The DOI matches its Crossref record; 97 of the 105 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Factors influencing children to self-disclose sexual abuse
Abstract
Self-disclosure by victims of child sexual abuse (CSA) is critical to initiate legal and therapeutic intervention. Unfortunately, research indicates that lengthy delays in disclosure and even nondisclosure are common. A comprehensive review of the clinical and research literature on CSA and an overview of related bodies of literature was conducted. Areas addressed include the context of sexual abuse as it relates to disclosure, the context and elements of children's disclosures, motivational factors inhibiting disclosure, and models of the disclosure process. Ancillary and analogue research on secrecy and disclosure are also reviewed. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
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In the citing paper
“Children rarely realize, prior to disclosing, the extent of chaos it can create (Finkel, 2012); the entire process has the potential to provoke full-blown crises due to the high levels of distress it engendered for families (Tavker, & Hansen, 2011;Paine, & Hansen, 2002;Ullman, 2003).”
From The Disclosure Experiences of Male Child Sexual Abuse Survivors (2016) · cites this paper as Paine, & Hansen, 2002
In the citing paper
“Similarly, Paine, and Hansen (2002) explained that disclosure of CSA was important as it allowed for both treatment to be possible and an investigation to begin.”
From The Disclosure Experiences of Male Child Sexual Abuse Survivors (2016) · cites this paper as Paine, and Hansen (2002)
In the citing paper
“Paine and Hansen’s (2002) original review covering the literature largely from the premillennium era”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Paine and Hansen (2002)
In the citing paper
“Previous literature reviews examining factors influencing CSA disclosure have served the field well but are no longer current.”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Paine and Hansen (2002)
In the citing paper
“Failure to report was highest in day-care centers (88%) and schools (76%; Paine and Hansen, 2002).”
From Safe schools for teens: Preventing sexual abuse of urban poor teens, proof-of-concept study-improving teachers'and students'knowledge, skills and attitudes (2020) · cites this paper as Paine and Hansen, 2002
In the citing paper
“There is significant evidence that many professionals who are mandated to report abuse often fail to recognize maltreatment or report their suspicions (Paine and Hansen, 2002; Goebbels et al., 2008).”
From Safe schools for teens: Preventing sexual abuse of urban poor teens, proof-of-concept study-improving teachers'and students'knowledge, skills and attitudes (2020) · cites this paper as Paine and Hansen, 2002
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(Re)Conceptualizing the role of guardianship in preventing child sexual abuse in the home
McKillop, N., Reynald, D. M., & Rayment‐McHugh, S. (2020) · Crime Prevention and Community Safety · doi:10.1057/s41300-020-00105-7 · Cited by 16
Forensic Interviews With Children Victims of Sexual Abuse: The Role of the Counselling Psychologist
Themeli, O., & Panagiotaki, M. (2014) · The European Journal of Counselling Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejcop.v3i1.17 · Cited by 15
“According to research findings, 30 to 80 per cent of children refuse to disclose their victimisation until coming of age (Arata, 1998; Paine & Hansen, 2002; Smith et al., 2000).”
Curtis, R., & Pearson, F. (2010) · Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1177/1468017310369273 · Cited by 16
Wang, L.-H., Lu, T., & Tsai, C. (2016) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2016.05.002 · Cited by 15
“5,7,25,28,29 One possible reason is that younger victims may not have the language or cognitive competence necessary to recognize the abuse as a crime, or to realize the purpose of the forensic interview and definitively report their experiences to the authorities.”
Saykaly, C., Crossman, A. M., & Talwar, V. (2016) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218719.2016.1197816 · Cited by 15
“Indeed, in some cases, children may choose to, or be coached to, lie in court in order to protect a loved one (Paine & Hansen, 2002; Yuille, Tymofievich, & Marxsen, 1995).”
