The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 93 of the 97 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 49 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults
Open accessAbstract
Background The relationship of health risk behavior and disease in adulthood to the breadth of exposure to childhood emotional, physical, or sexual abuse, and household dysfunction during childhood has not previously been described. Methods A questionnaire about adverse childhood experiences was mailed to 13,494 adults who had completed a standardized medical evaluation at a large HMO; 9,508 (70.5%) responded. Seven categories of adverse childhood experiences were studied: psychological, physical, or sexual abuse; violence against mother; or living with household members who were substance abusers, mentally ill or suicidal, or ever imprisoned. The number of categories of these adverse childhood experiences was then compared to measures of adult risk behavior, health status, and disease. Logistic regression was used to adjust for effects of demographic factors on the association between the cumulative number of categories of childhood exposures (range: 0-7) and risk factors for the leading causes of death in adult life. Results More than half of respondents reported at least one, and one-fourth reported > or = 2 categories of childhood exposures. We found a graded relationship between the number of categories of childhood exposure and each of the adult health risk behaviors and diseases that were studied (P or = 50 sexual intercourse partners, and sexually transmitted disease; and 1.4- to 1.6-fold increase in physical inactivity and severe obesity. The number of categories of…
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Claims the paper makes
50 Own result · 12 No full text of the sources · 12 Own interpretation · 10 Own method · 5 Not checked yet · 1 Partly supported · 1 Sources not found · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“Longitudinal follow-up of adults whose childhood abuse was well documented has shown that their retrospective reports of childhood abuse are likely to under-estimate actual occurrence.47,48”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [47] Femina, 1990, Child abuse, Child Abuse Negl sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that eight adults with well-documented abuse in their adolescent records denied it at follow-up, and the Discussion says retrospective inaccuracies in this sample were in the direction of under-reporting. The paper limits that finding to a small sample of former delinquents and says its generalizability is uncertain; the claim does not retain that population qualifier. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] Williams, 1995, Recovered memories of abuse in women with documented child sexual victimization histories, J Traumatic Stress source
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More than half of respondents reported at least one, and one-fourth reported Ն2 categories of childhood exposures.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There was no statistically significant dose-response relationship for a history of stroke or diabetes.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Significance of Dose-Response Relationships
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“we found a strong, dose-response relationship between the number of childhood exposures and each of the 10 risk factors for the leading causes of death that we studied (P Ͻ .001).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Significance of Dose-Response Relationships
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The seven categories of adverse childhood experiences were strongly interrelated and persons with multiple categories of childhood exposure were likely to have multiple health risk factors later in life.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“More than half of respondents reported at least one, and one-fourth reported Ն2 categories of childhood exposures.”
- Also stated in: § Adverse Childhood Exposures · plain
“More than half of respondents (52%) experienced Ն1 category of adverse childhood exposure; 6.2% reported Ն4 exposures.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Adverse Childhood Exposures · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and a 1.4-to 1.6-fold increase in physical inactivity and severe obesity.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The seven categories of adverse childhood experiences were strongly interrelated and persons with multiple categories of childhood exposure were likely to have multiple health risk factors later in life.”
