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Cited by 144Child Abuse and TraumaSexual Assault and Victimization StudiesMilitary, Security, and Education Studies

The Disclosure Experiences of Male Child Sexual Abuse Survivors

Open access
Gagnier, Charlotte, Collin-Vézina, Delphine·2016·Journal of Child Sexual Abuse
DOI 10.1080/10538712.2016.1124308
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Abstract

This article explores the diversity in the disclosure process of male survivors of child sexual abuse. Disclosure is a complex process for victims of both genders, however masculine norms and stereotypes have contributed to an environment that often negates the experiences of men. The disclosure process of 17 adult male survivors of child sexual abuse was explored using transcripts of telephone interviews. A combination of two qualitative methodologies, the phenomenological method and interpretive description approach, was used to analyze this secondary data. The results indicated that the majority of the men in the study waited until adulthood to disclose their abuse, with negative stereotypes contributing to their delayed disclosures. In terms of specific experiences with disclosure, the participants found they received both positive and negative responses. These results were consistent with the literature.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/10538712.2016.1124308

Cites

107 of 108 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

3 of 234 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Anti-gay prejudice sustains a judgmental climate that deepens shame and obscurity for male survivors.

    “Homophobia helps perpetuate an atmosphere of judgment, which only contributes to the shame and invisibility of male victims (Alaggia, 2010;Davies, & Rogers, 2006;Dorahy, & Clearwater, 2012;Hunter, 2011;Paine, & Hansen, 2002;Valente, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Alaggia, 2010
    • cites Davies, & Rogers, 2006 source
    • cites Dorahy, & Clearwater, 2012 source
  • Premisecitation

    Discrimination, poverty, lack of power, and community exclusion make it harder for survivors to tell about abuse.

    “Additionally, social and community factors can also impact victims' ability to disclose; discrimination, poverty, and disempowerment combined with community alienation perpetuate a climate in which disclosing CSA presents additional challenges for victims (Alaggia, 2005;Alaggia, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Alaggia, 2005

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Alaggia, 2010

      The Neighbourhood and Community section describes a participant whose ostracism and isolation made telling anyone about her sexual abuse feel overwhelming. The Cultural and Societal Attitudes section also links fear of unfair treatment and sexist attitudes to inhibited disclosure. The copy does not identify poverty as a disclosure barrier, so the full list of factors is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Homophobic notions surrounding male child sexual abuse perpetuate a climate in which victims delay disclosure to avoid negative labels.

    “Similarly, homophobic notions surrounding male CSA perpetuate a climate in which victims delayed their disclosure to avoid negative labels”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Alaggia, 2010
    • cites Davies, & Rogers, 2006 source
    • cites Dorahy, & Clearwater, 2012 source
  • Findingcitation

    Of the eleven articles, only six solely considered men's perspective on their disclosure experience.

    “Of the eleven articles that examined the disclosure experience of CSA victims only six solely took in to consideration the perspective of men in regards to their disclosure experience (Anderson, 2011;Alaggia, & Millington, 2008;Dorahy, & Clearwater, 2012;Grossman, et al., 2006;Easton, 2013;Sorsoli, et al., 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The review identified eleven articles that truly addressed the disclosure experience of men and women, or of only men.

    “A total of eleven articles that truly addressed the disclosure experience of men and women, or of only men were identified.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Borderline: one of the tests for a substantial claim is unclear. 1
  • May combine two claims. 157
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 4
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 59
  • Not yet classified. 1

  • Borderline on S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based): unclear from the text.

    Findingnone given

    Twelve men reported at least one negative disclosure experience in their lives.

    “Twelve (12) men also expressed having experienced at the very least, one negative disclosure experience throughout their live.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Of the eleven articles, six were from North America, three from Europe, one from Australia, one from New Zealand, and none included men from Quebec.

    “Of these, six were conducted in North-America (Alaggia, 2010;Alaggia, 2005;Alaggia, 2004;Alaggia, & Millington, 2008;Easton, 2013;Sorsoli, et al., 2008), three in Europe (Anderson, 2011;O'Leary, & Barber, 2008;Schönbucher, et al., 2012) and, one each in Australia and New Zealand (Hunter, 2011;Dorahy, & Clearwater, 2012); none included men from the province of Quebec in their sample.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    The men in the sample were sexually abused by a wide range of individuals, including four abused by women and thirteen by men, with several abused by close relatives, neighbours, teenagers, trusted adults, or a stranger.

    “The men in the sample were sexually abused by a wide range of individuals; four (4) were abused by women, while thirteen (13) were abused by men.”
    • Also stated in: § 37! ! · plain
      “Several men were sexually abused by close relative: two (2) were sexually abused by a parent (one was abused by his mother and the other by his father); two (2) were sexually abused by a sibling (one was abused by his sister, and the other by his older brother); and three (3) were sexually abused by a family member (other than a parent or sibling).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The abuser gender and relationship information reported by participants is accurate.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The disclosure process was experienced differently by each participant, but certain similarities surfaced, and trajectory patterns generally indicated that disclosure happened during adulthood and was shared with a variety of individuals.

    “The disclosure process was experienced differently by each participant, however certain similarities surfaced.”
    • Also stated in: § Disclosure Trajectory · hedged
      “Trajectory patterns, while different from one participant to another, generally indicated that disclosure happened during adulthood, and was shared with a variety of individuals.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    A greater number of internalized coping behaviors were identified, including social adaptation issues, anxiety-related issues, mental health problems, and emotional struggles.

    “An even greater number of internalized coping behaviors were identified amongst the participants.The internalized coping mechanisms identified included social adaptation issues; anxiety related issues; mental health problems; and finally emotional struggles.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Positive disclosure experiences involved feeling supported, listened to, and not judged.

    “Positive experiences involved feeling supported by others, as well as being listened to and not being judged”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    All men in the study waited to disclose their child sexual abuse; only four disclosed during childhood, thirteen waited until adulthood, two of the childhood disclosers had been threatened with violence by the abuser, and two made indirect attempts that were not taken seriously.

    “All the men in the study waited to disclose their CSA, however the amount of time it took them to tell varied a great deal between the participants.”
    • Also stated in: § Waiting to tell. · plain
      “Only four (4) men were able to disclose their abuse during their childhood.”
    • Also stated in: § Waiting to tell. · plain
      “In total thirteen (13) men expressed waiting until adulthood to disclose their history of CSA for the first time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    First disclosures were made to professionals by five men, to biological family by five participants, to a spouse or partner by three participants, and to a close friend by three men.

    “Five (5) men disclosed for the first time to a professional; generally this was either in individual therapy or in the context of a men's survivor group.”
    • Also stated in: § Disclosing for the first time. · plain
      “Five (5) participants disclosed for the first time to a member of their biological family; of these men, three (3) had disclosed during their childhood.”
    • Also stated in: § Disclosing for the first time. · plain
      “For three (3) other participants, their first disclosure was to their spouse or partner, while three (3) other men first told a close friend.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Stereotypes and taboos around male child sexual abuse contributed to delayed disclosure; six men spoke of the taboo and difficulty being recognized as a victim, four said being male and a victim conflicted with the masculine ideal and could lead to being labeled less manly or homosexual, two feared being seen as a potential child abuser, and two abused by women noted increased taboo when the abuer

    “Specifically, six (6) men spoke about the taboo that surrounded male sexual abuse and the difficulties linked to even being recognized as a victim.”
    • Also stated in: § Waiting to tell. · hedged
      “Four (4) participants expressed that being male and a victim of sexual abuse did not match with the masculine ideal and that in a homophobic culture they could potentially be labeled as less manly or as homosexual if they disclosed their abuse.”
    • Also stated in: § Waiting to tell. · plain
      “Another label that was feared by two (2) men in the sample was that of potential child abuser”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Several participants had struggled with mental health issues; eight men had experienced depression, two had received diagnoses and treatment for bipolar or borderline disorder, two had attempted suicide, and five had thought about dying or taking their own lives.

    “Several participants expressed having struggled with various forms of mental health issues at one point during their lives; some had received official diagnoses while others simply described their symptoms.”
    • Also stated in: § Anxiety related issues. · plain
      “In total, eight (8) men had experienced depression.”
    • Also stated in: § Anxiety related issues. · plain
      “While two (2) men admitted having attempted suicide, five (5) mentioned having thought about dying or taking their own lives to ease their suffering at some point.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The men struggled with difficult emotions linked to child sexual abuse; eight felt deeply ashamed of having been abused, and four felt some guilt or responsibility regarding the abuse.

