CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 410

Cardiovascular Toxicity of Nicotine: Implications for Nicotine Replacement Therapy 11All editorial decisions for this article, including selection of referees, were made by a Guest Editor. This policy applies to all articles with authors from the University of California San Francisco.

Benowitz, Neal L, Gourlay, Steven G·1997·Journal of the American College of Cardiology
DOI 10.1016/s0735-1097(97)00079-x
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0735-1097(97)00079-x

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 119

  1. [1]1. McBride PE: The health consequences of smoking: cardiovascular diseases. Med Clin North Am 1992; 76: 333. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  2. [2]2. Wilhelmsen L: Coronary heart disease: epidemiology of smoking and intervention studies of smoking. Am Heart J 1988; 115: 242. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  3. [3]3. Lepantalo M and Lassila R: Smoking and occlusive peripheral arterial disease. Eur J Surg 1991; 157: 83. PubMed Google Scholar
  4. [4]4. Nobuyoshi M, Masayuki A, Nosaka H et al: Statistical analysis of clinical risk factors for coronary artery spasm: identification of the most important determinant. Am Heart J 1992; 124: 32. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  5. [5]5. Rivers JT, White HD, Cross DB, Williams BF and Norris RM: Reinfarction after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction followed by conservative management: incidence and effect of smoking. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 16: 340. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  6. [6]6. Maouad J, Fernandez F, Hebert JL, Zamani K, Barrillon A and Gay J: Cigarette smoking during coronary angiography: diffuse or focal narrowing (spasm) of the coronary arteries in 13 patients with angina at rest and normal coronary angiograms. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1986; 12: 366. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  7. [7]7. Galan KM, Deligonul U, Kern MJ, Chaitman BR and Vandormael MG: Increased frequency of restenosis in patients continuing to smoke cigarettes after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 1988; 61: 260. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  8. [8]8. Grines CL, Topol EJ, O’Neill WW et al: Effect of cigarette smoking on outcome after thrombolytic therapy for myocardial infarction. Circulation 1995; 91: 298. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  9. [9]9. Green MS, Jucha E and Luz Y: Blood pressure in smokers and nonsmokers: epidemiologic findings. Am Heart J 1986; 111: 932. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  10. [10]10. Pickering T, Schwartz JE and James GD: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for evaluating the relationships between lifestyle, hypertension and cardiovascular risk. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1995; 22: 226. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  11. [11]11. Palatini P, Pessina AC, Graniero GR et al: The relationship between overweight, life style and casual and 24-hour blood pressures in a population of male subjects with mild hypertension: the results of the HARVEST study. G Ital Cardiol 1995; 25: 977. PubMed Google Scholar
  12. [12]12. Cellina GU, Honour AJ and Littler WA: Direct arterial pressure, heart rate, and electrocardiogram during cigarette smoking in unrestricted patients. Am Heart J 1975; 89: 18. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  13. [13]13. Kool MJF, Hoeks APG, Struijker Boudier HAJ, Reneman RS and Van Bortel LMAB: Short- and long-term effects of smoking on arterial wall properties in habitual smokers. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 1881. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  14. [14]14. Caro CG, Lever MJ, Parker KH and Fish PJ: Effect of cigarette smoking on the pattern of arterial blood flow: possible insight into mechanisms underlying the development of arteriosclerosis. Lancet 1987; 2: 11. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  15. [15]15. Pentecost B and Shillingford J: The acute effects of smoking on myocardial performance in patients with coronary arterial disease. Br Heart J 1964; 26: 422. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  16. [16]16. Strauer BE, Mahmoud MA, Bayer F, Bohn I, Hahn B and Motz U: Global and regional wall motion and contractility of the left ventricle following cigarette smoking. Klin Wochenschr 1984; 62: 2. PubMed Google Scholar
  17. [17]17. Rietbrock N, Kunkel S, Wörner W and Eyer P: Oxygen-dissociation kinetics in the blood of smokers and nonsmokers: interaction between oxygen and carbon monoxide at the hemoglobin molecule. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmakol 1992; 345: 123. Crossref Google Scholar