- Also stated in: § Relationships between Categories of Childhood Exposure · plain
“The relationship between single categories of exposure was significant for all comparisons (P Ͻ .001;chi-square).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Relationships between Categories of Childhood Exposure · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of categories of adverse childhood exposures showed a graded relationship to the presence of adult diseases including ischemic heart disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, skeletal fractures, and liver disease.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Disease conditions including ischemic heart disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, skeletal fractures, and liver disease, as well as poor self-rated health also showed a graded relationship to the breadth of childhood exposures.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also found a significant (P Ͻ .05)dose-response relationship between the number of childhood exposures and the following disease conditions: ischemic heart disease, cancer, chronic bronchitis or emphysema, history of hepatitis or jaundice, skeletal fractures, and poor self-rated health.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Significance of Dose-Response Relationships
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a 2-to 4-fold increase in smoking, poor self-rated health, Ն50 sexual intercourse partners, and sexually transmitted disease;”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For example, among persons with no childhood exposures, 56% had none of the 10 risk factors whereas only 14% of persons with Ն4 categories of childhood exposure had no risk factors.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Childhood Exposures and Clustering of Health Risk Factors
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most prevalent of the 7 categories of childhood exposure was substance abuse in the household (25.6%); the least prevalent exposure category was evidence of criminal behavior in the household (3.4%).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Adverse Childhood Exposures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, only 1% of persons with no childhood exposures had four or more risk factors, whereas 7% of persons with Ն4 childhood exposures had four or more risk factors (Table 6).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Childhood Exposures and Clustering of Health Risk Factors
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Mental illness | | 18.8 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“| Ն65 | 2,610 | 60.0 | 24.5 | 8.9 | 4.2 | 2.4 |”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“| 19-34 | 807 | 35.4 | 25.4 | 17.2 | 11.0 | 10.9 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Psychological | | 11.1 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Mother treated violently | | 12.5 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 0 | 3,861 | 56 | 29 | 10 | 4 | 1 |”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“| Ն4 | 545 | 14 | 26 | 28 | 17 | 7 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The number of categories of adverse childhood exposure is a valid cumulative measure of adversity.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the odds ratios for skeletal fractures, hepatitis or jaundice, and poor self-rated health were 1.6, 2.3, and 2.2, respectively (Table 8).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Relationship between Childhood Exposures and Disease Conditions
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Substance abuse | | 25.6 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relationship between single categories of exposure was significant for all comparisons (P Ͻ .001;chi-square).For persons reporting any single category of exposure, the probability of exposure to any additional category ranged from 65%-93% (median: 80%); similarly, the probability of Ն2 additional exposures ranged from 40%-74% (median: 54.5%).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Relationships between Categories of Childhood Exposure
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because adverse childhood experiences are common and they have strong long-term associations with adult health risk behaviors, health status, and diseases, increased attention to primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies is needed.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondent (n ϭ 9,508) and nonrespondent (n ϭ 3,986) groups were similar in their percentages of women (53.7% and 51.0%, respectively) and in their mean years of education (14.0 years and 13.6 years, respectively).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Comparison of Respondents and Nonrespondents
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After second mailings of the questionnaire to persons who did not respond to the first mailing, the response rate for the survey was 70.5% (9,508/13,494).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Survey Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Respondents were slightly more likely to answer affirmatively than nonrespondents (6.1% vs. 5.4%, respectively).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Comparison of Respondents and Nonrespondents
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without measuring these household factors as well, long-term influence might be wrongly attributed solely to single types of abuse and the cumulative influence of multiple categories of adverse childhood experiences would not be assessed.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Conditions such as drug abuse, spousal violence, and criminal activity in the household may co-occur with specific forms of abuse that involve children.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We used questions from published surveys to construct the ACE Study questionnaire.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Questionnaire Design
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] Straus, 1990 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] Wyatt, 1985, The sexual abuse of Afro-American and White-American women in childhood, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked yetcites [41] National Center for Health Statistics. Exposure to alcoholism in the family: United States, 1988. Advance Data, No. 205. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC; September 30, 1991.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondents were older than nonrespondents (means 56.1 years and 49.3 years) and more likely to be white (83.9% vs. 75.3%)although the actual magnitude of the differences was small.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Comparison of Respondents and Nonrespondents
