The aging of the immune system
Open accessAbstract
An age-related decline in immune functions, referred to as immunosenescence, is partially responsible for the increased prevalence and severity of infectious diseases, and the low efficacy of vaccination in elderly persons. Immunosenescence is characterized by a decrease in cell-mediated immune function as well as by reduced humoral immune responses. Age-dependent defects in T- and B-cell function coexist with age-related changes within the innate immune system. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms and consequences of age-associated immune alterations as well as their implications for health in old age.
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The innate immune response declines with age.
“The innate immune response also declines with age.”
From Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age (2015) · cites this paper as [81]
Ageing macrophages have a decreased respiratory burst.
“Similarly, ageing macrophages have a decreased respiratory burst.”
From Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age (2015) · cites this paper as [81]
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Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age
Simon, A. K., Hollander, G. A., & McMichael, A. (2015) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.3085 · Cited by 1,796 · see citing works
Proinflammatory Cytokines, Aging, and Age-Related Diseases
Michaud, M., Balardy, L., Moulis, G., Gaudin, C., Peyrot, C., Vellas, B., Cesari, M., & Nourhashemi, F. (2013) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.009 · Cited by 1,094 · see citing works
The ageing haematopoietic stem cell compartment
Geiger, H., de Haan, G., & Florian, M. C. (2013) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3433 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Solana, R., Tarazona, R., Gayoso, I., Lesur, O., Dupuis, G., & Fulop, T. (2012) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2012.04.008 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Molecular and physiological manifestations and measurement of aging in humans
Khan, S. S., Singer, B. D., & Vaughan, D. E. (2017) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.12601 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
T cell subset-specific susceptibility to aging
Czesnikiewicz-Guzik, M., Lee, W.-W., Cui, D., Hiruma, Y., Lamar, D. L., Yang, Z.-Z., Ouslander, J. G., Weyand, C. M., & Goronzy, J. J. (2008) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2007.12.002 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
The immune system and aging: A review
Castelo-Branco, C., & Soveral, I. (2014) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.3109/09513590.2013.852531 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
SenNet recommendations for detecting senescent cells in different tissues
Suryadevara, V., Hudgins, A. D., Rajesh, A., Pappalardo, A., Karpova, A., Dey, A. K., Hertzel, A., Agudelo, A., Rocha, A., Soygur, B., et al. (2024) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-024-00738-8 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
“The immunosenescence noted in advanced age leads to increased susceptibility to infections and reduced responsiveness to vaccination 73 .”
Immunosenescence in aging: Between immune cells depletion and cytokines up-regulation
Ventura, M. T., Casciaro, M., Gangemi, S., & Buquicchio, R. (2017) · Clinical and Molecular Allergy · doi:10.1186/s12948-017-0077-0 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and the aging immune system
Bartleson, J. M., Radenkovic, D., Covarrubias, A. J., Furman, D., Winer, D. A., & Verdin, E. (2021) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-021-00114-7 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Aging and Immune Function: Molecular Mechanisms to Interventions
Ponnappan, S., & Ponnappan, U. (2011) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2010.3228 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Aging‐dependent changes of microglial cells and their relevance for neurodegenerative disorders
Von Bernhardi, R., Tichauer, J. E., & Eugenín, J. (2010) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06537.x · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Apoptosis and other immune biomarkers predict influenza vaccine responsiveness
Furman, D., Jojic, V., Kidd, B., Shen‐Orr, S., Price, J., Jarrell, J., Tse, T., Huang, H., Lund, P., Maecker, H. T., et al. (2013) · Molecular Systems Biology · doi:10.1038/msb.2013.15 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Shen-Orr, S. S., Furman, D., Kidd, B. A., Hadad, F., Lovelace, P., Huang, Y.-W., Rosenberg-Hasson, Y., Mackey, S., Grisar, F. A. G., Pickman, Y., et al. (2016) · Cell Systems · doi:10.1016/j.cels.2016.09.009 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Brandenberger, C., & Mühlfeld, C. (2017) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-016-2511-x · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Henson, S. M., Macaulay, R., Riddell, N. E., Nunn, C. J., & Akbar, A. N. (2015) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201445312 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
. Persistent viral infections and immune aging.