BackgroundChildhood sexual abuse characteristics, abuse stress, and PTSS: Ties to sexual behavior problems
Wamser‐Nanney, R. A., & Campbell, C. L. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104290 · Cited by 15
Primary care provider interventions for the delayed disclosure of adolescent sexual assault
Lessing, J. (2005) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2004.06.010 · Cited by 15
Dallam, S. J. (2010) · KU ScholarWorks (University of Kansas) · Cited by 15
Exploring Coping Factors amongst Men Who Were Sexually Abused in Childhood
O'Leary, P. J., & Gould, N. (2010) · British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcq098 · Cited by 26
“In this context, several issues should be taken into account, first that male children disclose sexual abuse at a significantly lower rate than females (Paine and Hansen, 2002) and men take significantly longer to discuss their victimisation, but that time elapsed since the abuse occurred does not significantly impact…”
BackgroundSubramaniyan, V., Mital, A., Rao, C., & Chandra, G. (2017) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.4103/0253-7176.198957 · Cited by 14
“One child with the help of a relative had approached the police, in a case of familial nonpenetrative abuse and child had awareness of her rights through the education program in the media, there was fear of repetition of abuse, patient’s nonoffending parent was also abused by the perpetrator and was compliant, so pat…”
BackgroundPage, A., & Morrison, N. M. V. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.03.014 · Cited by 14
The Clinical–Forensic Dichotomy in Sexual Abuse Evaluations: Moving Toward an Integrative Model
Tishelman, A. C., Meyer, S. K., Haney, P., & McLeod, S. K. (2010) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2010.512553 · Cited by 14
“…aspects of the problem of CSA, there seems to be consensus that children typically delay in telling others about their abuse experiences (GoodmanBrown, Edelstein, Goodman, Jones, & Gordon, 2003; Hershkowitz, Lanes, & Lamb, 2007; London et al., 2005, 2008; Paine & Hansen, 2002; Smith et al., 2000).”
BackgroundShame and scandal: Clinical and Canon Law perspectives on the crisis in the priesthood
Kochansky, G. E., & Herrmann, F. (2004) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2004.01.010 · Cited by 14
Assessing Sexual Abuse/Attack Histories with Bariatric Surgery Patients
Mahony, D. (2010) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2010.496713 · Cited by 14
“In fact, clinicians have long known that the disclosure of sexual abuse/attack is a delicate and complicated matter that takes time and has to be handled with tact (eg, Paine & Hansen, 2001 ).”
BackgroundFoynes, M. M., & Freyd, J. J. (2012) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0028408 · Cited by 14
Substantiated Reports of Sexual Abuse among Latinx Children: Multilevel Models of National Data
Graham, L. M., Lanier, P., Finno-Velasquez, M., & Johnson‐Motoyama, M. (2018) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-018-9967-2 · Cited by 17
“Additionally, very young children may not have the communicative ability to disclose abuse experiences in the way that older children might (see Paine and Hansen 2002 for a review of research on CSA disclosure).”
BackgroundCoburn, P. I., Harvey, M. B., Anderson, S. F., Price, H. L., Chong, K., & Connolly, D. A. (2019) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2019.1580329 · Cited by 16
“When children disclose abuse, a commonly reported reason for disclosing is to stop the abuse from happening (Paine & Hansen, 2002).”
BackgroundChildhood Sexual Abuse, Teenage Pregnancy, and Partnering with Adult Men: Exploring the Relationship
Harner, H. M. (2005) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20050801-09 · Cited by 14
Stige, S. H., Andersen, A. C., Halvorsen, J. E., Halvorsen, M. S., Binder, P., Måkestad, E., & Albæk, A. U. (2022) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2022.2103934 · Cited by 17
Urgent issues and prospects on investigative interviews with children and adolescents
Talwar, V., Crossman, A. M., Block, S. D., Brubacher, S. P., Dianiska, R. E., Becerra, A. K. E., Goodman, G. S., Huffman, M. L., Lamb, M. E., London, K., et al. (2024) · Legal and Criminological Psychology · doi:10.1111/lcrp.12269 · Cited by 13
van Ham, K., van Konijnenburg, E. M. M. H., Brilleslijper‐Kater, S. N., Schepers, A., Daams, J. G., Teeuw, A. H., van Rijn, R. R., & van der Lee, J. H. (2020) · Child Abuse Review · doi:10.1002/car.2601 · Cited by 15
Conceptualising the prevention of child sexual abuse
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“Evidence has suggested that disclosure is directly related to psychological well-being ( Paine & Hansen, 2002 ) and that adverse reactions to disclosure (eg, blaming, ignoring, disbelieving the victim) might be detrimental to psychological functioning ( Alaggia, 2001 ; Goodman-Brown, Edelstein, Goodman, Jones, & Gordo…”
BackgroundFactors related to delayed disclosure among victims of child sexual abuse in Singapore
Hemanth, P., Fang, L., Chong, S., & Tan, L. J. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106647 · Cited by 12
Fallon, B., Joh-Carnella, N., Houston, E. A. L., Livingston, E., & Trocmé, N. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106031 · Cited by 12
PROTOCOL: Evidence and gap map protocol: Institutional responses to child maltreatment
Albers, B., Fiennes, C., Shlonsky, A., Finch, M., Bjørndal, L. D., Hennessy, J., Krapels, J., Featherston, R., & Mildon, R. L. (2019) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.1039 · Cited by 12
“A key factor in ending, responding to and treating the consequences of child maltreatment is its disclosure—especially in cases of child sexual abuse (Paine & Hansen, 2002; Lemaigre, Taylor & Gittoes, 2017).”