  18. [18]18. Allred EN, Bleecker ER, Chaitman BR et al: Short-term effects of carbon monoxide exposure on the exercise performance of subjects with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1426. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  19. [19]19. Aronow WS, Cassidy J, Vangrow JS et al: Effect of cigarette smoking and breathing carbon monoxide on cardiovascular hemodynamics in anginal patients. Circulation 1974; 50: 340. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  20. [20]20. Calverley PMA, Leggett RJE and Flenley DC: Carbon monoxide and exercise tolerance in chronic bronchitis and emphysema. BMJ 1981; 283: 878. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  21. [21]21. Adams KF, Koch G, Chatterjee B et al: Acute elevation of blood carboxyhemoglobin to 6% impairs exercise performance and aggravates symptoms in patients with ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988; 12: 900. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  22. [22]22. Sheps DS, Herbst MC, Hinderliter AL et al: Production of arrhythmias by elevated carboxyhemoglobin in patients with coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113: 343. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  23. [23]23. DeBias DA, Banerjee CM, Birkhead NC, Greene CH, Scott SD and Harrer WV: Effects of carbon monoxide inhalation on ventricular fibrillation. Arch Environ Health 1976; 31: 38. Crossref Google Scholar
  24. [24]24. Turino GM: Effect of carbon monoxide on the cardiorespiratory system. Carbon monoxide toxicity: physiology and biochemistry. Circulation 1981; 63: 253A. PubMed Google Scholar
  25. [25]25. Klein LW, Ambrose J, Pichard A, Holt J, Gorlin R and Teichholz LE: Acute coronary hemodynamic response to cigarette smoking in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984; 3: 879. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  26. [26]26. Nicod P, Rehr R, Winniford MD, Campbell WB, Firth BG and Hillis LD: Acute systemic and coronary hemodynamic and serologic responses to cigarette smoking in long-term smokers with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984; 4: 964. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  27. [27]27. Raymond R, Lynch J, Underwood D, Leatherman A and Mehdi R: Myocardial infarction and normal coronary arteriography: a 10-year clinical and risk analysis of 74 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988; 11: 471. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  28. [28]28. Caralis DG, Ubeydullah D, Kern MJ and Cohen JD: Smoking is a risk factor for coronary spasm in young women. Circulation 1992; 85: 905. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  29. [29]29. Winniford MD, Jansen DE, Reynolds GA, Apprill P, Black WH and Hillis LD: Cigarette smoking-induced coronary vasoconstriction in atherosclerotic coronary artery disease and prevention by calcium antagonists and nitroglycerin. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59: 203. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  30. [30]30. Quillen JE, Rossen JD, Oskarsson HJ, Minor RL, Lopez JAG and Winniford MD: Acute effect of cigarette smoking on the coronary circulation: constriction of epicardial and resistance vessels. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 642. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  31. [32]32. Benowitz NL, Fitzgerald GA, Wilson M and Zhang Q: Nicotine effects on eicosanoid formation and hemostatic function: comparison of transdermal nicotine and cigarette smoking. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 1159. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  32. [33]33. Winniford MD, Wheelan KR, Kremers MS et al: Smoking-induced coronary vasoconstriction in patients with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease: evidence for adrenergically mediated alterations in coronary artery tone. Circulation 1986; 73: 662. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  33. [34]34. Peters RW, Benowitz NL, Valenti S, Modin G and Fisher ML: Electrophysiologic effects of cigarette smoking in patients with and without chronic beta-blocker therapy. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60: 1078. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  34. [35]35. Escobedo LG and Zack MM: Comparison of sudden and nonsudden coronary deaths in the United States. Circulation 1996; 93: 2033. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  35. [36]36. Craig WY, Palomaki GE and Haddow JE: Cigarette smoking and serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations: an analysis of published data. BMJ 1989; 298: 784. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  36. [37]37. Freeman DJ, Griffin BA, Murray E et al: Smoking and plasma lipoproteins in man: effects on low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and high density lipoprotein subfraction distribution. Eur J Clin Invest 1993; 23: 630. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  37. [38]38. Harats D, Ben-Naim M, Dabach Y, Hollander G, Stein O and Stein Y: Cigarette smoking renders LDL susceptible to peroxidative modification and enhanced metabolism by macrophages. Atherosclerosis 1989; 79: 245. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  38. [39]39. Stubbe I, Eskilsson J and Nilsson-Ehle P: High-density lipoprotein concentrations increase after stopping smoking. BMJ 1982; 284: 1511. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  39. [40]40. Pittilo RM and Woolf N: Cigarette smoking, endothelial cell injury and atherosclerosis. J Smoking-Related Dis 1993; 4: 17. Google Scholar
  40. [41]41. Asmussen I and Kjeldsen K: Intimal ultrastructure of human umbilical arteries: observations on arteries from newborn children of smoking and nonsmoking mothers. Circ Res 1975; 36: 579. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  41. [42]42. Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Georgakopoulos D et al: Cigarette smoking is associated with dose-related and potentially reversible impairment of endothelium-dependent dilation in healthy young adults. Circulation 1993; 88: 2149. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  42. [43]43. Nitenberg A, Antony I and Foult J-M: Acetylcholine-induced coronary vasoconstriction in young, heavy smokers with normal coronary arteriographic findings. Am J Med 1993; 95: 71. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  43. [44]44. Higman DJ, Greenhalgh RM and Powell JT: Smoking impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation of saphenous vein. Br J Surg 1993; 80: 1242. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  44. [45]45. Kiowski W, Linder L, Stoschitzky K et al: Diminished vascular response to inhibition of endothelium-derived nitric oxide and enhanced vasoconstriction to exogenously administered endothelin-1 in clinically healthy smokers. Circulation 1994; 90: 27. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  45. [46]46. Beere PA, Glagov S and Zarins CK: Retarding effect of lowered heart rate on coronary atherosclerosis. Science 1984; 226: 180. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  46. [47]47. Duthie GG, Arthur JR, Beattie JAG et al: Cigarette smoking, antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, and coronary heart disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993; 686: 120. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  47. [48]48. Morrow JD, Frei B, Longmire AW et al: Increase in circulating products of lipid peroxidation (F2-isoprostanes) in smokers. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1198. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  48. [50]50. Petitti DB and Kipp H: The leukocyte count: associations with intensity of smoking and persistence of effect after quitting. Am J Epidemiol 1986; 123: 89. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  49. [51]51. Bain BJ, Rothwell M, Feher MD, Robinson R, Brown J and Sever PS: Acute changes in haematological parameters on cessation of smoking. J Roy Soc Med 1992; 85: 80. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  50. [52]52. Grimm RH, Neaton JD and Ludwig W: Prognostic importance of the white blood cell count for coronary, cancer, and all-cause mortality. JAMA 1985; 254: 1932. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  51. [53]53. Hansen PR: Role of neutrophils in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Circulation 1995; 91: 1872. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  52. [54]54. FitzGerald GA, Oates JA and Nowak J: Cigarette smoking and hemostatic function. Am Heart J 1988; 115: 267. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  53. [55]55. Ernst E, Koenig W, Matrai A, Filipiak B and Stieber J: Blood rheology in healthy cigarette smokers. Arteriosclerosis 1988; 8: 385. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  54. [56]56. Fuster V, Badimon L, Badimon JJ and Chesebro JH: Mechanisms of disease: the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 242. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  55. [57]57. Ernst E: Fibrinogen: its emerging role as a cardiovascular risk factor. Angiology 1994; 45: 87. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  56. [58]58. Smith JR and Landaw SA: Smokers’ polycythemia. N Engl J Med 1978; 298: 6. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  57. [59]59. Benowitz NL: Pharmacologic aspects of cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 1318. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  58. [60]60. Okamura T and Noboru T: Mechanism underlying nicotine-induced relaxation in dog saphenous arteries. Eur J Pharmacol 1994; 263: 85. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  59. [61]61. Benowitz NL: Pharmacology of nicotine: addiction and therapeutics. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1996; 36: 597. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  60. [62]62. Benowitz NL, Porchet H, Sheiner L and Jacob P: Nicotine absorption and cardiovascular effects with smokeless tobacco use: comparison with cigarettes and nicotine gum. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1988; 44: 23. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  61. [63]63. Benowitz NL, Jacob P, Jones RT and Rosenberg J: Interindividual variability in the metabolism and cardiovascular effects of nicotine in man. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1982; 221: 368. PubMed Google Scholar
  62. [64]64. Sutherland G, Russell MAH, Stapleton J, Feyerabend C and Ferno O: Nasal nicotine spray: a rapid nicotine delivery system. Psychopharmacology 1992; 108: 512. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  63. [65]65. Bayer F, Bohn I and Strauer BE: Das kontraktionsverhalten des linken ventrikels unter nikotinexposition. Therapiewoche 1985; 35: 1968. Google Scholar
  64. [66]66. Waeber B, Schaller M, Nussberger J, Bussien J, Hofbauer KG and Brunner HR: Skin blood flow reduction induced by cigarette smoking: role of vasopressin. Am J Physiol 1984; 249: H895. Google Scholar
  65. [67]67. Fewings JD, Rand MJ, Scroop GC and Whelan RF: The action of nicotine on the blood vessels of the hand and forearm in man. Br J Pharmacol 1966; 26: 567. Google Scholar
  66. [68]68. Diana JN, Qian S, Heesch CM, Barron KW and Chien CY: Nicotine-induced skeletal muscle vasodilation is mediated by release of epinephrine from nerve terminals. Am J Physiol 1990; 259: H1718. PubMed Google Scholar
  67. [69]69. Woodman OL: Coronary vascular responses to nicotine in the anaesthetized dog. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1991; 343: 65. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  68. [70]70. Kaijser L and Berglund B: Effect of nicotine on coronary blood-flow in man. Clin Physiol 1985; 5: 541. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  69. [71]71. Przyklenk K: Nicotine exacerbates postischemic contractile dysfunction of stunned myocardium in the canine model: possible role of free radicals. Circulation 1994; 89: 1272. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  70. [72]72. Pfueller SL, Burns P, Mak K and Firkin BG: Effects of nicotine on platelet function. Haemostasis 1988; 18: 163. PubMed Google Scholar
  71. [73]73. Becker BF, Terres W, Kratzer M and Gerlach E: Blood platelet function after chronic treatment of rats and guinea pigs with nicotine. Klin Wochenschr 1988; 66: 28. PubMed Google Scholar
  72. [74]74. Folts JD and Bonebrake FC: The effects of cigarette smoke and nicotine on platelet thrombus formation in stenosed dog coronary arteries: inhibition with phentolamine. Circulation 1982; 65: 465. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  73. [75]75. Mundal HH, Hjemdahl P and Gjesdal K: Acute effects of low dose nicotine gum on platelet function in nonsmoking hypertensive and normotensive men. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1995; 47: 411. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  74. [76]76. Wennmalm A, Benthin G, Granström EF, Persson L, Peterson A and Winell S: Relation between tobacco use and urinary excretion of thromboxane A2and prostacyclin metabolites in young men. Circulation 1991; 83: 1698. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  75. [77]77. Wennmalm A: Nicotine stimulates prostaglandin formation in the rabbit heart. Br J Pharmacol 1977; 59: 95. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  76. [78]78. Wennmalm A and Alster P: Nicotine inhibits vascular prostacyclin but not platelet thromboxane formation. Gen Pharmacol 1983; 14: 189. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  77. [79]79. Nadler JL, Velasco JS and Horton R: Cigarette smoking inhibits prostacyclin formation. Lancet 1983; 1: 1248. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  78. [80]80. Nowak J, Murray JJ, Oates JA and FitzGerald GA: Biochemical evidence of a chronic abnormality in platelet and vascular function in healthy individuals who smoke cigarettes. Circulation 1987; 76: 6. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  79. [81]81. Barrow SE, Ward PS, Sleightholm MA, Ritter JM and Dollery CT: Cigarette smoking: profiles of thromboxane- and prostacyclin-derived products in human urine. Biochim Biophys Acta 1989; 993: 121. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  80. [82]82. Rångemark C, Benthin G, Granström EF, Persson L, Winell S and Wennmalm Å: Tobacco use and urinary excretion of thromboxane A2and prostacyclin metabolites in women stratified by age. Circulation 1992; 86: 1495. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  81. [83]83. Stefanovich V, Gore I, Kajiyama G and Iwanaga Y: The effect of nicotine on dietary atherogenesis in rabbits. Exp Mol Pathol 1969; 11: 71. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  82. [84]84. Strohschneider T, Oberhoff M, Hanke H, Hannekum A and Karsch KR: Effect of chronic nicotine delivery on the proliferation rate of endothelial and smooth muscle cells in experimentally induced vascular wall plaques. Clin Invest 1994; 72: 908. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  83. [85]85. Fisher ER, Rothstein R, Wholey MH and Nelson R: Influence of nicotine on experimental atherosclerosis and its determinants. Arch Pathol 1973; 96: 298. PubMed Google Scholar