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Studies of the long-term effects of childhood abuse have usually examined single types of abuse, particularly sexual abuse, and few have assessed the impact of more than one type of abuse.5,24 -28”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] McCauley, 1997, Clinical characteristics of women with a history of childhood abuse, JAMA source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Briere, 1988, Multivariate correlates of childhood psychological and physical maltreatment among university women, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Briere, 1990, Differential adult symptomatology associated with three types of child abuse histories, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Claussen, 1991, Physical and psychological maltreatment, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Moeller, 1993, The combined effects of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse during childhood, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] Bryant, 1995, Suicidality in college women who were sexually and physically punished by parents, Violence Vict source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondents and nonrespondents did not differ with regard to their self-rated health, smoking, other substance abuse, or the presence of common medical conditions such as a history of heart attack or stroke, chronic obstructive lung disease, hypertension, or diabetes, or with regard to marital status or current family, marital, or job-related problems (data not shown).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Comparison of Respondents and Nonrespondents
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For example, the American Medical Association recommends screening of women for exposure to violence at every entrance to the health system; 66 however, such screening appears to be rare.67”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] 1992, American Medical Association Diagnostic and Treatment Guidelines on Domestic Violence, Arch Fam Med
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, there may be mediators of the relationship between childhood experiences and adult health status other than the risk factors we examined.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“High levels of exposure to adverse childhood experiences would expectedly produce anxiety, anger, and depression in children.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although articles in the general medical literature are alerting the medical community to the fact that childhood abuse is common, 59 adolescent health care is often inadequate in terms of psychosocial assessment and anticipatory guidance.60”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] Rixey, 1994, Family violence and the adolescent, Maryland Med J
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“For example, nicotine is recognized as having beneficial psychoactive effects in terms of regulating affect 49 and persons who are depressed are more likely to smoke.50,51”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] Carmody, 1989, Affect regulation, nicotine addiction, and smoking cessation, J Psychoactive Drugs source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] Anda, 1990, Depression and the dynamics of smoking. A national perspective, JAMA source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Glassman, 1990, Smoking, smoking cessation, and major depression, JAMA source
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To the degree that behaviors such as smoking, alcohol, or drug use are found to be effective as coping devices, they would tend to be used chronically.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Many physicians may fear that discussions of sexual violence and other sensitive issues are too personal even for the doctor-patient relationship.65”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [65] Sugg, 1992, Primary care physicians’ response to domestic violence. Opening Pandora’s box, JAMA source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“because it is strongly predictive of mortality.45”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > 3.4 Any category reported 52.1%
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Idler, 1990, Self-rated health and mortality in the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, Am J Pub Health source
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, some persons with health risk behaviors or diseases may have been either more, or less, likely to report adverse childhood experiences.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, these childhood exposures include emotionally sensitive topics such as family alcoholism 29,30 and sexual abuse.64”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Zeitlen, 1994, Children with alcohol misusing parents, Br Med Bull source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Dore, 1995, Identifying substance abuse in maltreating families, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked yetcites [64] Tabachnick, 1997, Perceptions of child sexual abuse as a public health problem. Vermont, September 1995, Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, disease conditions could be either over-or under-reported by patients when they complete the medical questionnaire.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relationship between childhood experiences and adult health status is likely to be overlooked in medical practice because the time delay between exposure during childhood and recognition of health problems in adult medical practice is lengthy.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data about adverse childhood experiences are based on self-report, retrospective, and can only demonstrate associations between childhood exposures and health risk behaviors, health status, and diseases in adulthood.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, smoking, which is medically and socially viewed as a “problem” may, from the perspective of the user, represent an effective immediate solution that leads to chronic use.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Although articles in the general medical literature are alerting the medical community to the fact that childhood abuse is common, 59 adolescent health care is often inadequate in terms of psychosocial assessment and anticipatory guidance.60”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] MacMillan, 1997, Prevalence of child physical and sexual abuse in the community. Results from the Ontario Health Supplement, JAMA source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Logistic regression analysis was employed to adjust for the potential confounding effects of age, sex, race, and educational attainment on the relationship between the number of childhood exposures and health problems.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Statistical Analysis
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Conditions such as drug abuse, spousal violence, and criminal activity in the household may co-occur with specific forms of abuse that involve children.
“Conditions such as drug abuse, spousal violence, and criminal activity in the household may co-occur with specific forms of abuse that involve children.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The number of categories of adverse childhood exposure is a valid cumulative measure of adversity.