Factors affecting disclosure time of sexual abuse in children and adolescents
Yurteri, N., Erdoğan, A., Büken, B., Yektaş, Ç., & Çelik, M. S. (2021) · Pediatrics International · doi:10.1111/ped.14881 · Cited by 12
Genetic Decomposition of the Heritable Component of Reported Childhood Maltreatment
ter Kuile, A., Hübel, C., Cheesman, R., Coleman, J. R. I., Peel, A. J., Levey, D. F., Stein, M. B., Gelernter, J. E., Rayner, C., Eley, T. C., et al. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.03.003 · Cited by 12
“Lack of disclosure is a barrier to therapeutic and legal interventions (35).”
BackgroundLópez, S. L., Faro, C., Lopetegui, L., Ribera, E. P., Monteagudo, M., Avecilla, À., Martínez, C., Cobo, J., & Fernández, M.-I. (2017) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2017.1288186 · Cited by 12
“Our results also show that in most cases the perpetrator was somebody in the minor’s social circle (a relative or an acquaintance), confirming results obtained in other studies (Paine & Hansen, 2002; Pereda et al., 2007; Welch & Mason, 2007).”
BackgroundResultDuron, J. F., & Remko, F. S. (2018) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2018.1504263 · Cited by 12
“Paine and Hansen (2002) found that family responses to children could be critical to overcoming a delayed outcry, with children who have supportive caregivers being 3.5 times more likely to disclose abuse than those with non-supportive caregivers.”
BackgroundInfluentialWallis, C. R. D., & Woodworth, M. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.104929 · Cited by 15
CHILD WITNESSES AND THE CONFRONTATION CLAUSE.
Lyon, T. D., & Dente, J. A. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 13
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Manrai, R., Alaeddine, R., Elorreaga, G., Garrett, L. T., & Guerra, C. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105034 · Cited by 13
Children’s needs during disclosures of abuse
Ettinger, T. (2022) · SN Social Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43545-022-00397-6 · Cited by 12
“Some suggestions were for more effort to be placed on public awareness, education and other ways in which society can encourage children to talk about child abuse (Leclerc and Wortley 2015; Paine and Hansen 2002).”
BackgroundChild sexual abuse and social identity loss: A qualitative analysis of survivors' public accounts
Muldoon, O. T., Nightingale, A., McMahon, G., Griffin, S. M., Bradshaw, D., Lowe, R. D., & McLaughlin, K. (2024) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12752 · Cited by 11
Relaxation of rules for science detrimental to children
Kleinman, T. G., & Kaplan, P. (2016) · Journal of Child Custody · doi:10.1080/15379418.2016.1130596 · Cited by 11
“Paine and Hansen (2002) present a coherent review of the strategies employed to influence a child to be complicit and secret about their experiences of abuse.”
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Schwab‐Reese, L. M., Cash, S. J., Lambert, N., & Lansford, J. E. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211043577 · Cited by 11
“…of the children reported to CPS exhibit signs and symptoms that allow others to recognize their abuse or neglect and intervene; others, especially adolescents, must disclose their experiences to be identified (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2019; Paine & Hansen, 2002; Raissian et al., 2014).”
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“For a range of reasons, sexual abuse is also typically undisclosed by the child and the perpetrator (Paine and Hansen 2002).”