  84. [86]86. Csonka E, Somogyi A, Augustin J, Haberbosch W, Schettler G and Jellinek H: The effect of nicotine on cultured cells of vascular origin. Virchows Arch [A] 1985; 407: 441. Crossref Google Scholar
  85. [87]87. Thyberg J: Effects of nicotine on phenotypic modulation and initiation of DNA synthesis in cultured arterial smooth muscle cells. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol 1986; 52: 25. Crossref Google Scholar
  86. [88]88. Booyse FM, Osikowicz G and Quarfoot AJ: Effects of chronic oral consumption of nicotine on the rabbit aortic endothelium. Am J Pathol 1981; 102: 229. PubMed Google Scholar
  87. [89]89. Zimmerman M and McGeachie J: The effect of nicotine on aortic endothelium: a quantitative ultrastructural study. Atherosclerosis 1987; 63: 33. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  88. [90]90. Lin SJ, Hong CY, Chang MS, Chiang BN and Chien S: Long-term nicotine exposure increases aortic endothelial cell death and enhances transendothelial macromolecular transport in rats. Arterioscler Thromb 1992; 12: 1305. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  89. [91]91. Krupski WC, Olive GC, Weber CA and Rapp JH: Comparative effects of hypertension and nicotine on injury-induced myointimal thickening. Surgery 1987; 102: 409. PubMed Google Scholar
  90. [92]92. Davis JW, Shelton L, Eigenberg DA, Hignite CE and Watanabe IS: Effects of tobacco and non-tobacco cigarette smoking on endothelium and platelets. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1985; 37: 529. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  91. [93]93. Hellerstein MK, Benowitz NL, Neese RA et al: Effects of cigarette smoking and its cessation on lipid metabolism and energy expenditure in heavy smokers. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 265. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  92. [94]94. Cluette-Brown J, Mulligan J, Doyle K, Hagan S, Osmolski T and Hojnacki J: Oral nicotine induces an atherogenic lipoprotein profile. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1986; 182: 409. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  93. [95]95. Quensel M, Agardh C-D and Nilsson-Ehle P: Nicotine does not affect plasma lipoprotein concentrations in healthy men. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1989; 49: 149. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  94. [96]96. Thomas GAO, Davies SV, Rhodes J, Russell MAH, Feyerabend C and Säwe U: Is transdermal nicotine associated with cardiovascular risk?. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1995; 29: 392. PubMed Google Scholar
  95. [97]97. for the Transdermal Nicotine Study Group, Allen SS, Hatsukami D and Gorsline J: Cholesterol changes in smoking cessation using the transdermal nicotine system. Prev Med 1994; 23: 190. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  96. [98]98. Hwang SL, Waldholt M. Heart attacks reported in patch users still smoking. Wall Street Journal 1992 14 July. Google Scholar
  97. [100]100. Anthonisen NR, Connett JE, Kiley JP et al: Effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline of FEV1. JAMA 1994; 272: 1497. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  98. [101]101. Murray RP, Bailey WC, Daniels K et al: Safety of nicotine polacrilex gum used by 3,094 participants in the Lung Health Study. Chest 1996; 109: 438. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  99. [102]102. Working Group for the Study of Transdermal Nicotine in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: Nicotine replacement therapy for patients with coronary artery disease. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 989. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  100. [103]103. Joseph AM, Norman SM, Ferry LH et al: The safety of transdermal nicotine as an aid to smoking cessation in patients with cardiac disease. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1792. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  101. [104]104. Mahmarian JJ, Moye LA, Nasser GA, et al. A strategy of smoking cessation combined with nicotine patch therapy reduces the extent of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. In press. Google Scholar
