The α-gal epitope (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R) in xenotransplantation
Abstract
Many patients with failing organs (e.g., heart, liver or kidneys), do not receive the needed organ because of an insufficient number of organ donors. Pig xenografts have been considered as an alternative source of organs for transplantation. The major obstacle currently known to prevent pig to human xenotransplantation is the interaction between the human natural anti-Gal antibody and the α-gal epitope (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R), abundantly expressed on pig cells. This short review describes the characteristics of anti-Gal and of the alpha-gal epitope, their role in inducing xenograft rejection and some experimental approaches for preventing this rejection.
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Alpha-Gal epitopes are specific carbohydrate structures found on the cell surface of non-primate mammals such as pigs, and are absent in humans and Old-World monkeys due to mutations in the α1,3-galactosyl-transferase gene.
“Alpha-Gal epitopes (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R) are specific carbohydrate structures found on the cell surface of non-primate mammals, such as pigs. These epitopes are absent in humans and Old-World monkeys due to mutations in the α1,3-galactosyl-transferase gene [64,65].”
From Liver tissue engineering using decellularized scaffolds: Current progress, challenges, and opportunities (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
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- Authors
- Galili, U.
- Affiliations
- Rush University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Galili, Uri
- ORCID
- Galili, Uri
- Venue
- Biochimie
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-07
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 557-563
- ISSN
- 0037-9042 (ISSN-L)
- 0300-9084
- OpenAlex
- W1987909360
- Cited by
- 212
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 2.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biochimie (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Xenotransplantation and immune response
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Glycosylation and Glycoproteins Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Transplantation › Organ and Tissue Transplantation Research
- Keywords
- alpha-gal epitope, xenotransplantation, anti-Gal antibodies, xenograft rejection, organ shortage, rejection prevention, glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity, Carbohydrate Sequence, Galactosyltransferases, Graft Rejection, Humans, Immune Tolerance, Swine, T-Lymphocytes, Transplantation, Heterologous, Trisaccharides
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