“Number of categories of adverse childhood exposure and the adjusted odds of risk factors including current smoking, severe obesity, physical inactivity, depressed mood, and suicide attempt”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) were documented at baseline using the 10-item ACE Study questionnaire to measure childhood trauma, and were grouped as either “0–3” or “4+” due to the high rate of chronic health problems among individuals with scores of 4 or more 37.”
From Effects of a trauma-informed mindful recovery program on comorbid pain, anxiety, and substance use during primary care buprenorphine treatment: A proof-of-concept study (2023) · cites this paper as [37]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Both exposure to IPV and parental separation or divorce are two adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) that are linked in a dose–response relationship to adverse health consequences through the lifespan (Felitti et al., 1998).”
From Post‐separation abuse: A concept analysis (2023) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“There is a strong, graded link between exposure to childhood adversity and risk of negative health, social, and emotional outcomes, including several major categories of chronic disease, lung cancer, various autoimmune diseases, depression and other mental illnesses, and high-risk behaviors (e.g., Felitti et al., 1998).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“on average, the life span of individuals with six or more ACEs is 20 years shorter than that of those with zero ACEs (Felitti et al., 1998).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“while adults with ELS/CT experience could be at increased risk of disease with potentially immune origin (36, 53).”
From Developmental Trajectories of Early Life Stress and Trauma: A Narrative Review on Neurobiological Aspects Beyond Stress System Dysregulation (2019) · cites this paper as [53]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In one study of more than 9,500 adults, for example, exposure to multiple forms of early life stress was associated with a 4.6-fold increase in risk of being depressed over the past year (Felitti et al., 1998).”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Children enter foster care with a sum of adverse childhood experiences.55–57”
From Caregiving disruptions affect growth and pubertal development in early adolescence in institutionalized and fostered Romanian children: A randomized clinical trial (2018) · cites this paper as [55]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adverse childhood experiences, including growing up in a context of maternal substance use (74), predicts an earlier age of onset for alcohol (62, 75) and other drug use (76, 77), and increased odds for attempting suicide (78).”
From Mothering, Substance Use Disorders and Intergenerational Trauma Transmission: An Attachment-Based Perspective (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Outcomes associated with early adversity include higher risk of type 2 diabetes, obesity, ischemic heart disease, cancers, depression, addictions, and premature mortality, as well as social outcomes including unemployment and lower educational attainment [1–8].”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that adverse childhood experiences, namely exposures such as neglect, abuse, caregiver mental illness, and family or community violence, predict poorer long-term outcomes across health and social domains.”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Interest in metabolic embedding of ELA stems from epidemiological [1, 69] and clinical [70] studies linking ELA to obesity, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes, raising questions about possible causal pathways.”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adverse psychosocial exposures in early life, namely experiences such as child maltreatment, caregiver stress or depression, and domestic or community violence, have been associated in epidemiological studies with increased lifetime risk of adverse outcomes, including diabetes, heart disease, cancers, and psychiatric illnesses.”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In full, ELA-induced changes may mediate epidemiological links to key diseases, including, among others, obesity, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, asthma, thromboembolic events (myocardial infarction, stroke), cancer onset and progression, as well as addictions, psychopathology, and adverse social outcomes [1–6, 18].”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These frequencies are consistent with previous studies documenting elevated rates of childhood adversity among individuals with SUD [3, 5, 9].”
From The link of adverse childhood experiences and attachment to maladaptive personality traits in adults diagnosed with substance use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adverse childhood experiences are associated with many negative adult health and health care utilisation outcomes, including cardiovascular illness, depression, suicide attempts, unhealthy substance use, obesity, lung disease, liver disease, cancer and medically unexplained symptoms such as pain or gastrointestinal problems[1–6].”
From Health care utilisation changes among Alaska Native adults after participation in an indigenous community programme to address adverse life experiences: a propensity score-matched analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Dose-response relationships between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and multiple risk factors have been documented among AIANs and non-AIANs [51,70].”
