lymphocytes, Biomarkers, Telomere, Cellular Senescence, CD28 Antigens
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