    “The men in the sample revealed having struggled with several difficult emotions in link with the CSA they had experienced.”
    • Also stated in: § Emotional struggles. · plain
      “Guilt was another common emotion amongst the participants; indeed four (4) men expressed feeling some level of guilt or responsibility regarding the abuse.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Two participants reported abusing drugs, and seven men reported difficulty with alcohol consumption at some point in their lives.

    “While only two (2) participants reported having abused drugs, a total of seven (7) men revealed having had some difficulty with alcohol consumption at some point in their lives.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Four overarching themes were identified, each with several sub-themes.

    “Four overarching themes were identified, each with several sub-themes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Problems with personal relationships were frequent and caused grief; eleven participants had difficulty sustaining romantic relationships, one had a strained relationship with his child, two feared their parenting skills, two had workplace relationship difficulties, and three struggled financially.

    “Problems with various types of personal relationships were frequent for the men interviewed and caused them a great deal of grief.”
    • Also stated in: § Stunted interpersonal skills. · plain
      “In total, eleven (11) participants expressed having difficulties sustaining romantic relationships.”
    • Also stated in: § Issues surrounding parenting. · plain
      “Problems related to parenting were less frequent as only one (1) man revealed having a strained relationship with his child.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Negative occasions included ridicule, being ignored, blame, and disbelief.

    “while negative experiences involved being made fun of, ignored, blamed, and not believed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Four participants mentioned some level of family dysfunction while growing up, and four participants were also victims of other forms of child abuse ranging from verbal and psychological abuse to severe physical abuse.

    “Four (4) participants mentioned that there was some level of dysfunction in their family growing up (e.g.severe mental health issues, or alcohol and drug abuse).”
    • Also stated in: § 37! ! · plain
      “Four (4) participants were also victims of other forms of child abuse growing up; the abuse they endured was not necessarily perpetrated by the same individual that committed the CSA, and ranged from verbal and psychological abuse, to severe physical abuse.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Anxiety-related problems were fairly common among the interviewed men; five had struggled with anxiety, four believed they suffered from PTSD, and three had difficulty sleeping.

    “Anxiety related problems were fairly common amongst the men that were interviewed.”
    • Also stated in: § Anxiety related issues. · plain
      “Five (5) participants expressed having struggled with anxiety throughout their lives”
    • Also stated in: § Anxiety related issues. · plain
      “Four (4) men also noted that they believed they suffered from PTSD.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Although disclosure experiences differed across participants, a number of men reported both positive and negative occasions when they shared their abuse history.

    “While the experience of disclosure varied from one participant to another, several men had both positive and negative experiences sharing their abuse history with those around them.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Social adaptation issues were evident in some men, including concern about how others saw them, isolation from friends and family, and homelessness.

    “Issues related to social adaptation were evident in the experiences of some of the men interviewed.”
    • Also stated in: § Social adaptation issues. · plain
      “Four (4) participants revealed being quite concerned about how they were seen by others, which created self-esteem issues for them.”
    • Also stated in: § Social adaptation issues. · plain
      “One (1) participant also revealed having struggled with homelessness for a period of time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The services each man used differed, though individual counseling and support groups were common.

    “Services varied for each man, but often included individual counseling as well as support groups.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Support came from multiple people for some men, while others had strong support from certain individuals but not from others.

    “Some men received support from more than one individual, while others received very strong support from some people but not from others.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Even after negative disclosure events, the men in the sample continued to disclose to others, though these events caused pain and sometimes regret.

    “Although negative disclosure experiences did not prevent the men in the sample from disclosing to others afterwards, it certainly caused them a great deal of pain, and in some cases regret.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Every participant had used some CSA-related service, and different factors motivated them to start and keep using services.

    “All the participants had received some sort of services in connection with their CSA, and were motivated by a number of different factors both to seek services and to continue using them.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For four men, keeping the abuse secret was extremely difficult and felt like living a lie.

    “for four (4) men, the weight and burden of keeping the abuse secret was extremely difficult, and felt much like living a lie.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Two of the unsupportive spouses had themselves been sexually abused.

    “paradoxically the spouses of two (2) of these participants were themselves victims of sexual abuse.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Theme three dealt with the disclosure event itself, including good and bad experiences, support received, and consequences of staying silent.

    “The third theme focused on the actual disclosure experience of the participants and addressed the positive and negative experiences with disclosure, the level of support they received when they shared their story, as well as the impact not disclosing had on their lives.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Although disclosing CSA can be challenging, some men were eager to share their abuse history.

    “Although the process of disclosing CSA can be riddled with challenges, some men found themselves eager to share their abuse history.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Theme four traced how the men sought services, a process often central to their lives.

    “Finally, the fourth theme documented the journey of obtaining services for the men, which was often critical in their personal trajectories.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Theme one covered how abuse affected the men, including outward and inward problems and relationship difficulties.

    “The first theme addressed the impact of the abuse on the men, and was demonstrated through externalized and internalized issues as well as relationship challenges.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Theme two concerned the path to disclosure, covering varied timing of first telling and influences that hindered or helped disclosure, including stigma, stereotypes, and seeing one's experience mirrored by close others.

    “The second theme examined disclosure trajectory and encompassed a wide range of experiences in terms of timeframe for first disclosure, as well as the different factors that hampered or encouraged disclosure, such as the social stigma and stereotypes regarding male CSA or finding validation in the CSA experiences of those close to them.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Five participants said men's services were scarce because society usually saw CSA victims as female and funded women's services more heavily.

    “Five (5) participants explained that services were limited for men as society more often understood that victims of CSA were female and therefore directed much more resources to services for them”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Getting services was usually seen as good, but resource shortages often made it difficult.

    “Obtaining services was generally felt to be a positive experience, although often made challenging by the lack of resources.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Difficulties in professional relationships and financial struggles surfaced during interviews for a few men.

    “Difficulties in professional relationships as well financial struggles did surface during the interviews for a few of the men.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Depression, suicidality, and suicide attempts were common among the men interviewed.

    “Depression, suicidality and suicide attempts were all too common amongst the sample of men interviewed”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Hunter, 2011 source
    • cites Deering, & Mellor, 2011 source
    • cites Denov, 2004 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For several men, learning that friends or family members had themselves been victims of child sexual abuse facilitated their disclosure and reduced barriers that led to isolation.

    “For several men in the study, learning that friends or family members had themselves been victims of CSA facilitated their disclosure and helped bring down the barriers that led them to isolate themselves.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Autobiographies and television shows had the most impact on participants and often motivated disclosure.

    “Autobiographies, and television shows had the most impact on the participants and often even served as motivators to disclosure.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Some participants described purposefully forgetting the abuse, while others mentioned repressed memories or flashbacks.

    “Some participants described purposefully forgetting the abuse, while others mentioned repressed memories or flashbacks.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    All participants in the study waited some amount of time before disclosing their abuse, and only a minority disclosed in childhood.

    “all the participants waited some amount of time before disclosing their abuse and only a minority of participants actually disclosed in childhood.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The first person participants chose to disclose to seemed to reflect their bond with that person more than anything else, and included professionals, family members, spouses, and close friends.

    “The first person the participants' chose to disclose to seemed to reflect the bond they felt with the individual more so than anything else, and included professionals, family members, spouses and 67! !close friends.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Several men agreed that women were often seen as the sole victims of child sexual abuse, which led them to feel marginalized in their experiences.

    “Several men agreed that women were often seen as the sole victims of CSA, which led the participants to often feel marginalized in their experiences.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants did not bring up emotional difficulties services could trigger, but the shortage of available services was highlighted as an additional barrier to getting proper support.

    “Although the participants in this study did not bring up the emotional difficulties the services could trigger, the shortage of available services was however highlighted as creating an additional barrier for the men to get proper support.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingreasoning

    All men in the sample received some services for child sexual abuse at some point, either individual counseling or group sessions.

    “all of the men in the sample received some sort of services for their CSA at some point in their lives, either through individual counseling or group sessions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For some men, the emotional nature of disclosure made it a negative experience; for others, it was not being believed or having the person they disclosed to use knowledge of the abuse as a threat.

    “The emotional nature of the disclosure was enough to make some men feel it was a negative experience, while 71! ! for others it was rather the fact that they had not been believed or that the person they had disclosed to had used their knowledge of the CSA as a threat.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The majority of men described receiving some support from those around them after disclosure, though support varied between participants.

    “While support varied from one participant to another, the majority of the men described having received some support from those around them after they disclosed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants noted that limited resources for men led to extremely long waiting lists and long commute times to reach organizations.