From Substance and Behavioral Addictions among American Indian and Alaska Native Populations (2022) · cites this paper as [70]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Rather, the overwhelming majority of studies14 have employed an empirical specification similar to that which has predominated in the literature on childhood adversity, i.e., a sum score of exposures.15–18”
From Co-occurring epidemics, syndemics, and population health (2017) · cites this paper as [17]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Much research associates CT with adverse physical and mental health outcomes (1,2)”
From Impact of Childhood Trauma on Executive Function in Adolescence—Mediating Functional Brain Networks and Prediction of High-Risk Drinking (2020) · cites this paper as [1]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, there is commonly a dose-response relationship between the number of types of adversity associated and the magnitude of the risk for depression.4-11”
From Early life adversity and the epigenetic programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Similarly, the original ACE study [3] demonstrated that individuals exposed to multiple adverse experiences had a four- to twelve-fold increased risk for alcoholism, drug abuse, depression, and suicide attempts.”
From The link of adverse childhood experiences and attachment to maladaptive personality traits in adults diagnosed with substance use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Exposure to ELA is associated with a clustering of health risks, with increasing exposure related to an increasing number of HRBs.32”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [32]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Such an approach facilitates the synthesis of complex evidence for application, and is supported by observed dose–response effects linking cumulative early adversity to later outcomes [1, 3, 5], and by the “allostatic load” paradigm exploring pathogenic effects of cumulative all-cause stress [15].”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Dose-response relationship between number of adversities and health and social effects are observed in large epidemiological studies”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) considerably increase the likelihood of mental illness, health risk behaviors, and chronic physical illnesses.”
From The link of adverse childhood experiences and attachment to maladaptive personality traits in adults diagnosed with substance use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These findings are consistent with research that has supported the relationship between ACEs and further negative health consequences in the general population (Buckingham & Daniolos, 2013;Cicchetti & Handley, 2019;Felitti et al., 1998;Hughes et al., 2017).”
From Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and substance use disorder (SUD): A scoping review (2021) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“Also, adults who were abused as children have been shown to be at increased risk of disease with potential inflammatory origin (9, 10).”
From Childhood maltreatment predicts adult inflammation in a life-course study (2007) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Inflammation may be an important developmental mediator linking adverse experiences in early life to poor adult health.”
From Childhood maltreatment predicts adult inflammation in a life-course study (2007) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Given that the effect of stress often appears to be cumulative (2, 9, 19), we derived a cumulative exposure index for each child by counting the number of maltreatment experiences during the first decade of life (31);”
From Childhood maltreatment predicts adult inflammation in a life-course study (2007) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Childhood adversity has been repeatedly and robustly linked to physical and mental illness across the lifespan.”
From Developmental psychoneuroendocrine and psychoneuroimmune pathways from childhood adversity to disease (2017) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“The first study using the DAWBA-RAD section reported a very high RAD point-prevalence of 63.0% (96/153) in a sample of looked after youth in a variety of placement forms [29].”
From Mental disorders in foster children: a study of prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors (2013) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Compared to another study on RAD using DAWBA in high-risk foster youths [29], our estimate was quite moderate.”
From Mental disorders in foster children: a study of prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors (2013) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Victims of childhood physical or sexual abuse or parental neglect are at considerably greater risk for affective disorders.1-4”
From Early life adversity and the epigenetic programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Epidemiological studies provide compelling support for the association between cumulative, adverse childhood experiences and the risk for depression.4,5”
From Early life adversity and the epigenetic programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“In humans, various forms of ELA are associated with illicit drug use later in life [21,22,23].”
From Food Addiction and Psychosocial Adversity: Biological Embedding, Contextual Factors, and Public Health Implications (2020) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“In addition, there are established links between ELA and obesity [21,24], however, the exact mechanisms are not understood.”
From Food Addiction and Psychosocial Adversity: Biological Embedding, Contextual Factors, and Public Health Implications (2020) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“Strong links between ACEs and the initiation of opioid use have been described (72, 73).”