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Cheung, M. (2007) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731507304359 · Cited by 11
“…(Wharff, 1998), gender differences in disclosure (Spataro, Moss, & Wells, 2001), factors influencing disclosure (Alaggia & Kirshenbaum, 2005; Paine & Hansen, 2002), facial expressions in nondisclosure sexual abuse survivors (Bonanno et al., 2002), interviewer utterances (Korkman et al.,…”
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Eisen, E., & Berman, Y. (2018) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2018.1483993 · Cited by 11
“We also predict that the use of grooming or systematic touch desensitization will be associated with higher frequency of abuse, as these methods foster a trusting relationship between the abuser and the victim, possibly reducing the likelihood of disclosure (Paine & Hansen, 2002).”
MethodSmall, J. L. (2019) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243219846598 · Cited by 9
The Accuracy of Adults’ Long-Term Memory for Child Sexual Abuse
Goldfarb, D., Goodman, G. S., Gonzalves, L. C., González, A., Wang, Y., Wu, Y., & Vidales, D. (2020) · Advances in psychology and law · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54678-6_3 · Cited by 10
Caracterização do suporte materno na descoberta e revelação do abuso sexual infantil
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“…incidir sobre as vítimas e o microssistema familiar, facilitando ou difi cultando o processo de revelação (Alaggia, 2001; Collings et al., 2005; Paine & Hansen, 2002) Neste sentido, a qualidade de suporte social recebida na época da descoberta do abuso sexual, está diretamente associada ao…”
BackgroundLet the Record Speak: Medicolegal Documentation in Cases of Child Maltreatment
Jackson, A. M., Rucker, A. C., Hinds, T. S., & Wright, J. L. (2006) · Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cpem.2006.05.001 · Cited by 11
“The reaction to an initial disclosure may determine subsequent disclosure of additional details, or recantation [18].”
O’Brien, J. E., White, K. R., Wu, Q., & Killian-Farrell, C. (2016) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2016.1167801 · Cited by 11
“Research indicates that certain types of CSA are particularly difficult to substantiate (e.g., fondling) and therefore are underreported and substantiated (Paine & Hansen, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialAn examination of trends in child sexual abuse investigations in Ontario over time
Fallon, B., Joh-Carnella, N., Trocmé, N., Chabot, M., ESPOSITO, T., Nosrati-Inanlou, M., & Collin‐Vézina, D. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.12.012 · Cited by 11
How Children Tell: Containing the Secret of Child Sexual Abuse
McElvaney, R. (2010) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e516652013-037 · Cited by 11
“Although the increased use of qualitative methods of enquiry has provided rich insight into some aspects of disclosure, as Staller & Nelson-Gardell (2005) point out, both Petronio et al. (1997) and Alaggia (2004) studied discrete points in the disclosure process.”
BackgroundInfluentialDevgun, M., Roopesh, B., & Seshadri, S. P. (2021) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102558 · Cited by 10
Alleged Sex Abuse Victims’ Accounts of Their Abusers’ Modus Operandi
van Gijn-Grosvenor, E. L., & Lamb, M. E. (2013) · Journal of Forensic Social Work · doi:10.1080/1936928x.2013.837420 · Cited by 10
“…not disclosed or reported to the authorities because the children anticipate negative consequences (e.g., reprisals by the suspects, feelings of shame) or do not fully understand social norms and thus the inappropriateness of their treatment (Malloy, Brubacher, & Lamb, 2011; Paine & Hansen, 2002).”
BackgroundDevelación del abuso sexual en niños y niñas atendidos en la Corporación Paicabi
Arredondo, V., Saavedra, C., Troncoso, C., & Guerra, C. (2025) · Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales Niñez y Juventud · doi:10.11600/1692715x.14126230215 · Cited by 15
“…la existencia de creencias sociales asociadas a las consecuencias de este tipo de agresiones en el género masculino, tales como que los niños varones agredidos serán homosexuales (Paine & Hansen, 2002, Priebe & Svedin, 2008), creencias que podrían llevar a los varones a no revelar el abuso sufrido.”
InfluentialCapella, C., Gutiérrez, C., & Steinberg, M. (2016) · Psykhe (Santiago) · doi:10.7764/psykhe.25.2.852 · Cited by 10
“…et al., 2015; Goodman-Browne et al., 2003; Hershkowitz et al., 2005; Kogan, 2004; Lam, 2014; Leclerc & Wortley, 2015; McElvaney, 2015; Paine & Hansen, 2002) han señalado que existe una serie de factores que influenciarían el proceso de develación, lo que llevaría a un retraso de esta…”
BackgroundInfluentialProsecutors’ experiences investigating alleged sexual abuse against pre-schoolers
Ernberg, E., Magnusson, M., & Landström, S. (2020) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2019.1709639 · Cited by 10
“Prosecutors operate under high stakes, as prosecuting actual cases of CSA comes with benefits such as hindering guilty perpetrators from reoffending and protecting the child and other potential victims from further harm (Kendall-Tackett, Williams, & Finkelhor, 1993; Paine & Hansen, 2002).”