    “The participants further noted that limited resources for men led to extremely long waiting lists as well as long commute times to reach organizations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Preventing future child sexual abuse or ensuring children around them had a safe person to disclose to appeared crucial to some men.

    “Preventing future CSA or ensuring that the children around them would have a safe person to disclose to, appeared to be crucial to some of the men.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    As a general rule, the majority of services were targeted for women, which made finding services for men frustrating.

    “As a general rule, the majority of the services were targeted for women and made finding services for men rather frustrating.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Men were often motivated to seek services for the first time by a personal crisis or breakdown, or by seeing information about services through media.

    “The men were often motivated to get services for the first time either because they were experiencing a personal crisis or breakdown, or because they had seen some information about services through the media.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Several men sought services only after seeing information about organizations that helped male child sexual abuse in newspapers or on television, and credited them with helping take the first step to get help.

    “Several men sought out services only after having witnessed some information about organizations that helped male CSA in newspapers or on television, and credited them with helping them take the first step to get help.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Overall, the men were quite satisfied with the services they received and felt the services helped them move forward and work through the consequences of child sexual abuse.

    “Overall, the men were quite satisfied with the services they received and felt they had contributed rather positively to helping them move forward and work through the consequences of CSA.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    One man in the study reported frequently using massage parlors and escorts, whereas most of the remaining men reported difficulty with sexual intimacy and arousal.

    “While one (1) man reported frequently using the services of massage parlors and escorts, most of the other men reported having difficulty with sexual intimacy and arousal.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Ted described his sexual issues as a persistent obstacle to forming a romantic relationship with a woman.

    “Ted similarly described how his issues surrounding sexuality were a constant constraint to forming a romantic relationship with a woman”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Not yet classified.

    Finding

    The two men discussed in this analysis expressed some degree of discomfort with romantic relationships and believed their abuse prevented them from reaching their romantic potential.

    “Both men articulated a certain level of discomfort with romantic relationships and felt their abuse paralyzed them from fulfilling their romantic potential.”
    Quote in the paperNot yet classified

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Mario reported that his sexual difficulties damaged his romantic relationships.

    “Mario explained that his romantic relationships suffered due to his sexual difficulties”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Because of masculine ideals about strength and power, men find it hard to reveal abuse or get help; being a victim or weak is coded as feminine.

    “Alaggia and Millington (2008) further explained that it is difficult for men to disclose or seek treatment because of the social norms and stereotypes regarding masculinity, strength, and power; men are not supposed to be victims; they should not be weak because those are female qualities; in other words “male weakness is associated with feminine traits, something that is devalued in sexist cult”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Alaggia and Millington (2008) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Common stereotypes about male survivors can influence the professionals who serve them, leading some to reinforce silence by suggesting the victims could have stopped the abuse.

    “O'Leary, and Barber (2008) found that popular stereotypes regarding male CSA survivors often reached the professionals working with them, causing them sometimes to help silence the victims by perpetuating the notion that they should have been able to prevent the abuse.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites O'Leary, and Barber (2008) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Few men are taught to express emotional distress, and this helps explain why they use mental health services less.

    “Men are rarely socialized to be open about their emotional troubles; which in turn was found to contribute to their underutilization of mental health services (Mackenzie, Gekoski, Knox, 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mackenzie, Gekoski, Knox, 2006 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Scholarship and news coverage tend to highlight male perpetrators and female victims, reinforcing the notion that those abused are female.

    “Alaggia and Millington (2008) further noted that while research often seems to focus on cases in which men are abusers and victims are female, the media also contributes to perpetuating this image.Without necessarily realizing the impact it has, the media circulates information to the general population through newspapers and broadcasts supporting the concept that CSA victims are of female gender.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Alaggia and Millington (2008) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Society commonly views men as dominant, strong, and at times aggressive; victimhood conflicts with masculine expectations and is seen as weakness.

    “Men are often seen by our society as being dominant, powerful, even sometimes aggressive; being a victim goes against gender norms and challenges society in what is regarded as weakness (Anderson, 2011;Alaggia, 2010;Conh, & Zeichner, 2006;Grossman, Kia-Keating, & Sorsoli, 2006;Sorsoli, et al., 2008;Hunter, 2009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Anderson, 2011

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Alaggia, 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Conh, & Zeichner, 2006

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A synthesis of 217 studies from 1980 to 2008 estimated global CSA prevalence at roughly 18% for girls and 7.6% for boys.

    “Stolenborgh, et al. (2011) conducted a thorough meta-analysis of the prevalence of CSA around the world by looking at 217 articles published between 1980 and 2008.While the statistics fluctuated depending on the sample and methodology used in each article, the authors noted that the prevalence of CSA for girls stood at around 180/1000 (18 percent), and for boys was at 76/1000 (7.6 percent).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stolenborgh, et al. (2011)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hostile views of male victims may deter boys from revealing abuse and men from talking about having been abused in childhood.

    “O'Leary and Barber (2008) explained that “negative attitudes towards male victims clearly have the potential to discourage boys from disclosing and men from discussing their experiences as abused children” (p.136).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites O'Leary and Barber (2008) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sexual abuse of boys is still taboo and frequently ignored, even as CSA gains more social attention.

    “Although CSA is starting to get more attention socially, the abuse of boys remains taboo and is often ignored (Anderson, 2011).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Anderson, 2011

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Male victims face greater difficulty in disclosure than female victims because they must contend with settings that are often unreceptive and follow conventional gender expectations.

    “While disclosure is a challenging process for victims of both sexes, it is made even more difficult for males as they must overcome unreceptive environments that typically adhere to traditional gender norms (Alaggia, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Alaggia, 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Gender shapes how CSA effects appear: boys tend toward outward behaviors, whereas girls tend toward inward ones.

    “The effects of CSA seem to manifest themselves slightly differently depending on the gender of the victim, as boys have been shown to demonstrate externalized behaviors, while girls are more likely to internalize the behaviors (Hornor, 2010;Muller, & Dowling, 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hornor, 2010 source
    • cites Muller, & Dowling, 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Child sexual abuse produces many enduring effects over a survivor's life, frequently including grief and stigma.

    “CSA has numerous consequences and has long lasting effects on victims throughout their life span, often leaving them with a sense of loss, and stigmatization (Alaggia, 2005;Easton, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Alaggia, 2005

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Easton, 2013 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Among those abused as children, men show higher rates of sexual difficulties and risky sexual behavior than women.

    “However, dysfunction and sexual risk-taking were more common in men (Valente, 2005;Deering & Mellor, 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Valente, 2005 source
    • cites Deering & Mellor, 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Boys are socialized to endure silently and disregard symptoms, which raises the bar for showing pain or sensitivity and leads to emotional constriction.

    “Simply put, “boys are taught to be stoical and to ignore symptoms (“boys don't cry”), the threshold for expressing pain and emotional sensitivity (especially related to emotions like weakness, uncertainty, helplessness, and sadness) is heightened and results in emotional restriction” (Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Möller-Leimkühler, 2002 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Men's hesitancy to seek help shows how masculine norms and stereotypes can silence male survivors and block them from needed support.

    “The reluctance of men to seek help seems especially pertinent to the field of male CSA research as it demonstrates the power masculine norms and stereotypes can have both on silencing the victims and on preventing them from getting the necessary help.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A telephone survey of 145 men and 151 women found that men delayed disclosure longer than women and were more likely to be silenced.

    “The authors conducted telephone interviews with 145 men and 151 women and found that males generally took longer than females to disclose and ran an increased risk of being silenced.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites O'Leary and Barber (2008) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    How parents respond strongly shapes what follows a child's disclosure; children interpret and react to adults' reactions, so disclosure is interactive.

    “Parental reaction was found to be critical to the outcome when children disclosed, as Staller, and Nelson-Gardell (2005) noted that “disclosure is not a one-way process.Children receive, process, evaluate, and react to information based on how adults respond to them” (p.1423).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Staller, and Nelson-Gardell (2005) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Telling about abuse matters because it opens the way for therapy and for an official inquiry.

    “Similarly, Paine, and Hansen (2002) explained that disclosure of CSA was important as it allowed for both treatment to be possible and an investigation to begin.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Paine, and Hansen (2002) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    When the abuser is a relative, children wait longer to tell than when the abuser is a stranger, because the relationship makes disclosure harder.