From A Biopsychosocial Overview of the Opioid Crisis: Considering Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Health (2019) · cites this paper as [72]
In the citing paper
“The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study from 1998 highlighted 5- to 10-fold increase in the risk of AUD and SUD following exposure to four or more ACEs in the first 18 years of life [112].”
From Separating the Signal from the Noise: How Psychiatric Diagnoses Can Help Discern Food Addiction from Dietary Restraint (2020) · cites this paper as [112]
In the citing paper
“Indeed, ELA is associated with a greater likelihood of smoking cigarettes,32,43,44 abusing alcohol and drugs,32,45–47 eating a poor diet,48 and being obese.32,49”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“ELA has also been associated with physical inactivity, which likely also contributes to the link between ELA and obesity.32”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“Research has consistently found that care leavers are more likely to have experienced high levels of adverse childhood experience (ACEs) and are at significantly greater risk for negative outcomes (Felitti et al., 1998; Simkiss, 2019).”
From The relationship between spirituality and resilience and well-being: a study of 529 care leavers from 11 nations. (2023) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“The documented risks of having care experience are substantial and varied (Berlin et al., 2011; Felitti et al., 1998; Simkiss, 2019).”
From The relationship between spirituality and resilience and well-being: a study of 529 care leavers from 11 nations. (2023) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“Early life physical and sexual abuse carry with it a life-long burden of behavioral and pathophysiological problems (Felitti et al., 1998; Heim and Nemeroff, 2001).”
From Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators (2008) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“There are enormous individual differences in the response to stress, based upon the experience of the individual early in life and in adult life.”
From Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain (2006) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“Early life physical and sexual abuse imposes a life- long burden of behavioral and pathophysiological problems.41,42”
From Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain (2006) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“Early-life events related to maternal care in animals, as well as parental care in humans, play a powerful role in later mental and physical health, as demonstrated by the adverse childhood experiences (ACE) studies”
From Neurobiological and Systemic Effects of Chronic Stress (2017) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“ACE have a disproportionately powerful effect on life long trajectories of health and disease, 68 and poverty contributes in its own way as well as creating circumstances for ACE, 114 which, however, occurs across all levels of socioeconomic status (SES).”
From Neurobiological and Systemic Effects of Chronic Stress (2017) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Boarding schools as a form of cultural genocide and source of historical trauma have had a variety of negative health impacts on Native people, such as high suicide rates, post-traumatic stress disorder, and other illnesses such as heart disease and diabetes that are connected to trauma (Brave Heart et al. 2011;Duran 2019;Felitti et al. 1998).”
From Archaeology and Social Justice in Native America (2022) · cites this paper as Felitti et al. 1998
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
“We found a graded relationship between the number of categories of childhood exposure and each of the adult health risk behaviors and diseases that were studied (P Ͻ .001).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Significance of Dose-Response Relationships
“There was no statistically significant dose-response relationship for a history of stroke or diabetes.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Exclusions from Analysis
“The mean age of the 8,506 persons included in this analysis was 56.1 years”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Exclusions from Analysis
“After these exclusions, 8,056 of the original 9,508 survey respondents (59.7% of the original sample of 13,494) remained and were included in the analysis.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
“a 1.4-to 1.6-fold increase in physical inactivity and severe obesity.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
“| | 4 or more | 523 | 26.6 | 1.3 | ( 1.1-1.6) |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Relationship between Childhood Exposures and Disease Conditions