Brunner, S., Herndler-Brandstetter, D., Weinberger, B., & Grubeck-Loebenstein, B. (2011) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2010.08.003 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
The Role of Immunosenescence in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Costantini, E., D’Angelo, C., & Reale, M. (2018) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2018/6039171 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Dong, H., Rowland, I., Thomas, L. V., & Yaqoob, P. (2013) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-012-0487-1 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Kaml, M., Weiskirchner, I., Keller, M., Luft, T., Hoster, E., Hasford, J., Young, L., Bartlett, B., Neuner, C., Fischer, K.-H., et al. (2006) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.06.037 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationCostabile, A., Bergillos-Meca, T., Rasinkangas, P., Korpela, K., de Vos, W. M., & Gibson, G. R. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01443 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Nutrition, diet and immunosenescence
Maijó, M., Clements, S. J., Ivory, K., Nicoletti, C., & Carding, S. R. (2014) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2013.12.003 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Aging affects B‐cell antigen receptor repertoire diversity in primary and secondary lymphoid tissues
Tabibian‐Keissar, H., Hazanov, L., Schiby, G., Rosenthal, N., Rakovsky, A., Michaeli, M., Shahaf, G. L., Pickman, Y., Rosenblatt, K., Melamed, D., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201545586 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The Impact of Age on the Efficacy of 13-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Elderly
van Werkhoven, C. H., Huijts, S. M., Bolkenbaas, M., Grobbee, D. E., & Bonten, M. J. M. (2015) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/civ686 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
de Araújo, A. L., Silva, L. C. R., Fernandes, J. R., Matias, M. D. S. T., Boas, L. S., Machado, C. M., Garcez-Leme, L. E., & Benard, G. (2015) · AGE · doi:10.1007/s11357-015-9843-4 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Senescence and the Aging Immune System as Major Drivers of Chronic Kidney Disease
Schroth, J., Thiemermann, C., & Henson, S. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.564461 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Gomez, I., Marx, F., Gould, E. A., & Grubeck-Loebenstein, B. (2004) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2003.11.018 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationAge-related differences in polyfunctional T cell responses
Van Epps, P., Banks, R., Aung, H., Betts, M. R., & Canaday, D. H. (2014) · Immunity & Ageing · doi:10.1186/1742-4933-11-14 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Tsuji, R., Komano, Y., Ohshio, K., Ishii, N., & Kanauchi, O. (2018) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2018.06.028 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Tye, G. J., Ioannou, K., Amofah, E., Quartey-Papafio, R., Westrop, S. J., Krishnamurthy, P., Noble, A., Harrison, P. M., Gaensler, K. M. L., Barber, L. D., et al. (2015) · Immunity & Ageing · doi:10.1186/s12979-015-0033-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Immunity, stem cells, and aging
Devaraj, E., Anbalagan, M., Ileng Kumaran, R., & Bhaskaran, N. (2021) · Stem Cells and Aging · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820071-1.00006-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Modulation of blood pressure by estrogen: A modeling analysis
Layton, A. T. (2026) · Mathematical Biosciences · doi:10.1016/j.mbs.2025.109610 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Weiskopf, D., Weinberger, B., & Grubeck-Loebenstein, B.
- Affiliations
- Universität Innsbruck (AT)
- Venue
- Transplant International
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1041-1050
- ISSN
- 0934-0874 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2277
- OpenAlex
- W1981904722
- Cited by
- 908
- References
- 295
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 51
- FWCI
- 3.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- epub.oeaw.ac.at
- Licence
- Locations
- Transplant International (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon online (Institut für kunst- und musikhistorische Forschungen der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Austrian Biographical Dictionary (Austrian Academy of Sciences) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- immunosenescence, aging, immune system, cell-mediated immunity, humoral immunity, T cell function, B cell function, innate immunity
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Antibody Formation, Dendritic Cells, Disease Susceptibility, Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Humans, Immune System, Immunity, Cellular, Immunity, Innate, Infections, Macrophages, Neutrophils, Vaccination, Lymphocyte Subsets, Lymphopoiesis, Myelopoiesis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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