    “London, and al. (2008) explained that children abused by family members take longer to disclose than those abused by strangers since the relationship to the abuser weighs greatly on the child's ability to disclose.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites London, and al. (2008)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Silence during the abuse may be more typical than speaking out, and many children with harmful effects may receive no response or treatment.

    “Alaggia (2005) explained that “not disclosing during victimization may be more common than disclosing, and that significant numbers of children may be left unresponded to and therefore untreated when suffering from negative effects” (p.454).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Alaggia (2005)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Individual obstacles to telling include fear, self-blame, threats, failure to recognize the behavior as abusive, and shame.

    “Personal or individual barriers encompassed several elements such as victims' being afraid, feeling the abuse was their fault, being threatened, not knowing the behavior was abusive, or feeling ashamed about the abuse (Deering, & Mellor, 2011;Hunter, 2009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Deering, & Mellor, 2011 source
    • cites Hunter, 2009 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Conforming to conventional masculinity strongly affects whether men obtain help for emotional or physical problems; shame, worry, fear, and difficulty communicating with clinicians are key obstacles.

    “Yousaf, et al. (2013) also noted that adhering to traditional gender norms greatly impacted men's ability to seek services and help for emotional or physical issues.The authors noted that embarrassment, anxiety and fears, as well as poor communication with professionals were the most critical barriers to help-seeking for men.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Yousaf, et al. (2013)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Without disclosure, survivors may remain unaware of services and miss appropriate professional support.

    “In addition, by not disclosing the abuse, victims are not made aware of services and cannot receive the proper support and intervention from professionals (Sorsoli, et al., 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sorsoli, et al., 2008 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Age, gender, and cultural sexual taboos can impede disclosure and keep survivors from sharing what happened.

    “Finally, sociocultural barriers, which include age and gender as well as cultural norms and taboos regarding sexuality, may also have a negative effect on disclosure and prevent several victims from sharing their experience of abuse (Alaggia, 2004;Alaggia, 2005;Goodman-Brown, et al., 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Alaggia, 2004 source
    • cites Alaggia, 2005

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Goodman-Brown, et al., 2003 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fear inhibited girls from telling, shame inhibited boys, and both sexes were deterred by fear of blame.

    “More specifically, Hunter (2011) noted that girls were stopped from disclosing by fear, while boys were stopped by shame; however both genders were impacted by the fear of being blamed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hunter (2011) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Childhood disclosure is uncommon; many survivors delay telling anyone until years later, often in adulthood.

    “Disclosure rarely takes place during childhood and several individuals wait years, well in to adulthood to finally disclose the CSA they experienced (Alaggia, 2010;Alaggia, & Kirshenbaum, 2005;Goodman-Brown, Edelstein, Goodman, Jones, & Gordon, 2003;McElvaney, Greene, & Hogan, 15! ! 2012;O'Leary, & Barber, 2008;Paine, & Hansen, 2002;Ullman, 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Alaggia, 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Alaggia, & Kirshenbaum, 2005 source
    • cites Goodman-Brown, Edelstein, Goodman, Jones, & Gordon, 2003 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Because physical exams frequently yield no clear proof, a child's account is crucial for evidence against an alleged abuser.

    “Since medical findings are often inconclusive, children's disclosure becomes essential when attempting to provide evidence against a perpetrator (London, Bruck, Wright, & Ceci, 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites London, Bruck, Wright, & Ceci, 2008 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Because scholarship usually assumes a female victim and male abuser, knowledge about women who abuse is limited.

    “As with other CSA literature, research generally focuses on stereotypical female victim -male abuser dynamics, and is therefore limited in regards to female abusers (Deering & Mellor, 2011;Denov, 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Deering & Mellor, 2011 source
    • cites Denov, 2004 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Schönbucher et al. (2012) found that for most CSA survivors interviewed, disclosure was relatively positive because it led them to access proper services.

    “Also contrasting with other articles, Schönbucher, et al (2012) noted that for the majority of the CSA survivors interviewed, the disclosure process was a relatively positive experience as it led them to access the proper services.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Schönbucher, et al (2012) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Clinicians and other professionals may carry biases about abuse survivors, and some survivors who first told a professional were disbelieved.

    “Professionals can also unfortunately hold preconceived ideas regarding CSA victims as it has been noted that in several cases survivors who first disclosed to a professional where not believed (Dorahy, & Clearwater, 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dorahy, & Clearwater, 2012 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Telling about abuse is better understood as a continuing process from first disclosure onward, not a one-time event, since survivors often tell multiple people over time.

    “Evidently, disclosure should be seen as an ongoing process between the first time a person discloses and every subsequent time after that, it cannot be seen as a singular event since victims will often disclose to several people at various points in their lives (Ahrens, et al., 2010;Alaggia, 2010;Hunter, 2011).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Ahrens, et al., 2010 source
    • cites Alaggia, 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Hunter, 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hunter (2009) found that although male and female participants had similar CSA impacts, men struggled with masculinity norms that made open discussion of abuse harder.

    “And while similarities existed between the male and female participants in terms of the impact the CSA had on their lives, the men also struggled with norms around masculinity making it more difficult for them to discuss their abuse history openly.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hunter, 2009 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Although child sexual abuse affects both sexes, gender may shape how the disclosure process is experienced.

    “While CSA can affect both males and females, the disclosure process may be 21! !experienced differently depending on the victim's gender.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hunter (2011) found that 17 of 22 participants disclosed only in adulthood, while the others had told someone during childhood.

    “Of the 22 participants, 17 disclosed only in adulthood while the others had told someone about the abuse during their childhood.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hunter, 2011 source

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    Anderson (2011) found that participants reported CSA completely changed their view of themselves as men, often making them feel they failed to be strong enough to control and stop the abuse.

    “The participants revealed that having been victims of CSA had completely changed their view of themselves as men, often making them feel as if they had failed to be strong enough to control and stop the abusive situation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Anderson (2011)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    O'Leary and Barber (2008) found that CSA disclosure was often delayed until later life, and this delay was even more common in men than in women.

    “As several other authors have noted, it was found that 23! !disclosure of CSA was often delayed until much later in life, however it was additionally noted that this phenomenon seemed to be even more common in men than in women.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites O'Leary and Barber, 2008 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hunter (2009) found that women in the sample disclosed earlier than men, with some women motivated to break silence before starting their own family.

    “The author noted that the women in the sample had disclosed earlier than the men, with some women having been motivated to break the silence prior to starting their own family.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hunter, 2009 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Schönbucher et al. (2012) found that 30% of participants disclosed within 24 hours, while the rest delayed for varying periods.

    “The authors found that 30% of the participants disclosed the abuse within 24 hours and the remainder of the participants delayed disclosing for varying periods of time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Schönbucher, et al (2012) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Deering and Mellor (2011) found that female participants' disclosure of CSA was most often met with disbelief, as people found it nearly impossible to imagine a woman abuser.

    “The female participants noted that their disclosure of CSA was most often met with disbelief; the fact that a woman had abused them seemed nearly impossible to imagine for several people.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Deering and Mellor (2011) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A sense of safety helped victims tell about the abuse.

    “She found that feeling safe was important for victims to disclose their abuse.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Alaggia (2004) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Alaggia's 2005 study, 58% of participants disclosed only in adulthood, and several male and female victims tried to disclose in childhood but were unsuccessful.

    “It was further explained that 58% of the participants only disclosed in adulthood and that several victims, both male and female participants, attempted to disclose in childhood but were unsuccessful.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Alaggia, 2005

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Alaggia (2005) found that women feared being blamed for the abuse much more than men did.

    “The author also noted that women much more than men feared they would be blamed for the abuse.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Alaggia, 2005

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    How supported survivors feel and how listeners react strongly shape both the disclosure process and its results.

    “Perceived levels of support as well as the reactions of the people victims chose to disclose to have an important impact on the disclosure process and the outcomes (Ullman, Foynes, & Tang, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ullman, Foynes, & Tang, 2010 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Finkel distinguished three disclosure categories: accidental, deliberate, and prompted.

    “Finkel (2012) highlighted three different types of disclosure: accidental disclosure; purposeful disclosure, and elicited disclosure.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Finkel (2012) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Some all-male CSA disclosure articles do not examine men's own disclosure experience or focus only on specific elements of the disclosure process.

    “While some articles do address CSA and disclosure, and have an all male sample, they do not necessarily all look at the experience of men with their own disclosure, or when they do, the articles focus on specific elements of the disclosure process.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Compared with adults, children have far less command over disclosure, which often appears through behavioral signs of distress like acting out.