  102. [105]105. Marie PY, Danchin N, Durand JF et al: Long-term prediction of major ischemic events by exercise thalium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography: incremental prognostic value compared with clinical, exercise testing, catheterization, and radionuclide angiographic data. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 26: 879. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  103. [106]106. Benowitz NL, Kuyt F and Jacob P: Influence of nicotine on cardiovascular and hormonal effects of cigarette smoking. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1984; 36: 74. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  104. [107]107. Benowitz NL and Jacob P: Intravenous nicotine replacement suppresses nicotine intake from cigarette smoking. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990; 254: 1000. PubMed Google Scholar
  105. [108]108. Foulds J, Stapleton J, Feyerabend C, Vesey C, Jarvis M and Russell MAH: Effect of transdermal nicotine patches on cigarette smoking: a double blind crossover study. Psychopharmacology 1992; 106: 421. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  106. [109]109. Rigotti NA and Eagle KA: Atrial fibrillation while chewing nicotine gum [letter]. JAMA 1986; 255: 1018. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  107. [110]110. Stewart PM and Catterall JR: Chronic nicotine ingestion and atrial fibrillation. Br Heart J 1985; 54: 222. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  108. [111]111. Ottervanger JP, Stricker BHC and Klomps HC: Transdermal nicotine: clarifications, side effects, and funding [letter]. JAMA 1993; 269: 1940. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  109. [112]112. Dacosta A, Guy JM, Tardy B et al: Myocardial infarction and nicotine patch: a contributing or causative factor?. Eur Heart J 1993; 14: 1709. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  110. [113]113. Warner JG and Little WC: Myocardial infarction in a patient who smoked while wearing a nicotine patch. Ann Intern Med 1994; 120: 695. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  111. [114]114. Jorenby DE, Smith SS, Fiore MC et al: Varying nicotine patch dose and type of smoking cessation counseling. JAMA 1995; 274: 1347. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  112. [115]115. Pierce JR: Stroke following application of a nicotine patch [letter]. DICP 1994; 28: 402. Google Scholar
  113. [116]116. Jackson M: Cerebral arterial narrowing with nicotine patch. Lancet 1993; 342: 236. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  114. [117]117. Henningfield JE, Stapleton JM, Benowitz NL, Grayson RF and London ED: Higher levels of nicotine in arterial than in venous blood after cigarette smoking. Drug Alcohol Depend 1993; 33: 23. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  115. [118]118. Hurt RD, Dale LC, Fredrickson PA et al: Nicotine patch therapy for smoking cessation combined with physician advice and nurse follow-up. JAMA 1994; 271: 595. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  116. [119]119. Hurt RD, Dale LC, Offord KP et al: Serum nicotine and cotinine levels during nicotine-patch therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993; 54: 98. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  117. [121]121. Kornitzer M, Boutsen M, Dramaix M, Thijs J and Gustavsson G: Combined use of nicotine patch and gum in smoking cessation: a placebo-controlled clinical trial. Prev Med 1995; 24: 41. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  118. [122]122. Schneider NG, Olmstead R, Mody FV et al: Efficacy of a nicotine nasal spray in smoking cessation: a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Addiction 1995; 90: 1671. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  119. [123]123. Porchet HC, Benowitz NL, Sheiner LB and Copeland JR: Apparent tolerance to the acute effect of nicotine results in part from distribution kinetics. J Clin Invest 1987; 80: 1466. Crossref PubMed Google Scholar View full text|Download PDF Now Reading: Cardiovascular Toxicity of Nicotine: Implications for Nicotine Replacement Therapy 1 Share PREVIOUS ARTICLE Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists and Calcium Channel Blocking Agents: A Review of Potential Benefits and Possible Adverse Reactions Previous NEXT ARTICLE Arterial Reactivity Is Enhanced in Genetic Males Taking High Dose Estrogens Next

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Benowitz, N. L., & Gourlay, S. G.
Venue
Journal of the American College of Cardiology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
1997-06
Volume
29
Issue
7
Pages
1422-1431
ISSN
0735-1097
DOI
10.1016/s0735-1097(97)00079-x
Cited by
410
References
2
Language
en
Licence

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review