BackgroundMennicke, A. M., Bowling, J., Geiger, E., & Brewster, M. E. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1806849 · Cited by 10
“, lower GPA, missing class, withdraw from classes or university) can be mitigated.(3) However, if the friend or family member responds poorly, consequences can be worsened.”
BackgroundRoberts, S. (2020) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2020.1841351 · Cited by 9
“…stages children pass through during the process of disclosure (Staller & Nelson-Gardell, 2006), factors which influence children to self-disclose (Paine & Hansen, 2002), children’s perspectives, and the context for disclosure (Jensen et al., 2005), adult disclosure (Tener & Murphy, 2015),…”
BackgroundIreland, C. A., Alderson, K., & Ireland, J. L. (2015) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2015.1049765 · Cited by 12
“Additional research has suggested that the sooner the abuse is discussed, the better the mental health outcome (Lamb & Edgar-Smith, 1994; Paine & Hansen, 2002).”
BackgroundWhispers in the ear: preschool children's conceptualisation of secrets and confidants
Corson, K., & Colwell, M. J. (2012) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2012.719227 · Cited by 10
“In contrast, the majority of studies regarding secret keeping and children concentrate on family secrets, specifically incest and other forms of child sexual abuse (e.g. Elliot & Tarnowski, 1990; Paine & Hansen, 2002; Vangelisti & Coughlin, 1997).”
BackgroundOut of Focus: Exploring Practitioners' Understanding of Child Sexual Abuse Images on the Internet
Martin, J. M. (2013) · Cited by 9
Stathopoulos, M. (2012) · Cited by 9
Fallon, B., Collin‐Vézina, D., King, B., & Joh-Carnella, N. (2016) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-016-0121-0 · Cited by 9
Multimodal Interaction Modeling of Child Forensic Interviewing
Ardulov, V., Mendlen, M., Kumar, M., Anand, N., Williams, S., Lyon, T. D., & Narayanan, S. S. (2018) · INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION · doi:10.1145/3242969.3243006 · Cited by 9
“Some of the emotions that encompass high arousal especially anger and fear have been reported during forensic interviews [4, 28], hence this result shows that entities salient to the alleged crime including names, places and objects (which were shown to feature in top productive responses [3]) tend to be associated wi…”
ResultRingle, J. L., Mason, W. A., Herrenkohl, T. I., Smith, G. L., Stevens, A. L., & Jung, H. (2020) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559519900806 · Cited by 11
“There is often little concordance between self-reported and agency-reported childhood maltreatment (Baldwin et al., 2019; Paine & Hansen, 2002; Pinto & Maia, 2013).”
BackgroundThe impact of COVID-19 on Canadian child maltreatment workers
Williams, S., Bruer, K. C., Evans, A. D., & Price, H. L. (2022) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106492 · Cited by 9
Improving policy and practice responses for men sexually abused in childhood
Foster, G. A., Boyd, C., & O’Leary, P. (2012) · Griffith Research Online · Cited by 9
The mediating role of secrecy in the development of psychopathology in sexually abused children
van Delft, I., Finkenauer, C., de Schipper, J. C., Lamers-Winkelman, F., & Visser, M. M. (2015) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.04.019 · Cited by 9
Hatton, V. A., & Duff, S. C. (2016) · Journal of Sexual Aggression · doi:10.1080/13552600.2016.1191683 · Cited by 9
“This disclosure reluctance arises from a multitude of factors including fear regarding the perpetrator’s reaction, fear of upsetting family members (Paine & Hansen, 2002) and fears of being negatively perceived by society (Furniss, 1991).”
BackgroundForensic nurses' experiences of receiving child abuse disclosures
Finn, C. (2011) · Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6155.2011.00296.x · Cited by 9
Tian, T., Katz, I., & Shang, X. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11060688 · Cited by 10
“%) were reported to the police, three of which resulted in the prosecution of the perpetrator.”