    “Hunter (2011) noted that children have much less control over the disclosure process than adults since “disclosure patterns in childhood are different from those in adulthood in that they are more likely to include behavioral manifestation of distress, such as acting out” (p.168).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hunter (2011) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Betrayal deepens when a survivor is disbelieved after telling; a trusted person's refusal or inability to believe or support can intensify betrayal trauma.

    “Follette, et al., (2009) explained that the feeling of betrayal is increased if after the disclosure the survivor is not believed: “a trusted family member or friend who is unable or unwilling to believe or support the survivor can contribute to the traumagenic dynamics of betrayal” (p.232).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Follette, et al., (2009)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Most studies on disclosure are based mainly on female accounts, so little is known about how males experience disclosure.

    “As with other literature on CSA, the majority of the studies involving disclosure are based mostly on female accounts and therefore, little is known about how males experience disclosure (Alaggia, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Alaggia, 2005

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Alaggia (2005) found that female participants generally felt partly responsible for the abuse.

    “As for the female participants, they generally felt they were in part responsible for the abuse.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Alaggia, 2005

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Although adults disclose more often, some listeners respond negatively to survivors who waited until later in life to tell.

    “Evidently, others' beliefs surrounding the abuse still weighs heavily on victims even later in their life; while disclosure may be more frequent in adulthood, it also leads some people to react negatively to victims who withheld their abuse until much later in life (Ahrens, et al., 2010;Jonzon, & Lindbland, 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Ahrens, et al., 2010 source
    • cites Jonzon, & Lindbland, 2004 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fear of how others will respond is a frequent reason adults avoid telling and withdraw from people.

    “Dorahy, and Clearwater (2012) similarly explained that the reaction of others is one of the common reasons why adults feared disclosure and why they often isolated themselves from others.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dorahy, and Clearwater (2012) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hunter (2011) found that trauma increased when disclosure recipients did not believe the survivor or when the survivor felt betrayed, usually by the mother, because the abuser remained in the family.

    “The trauma was increased by not being believed by those they disclosed to, or by feeling betrayed (usually by their mother) because the abuser remained present in the family.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hunter, 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hunter (2011) found that none of the participants viewed their disclosure experience as positive or helpful; instead, it further traumatized them.

    “None of the participants felt their disclosure experience was positive or helpful in any way, instead the participants noted that it contributed to further traumatizing them.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hunter, 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Disclosure does not unfold in a straight line; it may emerge in fragments over a survivor's life, sometimes unintentionally and sometimes deliberately.

    “Staller, and Nelson-Gardell (2005) added that since disclosure it not a linear process it often comes out in incomplete slices throughout a victim's life; sometimes by accident, other times purposefully.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Staller, and Nelson-Gardell (2005) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Alaggia and Millington (2008) found that participants struggled with confusion about their role in the abuse, with some feeling special for a time because of the abuser's attention.

    “The participants reported having struggled with confusion regarding their role in the abuse, as some felt special for a period of time due to the attention they received from the abuser.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Alaggia and Millington (2008) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Alaggia and Millington (2008) found that denial of CSA at some point was frequent, and 10 participants used substance abuse to forget their abuse history.

    “The authors identified the key themes that emerged from their interviews and noted that denial of the CSA at some point was frequent in survivors; 10 participants used substance abuse as a tool to forget their history of abuse.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Alaggia and Millington (2008) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The study was reviewed and approved by the McGill Research Ethics Board.

    “The study was reviewed and approved by the McGill Research Ethics Board (see Appendices C for a copy of the initial ethics certificate as well as the current one for secondary use of data).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dorahy and Clearwater (2012) found that participants lived in constant fear that others would learn of the abuse and tended to isolate themselves to avoid being discovered as victims.

    “The authors additionally noted that participants reported living in constant fear that others around them would learn of the abuse, and tended therefor to isolate themselves to avoid being discovered as victims.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dorahy and Clearwater (2012) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sorsoli et al. (2008) found that personal barriers linked to cognitive awareness and relational barriers due to family dynamics were prevalent in childhood.

    “For instance, personal barriers, linked to cognitive awareness tended to be prevalent in childhood, as were relational barriers due to family dynamics.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sorsoli, and al. (2008)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The topic of male disclosure as a process is still emerging and remains critical to research in order to understand victims' experience during recovery.

    “While the effects of CSA are numerous and well researched, the topic of male disclosure in terms of process is still emerging and remains critical to research in order to fully understand the experience of victims during this key step in their recovery.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Grossman et al. (2006) found that making meaning of abuse may come through psychological or religious frameworks, often as a combination of factors.

    “While making meaning of the abuse is personal to each individual, the authors noted that it may come through psychological or religious frameworks, and often may be a combination of several factors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Grossman, and al. (2006)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Easton (2013) found that the majority of men disclosed in adulthood, and those who told as children generally received negative responses.

    “Although the majority of the men in the study disclosed in adulthood, those that told as children generally received negative responses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Easton (2013) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dorahy and Clearwater (2012) found that neither shame nor guilt was directed at the abuser; instead, both were internalized by the victims.

    “Ultimately neither shame nor guilt was directed at the abuser; instead, both led the victims to internalize these emotions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dorahy and Clearwater (2012) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sorsoli et al. (2008) found that the vast majority of participants disclosed only in adulthood, with only one disclosing as a child.

    “The vast majority of the participants solely disclosed in adulthood, only one disclosed as a child.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sorsoli, and al. (2008)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dorahy and Clearwater (2012) found that shame created negative self-feelings, while guilt led victims to blame themselves and believe they were partly responsible for the abuse.

    “Shame created negative feelings regarding themselves, while guilt led victims to blame themselves, and believe they were partially responsible for the abuse.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dorahy and Clearwater (2012) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Alaggia and Millington (2008) found that some participants turned their anger inward while others developed violent behaviors toward others.

    “While some participants turned their anger to themselves, others developed violent behaviors towards others.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Alaggia and Millington (2008) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sorsoli et al. (2008) found that while all participants had disclosed some elements of abuse at the time of interviews, 5 had disclosed only very limited information.

    “While all the participants had disclosed some elements of the abuse at the time of the interviews, 5 had only disclosed very limited information about their abuse.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sorsoli, and al. (2008)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Grossman et al. (2006) found that traditional religion was less common, but around half the men turned to spirituality for comfort and understanding.

    “While finding meaning through traditional religion was less common, around half the men in the study expressed turning to spirituality and finding comfort and understanding through it.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Grossman, and al. (2006)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    CSA affects both men and women, but greater attention to females in the literature and services leads society to communicate to men that their abuse history is less important.

    “CSA affects men and women, and yet by focusing greater attention on females, both in the literature and in regards to services (Alaggia, & Millington, 2008;Diamanduros, et al., 2012;28! ! Dubé, et al., 2005;Easton, Renner, & O'Leary, 2013;O'Leary, & Gould, 2010;Sorsoli, et al., 2008;Ullman, 2003;Valente, 2005), society contributes to telling men that their abuse history is less important.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Alaggia, & Millington, 2008 source
    • cites Diamanduros, et al., 2012 source
    • cites Dubé, et al., 2005 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Grossman et al. (2006) found that another common form of meaning creation was spirituality.

    “The authors noted that another common form of meaning creation was through spirituality.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Grossman, and al. (2006)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Alaggia and Millington (2008) found that abuse led participants to lose hope in the future and in mankind, and several had difficulty maintaining close positive relationships.

    “The abuse also led the participants to lose hope in the future and in mankind, several also noted having difficulty maintaining close positive relationships.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Alaggia and Millington (2008) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Grossman et al. (2006) found that several men tried to understand why their abusers acted as they did, and understanding the abuser's psychology and history helped put the abuse in perspective.

    “Several men also attempted to find a meaning behind their abuse by trying to understand the reasons why their abusers acted in such a way; understanding the psychology and the history of their abuser helped men put into perspective the reasons why they had been abused.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Grossman, and al. (2006)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Interviewers remained attentive to participant distress, encouraged breaks, and could provide regional sexual abuse resources.

    “The interviewers remained attentive throughout the interviews to any possible distress from the participants and encouraged them to take brakes when needed; and were able to provide the participants with sexual abuse resources in their region, if need be.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Saladaña (2013) warned that themes should not be treated as codes or easily picked out from data, but are an outcome of coding and categorizing that requires reflection and analytic processing.

    “While the process of extracting themes from the data in the context of qualitative research is sometimes rushed, Saladaña warned that themes should not be seen as codes, and should not be easily 'picked out' from the data; rather, themes are an outcome of the coding and categorizing process, one that requires a great deal of reflection and analytic processing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Saladaña (2013)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The master's candidate and the project coordinator acted as secondary analysts and were consulted to critically discuss coding decisions.

