The DOI matches its Crossref record; 97 of the 105 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Factors influencing children to self-disclose sexual abuse
Abstract
Self-disclosure by victims of child sexual abuse (CSA) is critical to initiate legal and therapeutic intervention. Unfortunately, research indicates that lengthy delays in disclosure and even nondisclosure are common. A comprehensive review of the clinical and research literature on CSA and an overview of related bodies of literature was conducted. Areas addressed include the context of sexual abuse as it relates to disclosure, the context and elements of children's disclosures, motivational factors inhibiting disclosure, and models of the disclosure process. Ancillary and analogue research on secrecy and disclosure are also reviewed. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
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In the citing paper
“Children rarely realize, prior to disclosing, the extent of chaos it can create (Finkel, 2012); the entire process has the potential to provoke full-blown crises due to the high levels of distress it engendered for families (Tavker, & Hansen, 2011;Paine, & Hansen, 2002;Ullman, 2003).”
From The Disclosure Experiences of Male Child Sexual Abuse Survivors (2016) · cites this paper as Paine, & Hansen, 2002
In the citing paper
“Similarly, Paine, and Hansen (2002) explained that disclosure of CSA was important as it allowed for both treatment to be possible and an investigation to begin.”
From The Disclosure Experiences of Male Child Sexual Abuse Survivors (2016) · cites this paper as Paine, and Hansen (2002)
In the citing paper
“Paine and Hansen’s (2002) original review covering the literature largely from the premillennium era”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Paine and Hansen (2002)
In the citing paper
“Previous literature reviews examining factors influencing CSA disclosure have served the field well but are no longer current.”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Paine and Hansen (2002)
In the citing paper
“Failure to report was highest in day-care centers (88%) and schools (76%; Paine and Hansen, 2002).”
From Safe schools for teens: Preventing sexual abuse of urban poor teens, proof-of-concept study-improving teachers'and students'knowledge, skills and attitudes (2020) · cites this paper as Paine and Hansen, 2002
In the citing paper
“There is significant evidence that many professionals who are mandated to report abuse often fail to recognize maltreatment or report their suspicions (Paine and Hansen, 2002; Goebbels et al., 2008).”
From Safe schools for teens: Preventing sexual abuse of urban poor teens, proof-of-concept study-improving teachers'and students'knowledge, skills and attitudes (2020) · cites this paper as Paine and Hansen, 2002
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“In addition, it is recognized that building a therapeutic relationship over a long period of time allows for this type of disclosure to unfold more readily compared to a short initial meeting.(25) This limitation may have played a role in underrating those with a history of SA in our study to be 17% compared to the li…”
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“Many establish a trusting relationship with the victim’s family [13], in order to gain access to the child [14].”
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“Further concerns relate to the possibility of reprisals and/or abandonment by family members or carers (Pain & Hansen, 2002), not being believed by a trusted adult (i.e., parent, carer, teacher, police) (Briggs, 2006), and cultural or religious ties where grooming has occurred and compliance with…”
Burmo, O. V., Bøen, K. S., Hysing, M., Dovran, A., Kjørstad, K., Hafstad, G. S., & Sivertsen, B. (2025) · Nordic Psychology · doi:10.1080/19012276.2025.2502915 · Cited by 1
“This study did not investigate variables such as ethnicity, disability, socioeconomic status, and sexual orientation, known risk factors in previous research (Hafstad & Augusti, 2019; Paine & Hansen, 2002).”
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Özkök, A., Şimşek, Ü., & Torun, Y. T. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25484-0 · Cited by 1
“Another The dynamics of delayed disclosure in incest cases are shaped by various factors related to the victim, per-petrator, family, and sociocultural context [25, 41].”
InfluentialRosato, G. C., & Campo, A. (2026) · Anthropology of Consciousness · doi:10.1111/anoc.70049 · Cited by 1
Mothers’ Experiences with Pastoral Care in Cases of Child Sexual Abuse
Gilgun, J. F., & Anderson, G. D. (2015) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-015-0092-8 · Cited by 1
“Most children do not tell and, when they do tell, they may delay for months and years, often well into adulthood when survivors feel safe (Alaggia 2004; Campbell 2009; London et al. 2005; Paine and Hansen 2002).”
Rush, E. B., Stolzenberg, S. N., Quas, J. A., & Lyon, T. D. (2015) · Cited by 1
MacNamara, M. (2013) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver) · Cited by 1
Légaré, M., Dion, J., Cyr, M., & Boulianne-Simard, C. (2018) · Revue québécoise de psychologie · doi:10.7202/1058188ar · Cited by 1
“…les plus stables à travers les études indiquent que les enfants d’âge scolaire seraient plus enclins que les enfants d’âge préscolaire au dévoilement lors d’une évaluation formelle (Hershkowitz et al. , 2005; Leach et al. , 2016; Lippert et al. , 2009; London et al. , 2005; Paine et Hansen, 2002).”
InfluentialFor survivors of child abuse, college isn’t just school – it’s a sanctuary
Moten, F. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2021.1920952 · Cited by 1
Mathew, L. A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8263-6_31 · Cited by 1
Court support workers speak out: Upholding children’s rights in the criminal justice system
Townsend, L., Waterhouse, S., & Nomdo, C. (2014) · South African Crime Quarterly · doi:10.17159/2413-3108/2014/i48a798 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Paine, M. L., & Hansen, D. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hansen, David J
- ORCID
- Hansen, David J
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-03
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 271-295
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2144033829
- Cited by
- 502
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 9.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lincoln (University of Nebraska) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Military, Security, and Education Studies
- Keywords
- child sexual abuse, disclosure, self-disclosure, non-disclosure, disclosure delay, secrecy, motivational factors, child victims
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Abuse, Sexual, Family, Female, Humans, Male, Motivation, Self Disclosure, Social Environment
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