BackgroundOnline Child Sexual Exploitation and the Role of Computer-Mediated Communication: A Scoping Review
Shiau, A. Y. A., Holden, O. L., Musacchio, S., Talwar, V., & Williams, S. (2024) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2024.2388655 · Cited by 9
“While other reasons (i.e., feelings of guilt, shame, responsibility, fear) were like those commonly reported by non-disclosing victims of offline CSA (e.g., Paine & Hansen, 2002), substantially more OCSE victims chose not to tell because believing it was not “serious” enough.”
Sexuelle Gewalterfahrungen von Jugendlichen in Heimen und Internaten
Rau, T., Pohling, A., Andresen, S., Fegert, J. M., & Allroggen, M. (2018) · Sexuelle Gewalt und Pädagogik · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-18001-0_3 · Cited by 8
Patterson, T., Campbell, A., Rooy, D. J. L., Hobbs, L., Clearwater, K., & Rapsey, C. M. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605221094629 · Cited by 9
“…into the likelihood of disclosure, it is also clear from the findings of the current study that ‘responsibility, blame and shame’ significantly contribute to the likelihood of non-disclosure consistent with the findings of previous research (Easton et al., 2014; Hunter, 2009; Paine & Hansen, 2002).”
ResultFemale Sex Offenders: Public Awareness and Attributions
Cain, C. M., & Anderson, A. L. (2016) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00197 · Cited by 10
“…their abuse to someone they know; victims who receive a negative response to their disclosure are at a higher risk to suffer postassault symptoms (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD], depression, disassociation, delinquency; Broman-Fulks et al., 2007; Paine & Hansen, 2002; Ullman, 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialMandatory Reporting Laws for Child Sexual Abuse in Australia : A Legislative History
Mathews, B. (2014) · Faculty of Law; Australian Centre for Health Law Research · Cited by 8
Boys and CSA Prevention: Issues Surrounding Gender and Approaches for Prevention
Scholes, L., Jones, C. M., & Nagel, M. C. (2014) · The Australian journal of teacher education · doi:10.14221/ajte.2014v39n11.1 · Cited by 8
Theoretical Perspectives of Male Sexual Abuse: Conceptualization of a Case Study
Diamanduros, T., Cosentino, C. E., Tysinger, P. D., & Tysinger, J. A. (2012) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2012.659804 · Cited by 9
Technology mediation in child sexual exploitation and abuse in Africa and Asia
Ghai, S., Vuorre, M., Kardefelt‐Winther, D., Ferguson, A. M., Kurten, S., Livingstone, S., Przybylski, A. K., & Orben, A. C. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10525-4 · Cited by 8
“This distinction serves as an analytic heuristic to organize disclosure pathways based on the role of the recipient rather than the outcome of the disclosure (that is, whether it triggers an investigation), consistent with past research 54,55 (Supplementary Table 34).”
Wubs, D., Batstra, L., & Grietens, H. W. E. (2017) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2017.1390716 · Cited by 8
“These traumatic effects of sexual abuse in particular can cause delays in the disclosure process or even cause a full discontinuance of the disclosure (for instance, Finkelhor & Browne, 1985; Hershkowitz et al., 2007; Paine & Hansen, 2002).”
BackgroundMusiwa, A. S. (2019) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2019.1627689 · Cited by 7
“…about sex matters, threats by perpetrators to silence victims, fear of (further) victimization, and the complexity of disclosure (Brakarsh, 2010; Goodman-Brown, Edelstein, Goodman, Jones, & Gordon, 2003; Jewkes et al., 2007; Meinck et al., 2017; Paine & Hansen, 2002; Sossou & Yogtiba, 2009).”
BackgroundBıkmazer, A., Koyuncu, Z., Erdim, N. K., Kadak, M. T., Tarakçıoğlu, M. C., Gökler, M. E., Görmez, V., & Özer, Ö. A. (2022) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.2022.2114268 · Cited by 7
“It has been suggested that men may be reluctant to disclose because of concerns about socialization and self-esteem, or because of factors perceived as indicative of masculinity, such as contempt for victims and homosexuals, sexual prowess, and heterosexuality (Paine and Hansen, 2002).”