    “The masters' candidate's as well as the project coordinator acted as secondary analysts and were consulted to critically discuss the coding decisions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Of 69 recruited participants, one was removed because his interview lacked disclosure information and was tainted by mental health issues, leaving a final sample of 68.

    “Of the original sample of 69, one participant was removed from the sample by the researcher due to the fact that his interview did not contain information relative to his disclosure experience and was tainted by mental health issues; leaving the final sample of 68 participants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Trustworthiness for the thesis was established primarily through peer debriefing and support and through an audit trail.

    “Establishing trustworthiness for this thesis was completed primarily through peer debriefing and support, as well as through the completion of an audit trail.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Only individuals recently or currently receiving services for abuse were eligible, ensuring they could contact their worker for prompt psychological help if negative emotions arose.

    “Only individuals who had recently received or were currently receiving services for their abuse history were eligible to participate in the study as it ensured that participants would be able to contact their worker and receive prompt psychological help if the interview brought up some negative emotions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Digital recordings of consent and signed consent forms were stored in a locked cabinet in the research office at McGill University.

    “The digital recordings of the consent, as well as the signed consent remain stored in a locked filling cabinet in the research office at McGill University.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    French interviews were coded using English codes, and the identified text sections were translated into English while staying as true as possible to the participants' initial words.

    “Since the main language of the research is English, the French interviews were coded using English codes and the sections of text identified by the codes were then translated in to English staying as true as possible to the participants' initial words.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Translating the French interview material into English preserved the participants' intended meanings.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The study used a purposive sampling strategy that did not aim for general-population representativeness, instead recruiting male and female participants who met the research criteria.

    “The sampling strategy was purposeful and did not try to be representative of the general population; instead it was aimed at recruiting male and female participants that matched the research criteria.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Padgett (2008) described rigour as essential to ensuring valid qualitative data and stated that trustworthiness requires the researcher's interpretation to correspond to participants' views, reproducibility, well-documented process, and results representative of the data.

    “Padgett (2008) described rigour as being an essential part of the qualitative researchers process to ensure that data is valid.”
    • Also stated in: § 39! ! · plain
      “In order to reach rigour and trustworthiness, studies need to ensure that the researchers interpretation of the data corresponds to the participants' views; that the study can be reproduced by others; that the process has been well documented; and finally that results are representative of the data (Padgett, 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Padgett (2008)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationown data

    Among the study's participants, awareness that others shared similar abuse experiences reduced barriers and made disclosure easier.

    “For the men in the study, knowing they were not alone with their abuse experience helped break down barriers and facilitated disclosure.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The male participants numbered 17, making up 25% of the entire sample, and lived in the greater Montreal or greater Toronto areas; no male participants were recruited in Ottawa.

    “The male participants totaled 17 (25% of the entire sample), and lived in the greater Montreal or greater Toronto areas; no male participants were recruited in Ottawa.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The 17 interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim, manually coded line by line, initially inductively coded into over 70 codes, then reduced to a little over 20 categories and several subthemes that formed four overarching themes.

    “The 17 interviews were initially digitally recorded and then transcribed verbatim and placed into Word files.”
    • Also stated in: § 39! ! · plain
      “The transcripts were initially inductively coded by the primary analyst into over 70 codes; and placed in Word files.”
    • Also stated in: § 39! ! · plain
      “The codes were eventually broken down in a little over 20 categories, which were later placed into several subthemes that emerged into four overarching main themes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    A follow-up telephone call was made about one week after the interview to check emotional state and answer additional questions.

    “The interviewers conducted a follow-up telephone call to each participant approximately one week after the interview took place to ensure that the process had not left them emotionally troubled and to answer any additional questions they could have.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Recruitment in Quebec was very fruitful, while no participants were recruited in Alberta and recruitment in Ontario was much more difficult than in Quebec.

    “Recruitment was very fruitful in Quebec, potentially due to the high level of organization of sexual abuse services that exist.”
    • Also stated in: § Sampling · plain
      “No participants were recruited in Alberta and recruitment in Ontario proved to be much more difficult than in Quebec.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The participants' history of child sexual abuse had a grave impact on different aspects of their lives, and in some cases this impact appeared through externalized behaviors.

    “The participants' history of CSA was found to have a grave impact on different aspects of their lives and in some cases the impact was demonstrated through externalized behaviors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The participants' retrospective self-reports accurately reflect their child sexual abuse and disclosure experiences.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Saladaña (2013) maintained that coding methods need to match a project's needs and can be combined into a customized hybrid method.

    “Saladaña maintained that coding methods needed to match the needs of a project and could be combined, creating a customized hybrid method.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Saladaña (2013)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Thorne (2000) stated that qualitative data analysis computer programs are aids to sorting and organizing data and cannot perform the intellectual and conceptualizing processes needed to transform data into meaningful findings.

    “While”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Thorne (2000) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Codes were initially selected using a combination of descriptive and emotion coding guided by Saladaña's (2013) coding manual.

    “Using Saladaña's (2013) manual on coding as a guide, the codes were initially selected using a combination of descriptive and emotion coding.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Saladaña (2013)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Interviewers were trained in crisis intervention and suicide intervention.

    “Additionally, the interviewers were trained in crisis intervention and suicide intervention, in the unlikely case in which the interviews were to necessitate it.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Knowing other CSA victims helped men feel less alone and often encouraged disclosure.

    “Knowing other victims of CSA helped men feel less alone in their experience and often encouraged disclosure.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Establishing a trusting relationship took time but allowed participants to feel more secure in choosing whom to disclose to.

    “While establishing a trusting relationship takes time, it also allowed the participants to feel more secure in his choice of person to disclose to.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    According to gender patterns in CSA, men are more prone than women to show outward behaviors after abuse.

    “Although gender patterns in CSA victims predict that men are more likely than women to develop externalized behaviors following CSA (Sorsoli, Kia-Keating, & Grossman, 2008)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sorsoli, Kia-Keating, & Grossman, 2008 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Prior authors reported that CSA victims often cope by using drugs and alcohol.

    “Indeed the use of drugs and alcohol were found by several authors to be a common coping mechanism for CSA victims (Allagia and Millington, 2008;O'Leary, & Gould, 2010;Valente, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Allagia and Millington, 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites O'Leary, & Gould, 2010 source
    • cites Valente, 2005 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prior CSA research backs links to PTSD, general anxiety, and sleep problems.

    “The literature on CSA supported claims for PTSD (Ullman, 2003) as well as generalized anxiety (Hunter, 2011;Deering, & Mellor, 2011) and sleep disturbances (Chen, et al., 2010;Noll, Trickett, Susman, & Putman, 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Ullman, 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Hunter, 2011 source
    • cites Deering, & Mellor, 2011 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Prior work has named isolation as an important part of the CSA victim trajectory.

    “several authors had previously identified isolation as a key component in the trajectory of CSA victims (Dorahy, & Clearwater, 2012;Deering, & Mellor, 2011;O'Leary, & Gould, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Dorahy, & Clearwater, 2012 source
    • cites Deering, & Mellor, 2011 source
    • cites O'Leary, & Gould, 2010 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Media exposure did more than reduce isolation; it also gave men information and motivation to seek services.

    “The power of popular media also extended beyond breaking the feeling of isolation and helped inform and motivate the men to access services.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Television's broad reach was useful for challenging the taboo around male CSA and spreading information about services.

    “The widespread accessibility of television proved to be a useful tool both to help break the taboo of male CSA and inform people of services.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Funding and institutional priorities around CSA services shaped the men's access and made obtaining help harder.

    “Governmental and organizational priorities in terms of CSA services as well as funding affected the men and therefore created several challenges for them to access services.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The literature also links CSA to diminished self-esteem.

    “Loss of self-esteem following CSA was also found to be relevant in the literature (Deering, & Mellor, 2011;Valente, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Deering, & Mellor, 2011 source
    • cites Valente, 2005 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationown data

    Philip's response showed he understood how emotionally difficult hearing about CSA disclosure can be for others.

    “Philip's sentiment demonstrates understanding of the emotional impact CSA disclosure could potentially have on others.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Anger appeared to disproportionately affect male victims, although it is found in both male and female samples in the literature.

    “Although anger could be found in the literature in both male and female samples, it appeared to disproportionately affect male victims (Alaggia and Millington, 2008;Denov, 2004;O'Leary, & Gould, 2010;Staller, & Nelson-Gardell, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Alaggia and Millington, 2008 source
    • cites Denov, 2004 source
    • cites O'Leary, & Gould, 2010 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Speaking to other victims, such as in group settings, can have positive repercussions for survivors by breaking down isolation and allowing them to share with others who had similar experiences.

    “it has been demonstrated that speaking to other victims, such as in the context of group settings, could have positive repercussion on survivors as it helped break down isolation and allowed them to share with others who had similar experiences”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hébert, & Bergeron, 2007 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The literature identifies disclosure as a process involving multiple interacting influences rather than singular events that unfold linearly.

    “The literature has identified disclosure as a 'process' thus clearly reflecting the complexity of the situation experienced by the victims, involving multiple levels of interacting influences rather than singular events that evolve in a linear fashion”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Staller, & Nelson-Gardell, 2005 source
    • cites Ahrens, et al., 2010 source
    • cites Alaggia, 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Alaggia and Millington (2008) found that men in their study experienced sexual challenges including involvement in sex trade or porn industry, sexual aggression toward women, or promiscuity.

    “Alaggia and Millington (2008) found that the men in their study suffered from numerous sexual challenges such as getting involved in the sex trade or the porn industry, being aggressive sexually towards women or simply being promiscuous.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Alaggia and Millington (2008) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Price-Robertson (2012) explained that having children was anxiety provoking for some male victims and a form of healing for others.

    “Price-Robertson (2012) explained that while having children was anxiety provoking for some male victims, for others it was experienced as a form of healing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Price-Robertson (2012) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The literature recognizes individuality in disclosure trajectories, with first disclosures generally based on the victim's comfort with the other person.

    “The individuality of disclosure trajectories has also been further recognized in the literature; first disclosures were generally found to be based on the level of comfort the victim felt with the other person”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Follette, et al., 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Sorsoli, et al., 2008 source
    • cites Deering & Mellor, 2011 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Alaggia and Mishna (2014) noted that several high-profile cases involving male child sexual abuse have surfaced in North America in recent years, exposing abuse in organized sports and religious sectors.

    “Alaggia and Mishna (2014) also noted that several high profile cases involving male CSA have surfaced in North America in recent years exposing abuse both in organized sports and”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Alaggia and Mishna (2014) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Child sexual abuse can lead survivors to sexual difficulties such as intimacy problems and fear or guilt during sexual encounters.

    “Some authors found concurring results and noted that CSA could lead survivors to suffer from sexual difficulties such as problems with intimacy, as well as fear or guilt during sexual encounters”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Easton, et al., 2011 source
    • cites Ullman, 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Deering and Mellor (2011) noted that being abused by a woman negatively affected the sexuality of all male victims in their study, leading to excessive sexual interest, lack of pleasure, or celibacy.

    “Deering and Mellor (2011) similarly noted that being abused by a woman had a negative impact on the sexuality of all the male victims in their study, making them either excessively interested in sex, not finding it pleasurable or not being able to have sex and remaining celibate.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Deering and Mellor (2011) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dominant stereotypes in the literature about masculinity, strength, aggressiveness, and dominance concurred with other studies and contribute to men feeling their abuse went against gender norms.

    “The dominant stereotypes found in the literature surrounding masculinity, strength, aggressiveness and dominance also concurred with the results of several other studies, and tended to overpower public opinion and contribute to men feeling that their history of abuse went against gender norms”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Anderson, 2011

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Alaggia, 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Conh, & Zeichner, 2006

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Denov (2004) noted that participants abused by women had challenging relationships with the opposite sex, sometimes involving violent fantasies about women.

    “Denov (2004) noted that the participants had challenging relationships with the opposite sex, which in some cases translated to violent fantasies about women”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Denov (2004) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Clancy and McNally (2005) noted that normal memory processes could explain why some victims forget parts or all of the abuse, through conscious factors and regular memory processes.

    “Clancy and McNally (2005) noted that the normal process of memory could explain why some victims forget parts of the abuse or the abuse in its entirety and could be explained by conscious factors as well as regular memory processes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Clancy and McNally (2005)

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Other authors reported excessive or unprotected sexual encounters and sexual risk taking among child sexual abuse survivors.

    “Other authors highlighted similar behaviors such as excessive or unprotected sexual encounters (Follette, et al., 2009), as well as sexual risk taking (Valente, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Follette, et al., 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Valente, 2005 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Delaying disclosure is common among child sexual abuse victims; some tell later in childhood, while several disclose only in adulthood.

    “Delaying disclosure was found to be quite common for victims of CSA, and while some tell a little later in childhood several will only disclose years later once they have reached adulthood”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Alaggia, 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Alaggia, & Kirshenbaum, 2005 source
    • cites Goodman-Brown, Edelstein, Goodman, Jones, & Gordon, 2003 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Hunter (2009) highlighted that disclosure of public figures' experiences, such as Oprah Winfrey, allowed other victims to feel comfortable admitting that child sexual abuse had impacted them.

    “Hunter (2009) however did highlight that the disclosure of the experience of public figures, such as Oprah Winfrey, allowed other victims to feel comfortable admitting that their CSA had impacted them as well.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hunter (2009) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The literature focuses much more on female victims, contributing to the mainstream belief that men are perpetrators and women are victims, not abusers.

    “The literature focuses much more attention on the experiences of female victims, contributing to the mainstream belief that 68! !men are perpetrators of abuse and women of are victims, not abusers”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Dorahy, & Clearwater, 2012 source
    • cites Price-Robertson, 2012 source
    • cites Alaggia & Millington, 2008 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Ullman (2003) highlighted financial struggles as one of the consequences child sexual abuse victims face later in life.

    “However, Ullman (2003) highlighted that financial struggles were amongst the multitude of consequences victims of CSA faced later in life.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ullman (2003)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Guilt and shame are frequently reported as common feelings among child sexual abuse survivors and often lead them to isolate themselves or avoid disclosure.

    “guilt (Easton, et al., 2011;Ullman, 2003) and shame (Ullman, 2003;Deering, & Mellor, 2011) were often highlighted as being common feelings for survivors of CSA, causing them frequently to either isolated themselves (Dorahy & Clearwater 2012) or hold back disclosure (Hunter, 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Easton, et al., 2011 source
    • cites Ullman, 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Deering, & Mellor, 2011 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    It seems conceivable that a difficult life situation would also push individuals to seek help.

    “therefore it seems conceivable that a difficult life situation would also push individuals to seek help.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Studies that found only negative disclosure experiences among participants were relatively frequent and illustrated challenges disclosure can present.

    “Studies in which the authors solely found negative disclosure experiences amongst their participants were relatively frequent and illustrated the challenges that disclosure could present”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Sorsoli, et al., 2008 source
    • cites Hunter, 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The child sexual abuse literature has yet to examine narratives of survivors who disclose with ease, generally focusing instead on disclosure as an excruciatingly difficult obstacle.

    “The CSA literature unfortunately has yet to examine the narrative of survivors who disclose with ease, and instead generally focused on the fact that disclosure was an excruciatingly difficult obstacle to surmount”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Alaggia, & Millington, 2008 source
    • cites Hunter, 2011 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Personal breakdowns or crises were found to sometimes motivate disclosure in adult child sexual abuse survivors.

    “Personal breakdowns or crises were found to sometimes motivate disclosure in adult CSA survivors”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Alaggia, 2005

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Chouliara et al. found that participants felt safe to disclose, established a trusting relationship with workers, and felt treatment helped their recovery.

    “the authors demonstrated that the participants felt safe to disclose, had established a trusting relationship with the workers, and felt the treatment helped them in their recovery.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chouliara et al., (2011) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Feeling safe, believed, and emotionally comforted are critical to a positive disclosure experience.

    “feeling safe was found to be critical when disclosing (Alaggia, 2004;Staller, & Nelson-Gardell, 2005), as well as being believed and comforted emotionally.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Alaggia, 2004 source
    • cites Staller, & Nelson-Gardell, 2005 source
    • cites Ullman, 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Using positive media could help break stigma and reduce taboo on topics otherwise rarely discussed.

    “therefore suggesting that using positive media could help break stigma and reduce the taboo on topics otherwise rarely discussed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A study on mass media and HIV stigma found that positively presented media could reduce stigma and potentially lead to more disclosure.

    “a study examining the impact of mass media on stigma and disclosure of HIV status, determined that when presented positively, the media could contribute to reducing stigma and potentially lead to more disclosure”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hutchinson, Mahlalela, & Yukich, 2007 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Negative disclosure experiences were marked by betrayal, not being believed, being blamed for the abuse, or indifference.