BackgroundParenting conditions in the midst of suspicion of child sexual abuse (CSA)
Søftestad, S., & Toverud, R. (2011) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2011.00774.x · Cited by 8
Christensen, L. S., Sharman, S. J., & Powell, M. B. (2016) · International Journal of Police Science & Management · doi:10.1177/1461355716641973 · Cited by 7
“Although many children inhibit their disclosures due to motivational factors (relating to one’s self, family and loved ones and, the perpetrator; Paine and Hansen, 2002), fears (Furniss, 1991; Sauzier, 1989; Summit, 1983) or because of their young age (i.”
BackgroundGender Comparisons of Offenders: Males and Females Who Sexually Offend Against Children
Christensen, L. S., & Jansen, K. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815344-4.00007-6 · Cited by 7
¿Qué factores inciden para romper el silencio de las víctimas de abuso sexual?
Pereda, N., Greco, A. M., Hombrado, J., Segura, A., & Gómez-Martín, V. (2018) · Revista Española de Investigación Criminológica · doi:10.46381/reic.v16i0.195 · Cited by 8
“La dependencia emocional entre víctima y victimario, uno de los motivos principales en la no notificación de los casos de abuso sexual (Payne & Hansen, 2002), está presente en la gran mayoría de la muestra, si bien sólo dos de las víctimas la mencionan como motivo para no haber denunciado el hecho.”
BackgroundMathews, B. (2015) · Child maltreatment · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9685-9_7 · Cited by 7
Al-Zboon, E. K., Ahmad, J. F., & Al‐Dababneh, K. A. (2015) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2015.1093008 · Cited by 7
Document Title: Do Best Practice Interviews with Child Abuse Victims Influence Case Processing?
Pipe, M., Orbach, Y., Abbott, C. B., & Stewart, H. L. (2008) · Cited by 7
Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Sexual Abuse
Friedenberg, S. L., Hansen, D. J., & Flood, M. F. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-387759-8.00012-x · Cited by 7
Self-citationWest, B. E. (2010) · doi:10.12794/metadc30525 · Cited by 7
“Paine and Hansen (2002) completed a thorough synthesis of literature on self- disclosure of sexual abuse.”
BackgroundInfluentialRizzo, A., Ricard, D., Harpe, R. L., Fracasso, T., & Yaron, M. (2019) · Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2019.11.003 · Cited by 6
Endendijk, J. J., Tichelaar, H. K., Deen, M., & Deković, M. (2021) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/26062 · Cited by 6
“This might reduce feelings of shame, fear, and self-blame associated with CSA experiences [1,3,4].”
BackgroundSexual Violence: 10 Years of Case Studies in a Hospital in Northern Italy
Maghin, F., Campagnari, M., Ricca, G., & Conti, A. (2021) · Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.4081/jphr.2021.2564 · Cited by 6
Sjöberg, R. L., & Lindholm, T. (2009) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/08039480903144428 · Cited by 7
Disclosure Failures: Statistics, Characteristics, and Strategies to Address Them
Faller, K. C. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-21097-1_7 · Cited by 6
Atreya, A., Shrestha, R., Nepal, B., Nepal, S., Shrestha, D., & Mahato, S. (2020) · Medico-Legal Journal · doi:10.1177/0025817220935878 · Cited by 6
“Concealing the abuse and the perpetrators not only puts this child at risk but also exposes other children in the community to the predator.(2) Developing the skills in clinicians to recognise and diagnose sexual abuse using a multidisciplinary approach in these cases has long been advocated for successful management…”
BackgroundLessons Learned from Child Sexual Abuse Research: Prevalence, Outcomes, and Preventive Strategies
Collin‐Vézina, D., Daigneault, I., & Hébert, M. (2015) · Apple Academic Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b18768-3 · Cited by 6
Childhood Sexual Abuse and Adult Physical and Dental Health Outcomes
Monahan, K., & Forgash, C. A. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/29835 · Cited by 6
“The presence or absence of familial support when disclosing abuse (Paine & Hansen, 2002) is another significant factor in the recovery process.”
BackgroundAckerman, A. R., & Khan, B. A. (2011) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.11.004 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Paine, M. L., & Hansen, D. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hansen, David J
- ORCID
- Hansen, David J
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-03
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 271-295
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2144033829
- Cited by
- 502
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 9.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lincoln (University of Nebraska) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Military, Security, and Education Studies
- Keywords
- child sexual abuse, disclosure, self-disclosure, non-disclosure, disclosure delay, secrecy, motivational factors, child victims
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Abuse, Sexual, Family, Female, Humans, Male, Motivation, Self Disclosure, Social Environment
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