    “Negative disclosure experiences were marked with feelings of betrayal, or happened when the victims were not being believed (Hunter, 2011;Follette, et al., 2009), were blamed for the abuse or simply when the disclosure was met with indifference”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Hunter, 2011 source
    • cites Follette, et al., 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Ullman, 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Barriers to disclosure have been examined at personal, relational, and sociocultural levels.

    “barriers to disclosure have been examined on different levels by various authors, with most barriers being at the personal, relational, or sociocultural level”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Alggia, 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Sorsoli, 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Deering, & Mellor, 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The literature supports that survivors often wanted to protect others, and altruistic behaviors helped survivors make meaning of their abuse by turning it into something more positive.

    “The literature supported the notion that survivors often wanted to protect others; altruistic behaviors were found to help survivors of CSA make meaning of their abuse by turning it in to something more positive”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Grossman, 2006

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Ullman, Foynes, & Tang, 2010 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Widespread feminist efforts to publicize sexual abuse and promote prevention inadvertently categorized men as abusers rather than potential victims, limiting creation of services for men's specific needs.

    “the widespread efforts by feminist groups to publicize the scourge of sexual abuse and to promote the effective prevention of CSA has inadvertently categorized men as abusers rather than potential victims and has therefore limited the creation of services targeted to their specific needs”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Davies, & Rogers, 2006 source
    • cites Price-Robertson, 2012 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Other challenges for adult survivors include emotional difficulties linked to therapeutic work, continuity of care, and general availability of services, especially during crisis episodes.

    “Other challenges regarding service use for adult survivors included the emotional difficulties linked to the therapeutic work, continuity of care, as well as general availability of services, especially during crisis episodes”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chouliara et al., 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Chouliara et al. (2011) examined the experiences of 13 adult child sexual abuse survivors in Scotland, both men and women, who received individual counseling for their abuse history.

    “Chouliara et al., (2011) examined the 73! !experiences, of 13 adult survivors of CSA in Scotland (both men and women) that received individual counseling for their abuse history.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chouliara et al., (2011) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Male survivors of child sexual abuse are frequently overlooked in research and neglected by services centered on female survivors.

    “men who have been victims of CSA as they are all too often forgotten by the literature and pushed aside by services that focus mainly on female survivors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Participants who receive help when participating in a study might be more willing to share their disclosure experiences than those who have never received services.

    “participants who receive help when participating in a study might be inclined to share their experience with disclosure more willingly than those who have never received services.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dorahy and Clearwater (2012) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The study received delegated review and approval from McGill's Research Ethics Board II, in line with the university's policy on ethical research with human participants and the Tri-Council Policy Statement.

    “The REB-II reviewed and approved this project by delegated review in accordance with the requirements of the McGill University Policy on the Ethical Conduct of Research Involving Human Participants and the Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The current findings cannot be generalized; as a qualitative study, the goal was not generalizability but contributing to an understudied topic.

    “the current findings cannot be generalized; as a qualitative study, the goal was never to produce findings that could be generalized on a larger scale, but rather to contribute to a relatively understudied topic in the field of sexual abuse.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
192 of 192

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The participants' retrospective self-reports accurately reflect their child sexual abuse and disclosure experiences.

    “The questionnaire focused mainly on the disclosure process, as well as barriers and facilitators to the disclosure process.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The 17 male participants provided enough data to identify the study's themes, although data saturation is not established.

    “The male participants totaled 17 (25% of the entire sample), and lived in the greater Montreal or greater Toronto areas; no male participants were recruited in Ottawa.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Translating the French interview material into English preserved the participants' intended meanings.

    “Since the main language of the research is English, the French interviews were coded using English codes and the sections of text identified by the codes were then translated in to English staying as true as possible to the participants' initial words.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The abuser gender and relationship information reported by participants is accurate.

    “The men in the sample were sexually abused by a wide range of individuals; four (4) were abused by women, while thirteen (13) were abused by men.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The participants' retrospective accounts accurately represent their abuse, disclosure, and service experiences.

    “The experiences of the participants in the study reflected the complex journey that takes place for men that disclose CSA and later seek services.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The impact of various media on help-seeking behaviors of child sexual abuse survivors has not been examined in the literature.

    “The impact of various media on the help-seeking behaviors of CSA survivors has unfortunately not been examined in the literature as of yet.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Research on male child sexual abuse is extremely limited.

    “research on male CSA is extremely limited.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Very little information is available in the literature regarding the experiences of child sexual abuse survivors, especially men, who received services as adults.

    “Very little information was available in the literature regarding the experiences of CSA survivors (even less so of men) who received services as adults.”
8 of 8

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Social media was seen as a facilitator of disclosures in Gagnier and Collin-Vézina (2016).

    “Social media was seen as a facilitator of disclosures”

    From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Gagnier and Collin-Vézina (2016)

    In “Breaking the isolation as a motivator to disclosure” and the discussion on p. 69, the paper reports that survivors’ stories in biographies and on television helped motivate some men to disclose. It does not identify social media as a facilitator; searching for “social media” and online platforms found no such finding. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Results show a clear trend toward increased likelihood of disclosure in older youth, and adult samples show a preponderance of disclosures in adulthood, with the large majority of adult participants reporting never having had a sexual abuse complaint filed with investigative authorities as a child or adolescent.

    “Results show a clear trend toward increased likelihood of disclosure in older youth, and findings from adult samples showing a preponderance of disclosures in adulthood, with the large majority of participants of adults reporting never having had a sexual abuse complaint filed with investigative authorities as a child or an adolescent”

    From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Gagnier & Collin-Vézina, 2016

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Male participants in a subsequent study relayed that gender norms and stereotypes contributed to them concealing the abuse because they were abused by a woman.

    “Male participants in a subsequent study also relayed that gender norms and stereotypes contributed to them concealing the abuse because they were abused by a woman”

    From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Gagnier & Collin-Vézina, 2016

  • Positive disclosure experiences were described by participants as those where they felt listened to, safe, believed, and not judged by the person they disclosed to.

    “In Gagnier and Collin-Vézina’s (2016) study, positive disclosure experiences were described by participants as those where they felt that they had been listened to, were safe, were believed, and were not judged by the person they disclosed to.”

    From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Gagnier and Collin-Vézina’s (2016)

  • The majority of men in Gagnier and Collin-Vézina (2016) waited until adulthood to disclose their abuse.

    “The majority of the men in the study waited until adulthood to disclose their abuse”

    From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Gagnier and Collin-Vézina (2016)

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • An unrecorded interview is described as recorded and transcribed

    Minor

    The analysis section says all 17 interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Elsewhere, the paper says one participant refused recording and that only interview notes were available for that participant.

  • An adoptive mother is counted under biological family

    Minor

    The paper describes five first disclosures as being to biological family members, but its participant table identifies Martin's first disclosure as being to his adoptive mother.

  • Two accounts of the eleven reviewed articles name different studies

    Minor

    The regional breakdown exhaustively lists eleven articles and includes Alaggia (2010), but omits Grossman et al. (2006). The subsequent statement identifies Grossman et al. as one of those eleven articles.

  • Recording account conflicts with one participant's refusal

    Minor

    The analysis says all 17 interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim, but the sample description says one participant refused recording and that only notes were available for his interview.

4 of 4

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Alaggia R., 2010, Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 19, 32

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Gagnier, C., & Collin-Vézina, D.
Affiliations
McGill University (CA)
Corresponding author
Gagnier, Charlotte
ORCID
Gagnier, Charlotte
Venue
Journal of Child Sexual Abuse
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2016-02-17
Volume
25
Issue
2
Pages
221-241
ISSN
  • 1053-8712 (ISSN-L)
  • 1547-0679
DOI
10.1080/10538712.2016.1124308
OpenAlex
W2292986784
Semantic Scholar
b6925647261b4c6d62a057935050c0ffaf187a32
Cited by
144
References
89
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 4
FWCI
16.05
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Child Sexual Abuse (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • eScholarship@McGill (McGill) (submittedVersion)
  • McGill-DEV
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Military, Security, and Education Studies
Keywords
child sexual abuse, male survivors, disclosure, delayed disclosure, masculine norms, gender stereotypes, help-seeking, adult survivors
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Child, Child Abuse, Sexual, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Self Disclosure, Truth Disclosure, Crime Victims, Adult Survivors of Child Abuse, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-28.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-28.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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