“Similarly, the odds ratios for skeletal fractures, hepatitis or jaundice, and poor self-rated health were 1.6, 2.3, and 2.2, respectively (Table 8).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
“| | 4 or more | 543 | 10.7 | 2.4 | (1.8-3.3) |”
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Initial Implementation of the ARC Framework in Juvenile Justice Settings
Collin‐Vézina, D., McNamee, S., Brazeau, C., & Laurier, C. (2019) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2019.1583709 · Cited by 11
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“9 Adverse childhood experiences, which include exposure to IPV and child abuse, are associated with lifelong negative consequences, including physical and mental health issues, substance use, long-term chronic illness into adulthood and premature death.(10) A dose response is also evident, as the greater the exposure…”
BackgroundTraumatic Events Are Associated with Diverse Psychological Symptoms in Typically-Developing Children
Mills, M. S., Embury, C. M., Klanecky, A. K., Khanna, M. M., Calhoun, V. D., Stephen, J. M., Wang, Y., Wilson, T. W., & Badura-Brack, A. S. (2019) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-019-00284-y · Cited by 10
Childhood Polyvictimization and the Life Course: Associations With Depression and Crime
Carbonaro, R. (2019) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-18-00099 · Cited by 9
Stress resilience as a consequence of early-life adversity
Hartmann, J., & Schmidt, M. V. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813983-7.00011-2 · Cited by 13
Exposure to Discrimination and Sleep
Lewis, T. T., & McKinnon, I. I. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190930448.003.0011 · Cited by 14
The Relevance of Parental Adverse Childhood Experiences in Pediatric Practice
Dowd, M. D. (2019) · Pediatric Annals · doi:10.3928/19382359-20191118-03 · Cited by 10
Rawlins, B., Brooks, M., & Khan, R. (2020) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2020.1768532 · Cited by 12
Beach, S. R. H., Ong, M. L., Lei, M., Klopack, E. T., Carter, S. E., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., Lavner, J. A., Philibert, R. A., & Ye, K. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000061 · Cited by 9
Filion, F., Lachapelle, M., Gagné, L.-M., & Gagné, M. (2020) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-020-01138-y · Cited by 9
Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Call to Action in Pediatric Primary Care
Ghastine, L., Kerlek, A. J., & Kopechek, J. (2020) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-3327 · Cited by 9
Yoder, J. R., Brown, A., Grady, M. D., Dillard, R., & Kennedy, N. (2020) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x20952390 · Cited by 11
“One of the few studies on cumulative trauma examined multi-group differences between youth who commit sexual crimes, youth who commit non-sexual crimes, and adults who participated in the original ACEs study (see: Felitti et al., 1998) on additive exposures of ACEs (Levenson et al., 2017).”
BackgroundEaves, E. R., Camplain, R. L., Lininger, M. R., & Trotter, R. T. (2020) · International Journal of Prisoner Health · doi:10.1108/ijph-06-2020-0038 · Cited by 11
“To assess net effects of interactions between multiple adverse experiences during childhood and health outcomes throughout the lifecourse (Dube et al., 2003, Felitti et al., 1998), ACEs questions elicit self-reported adverse experiences and are often compiled into a cumulative ACEs score.”
BackgroundLannen, P., Sand, H., Sticca, F., Gallego, I. R., Bombach, C., Simoni, H., Wehrle, F. M., & Jenni, O. G. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.611691 · Cited by 10
Perceived Discrimination and Increased Odds of Unmet Medical Needs Among US Children
Liu, S. Y., Pabayo, R., & Muennig, P. A. (2021) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.1177/0020731421997087 · Cited by 9
“The “original” ACE items focused on childhood exposures that constituted abuse, household dysfunction, and neglect.(24)”
BackgroundTime, trauma, and the brain: How suicide came to have no significant precipitating event
Lloyd, S., & Larivée, A. (2020) · Science in Context · doi:10.1017/s0269889721000065 · Cited by 10
“…field of knowledge is attention to the putative role of early adversity on health and behavior, as demonstrated by foundational ACEs studies (e.g., Felitti et al. 1998) and the vast body of literature that followed (Anda et al. 2006; Briere and Elliott 2003; Dong et al. 2004; Dube et al. 2001;…”
BackgroundLee, W., Fang, S., Chen, Y., Liu, H., Huang, M., & McKetin, R. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107060 · Cited by 10
Introduction: Child Abuse and Neglect
Giardino, A. P., Lyn, M. A., & Giardino, E. R. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0702-8_1 · Cited by 16
“DiScala, Sege, Guohua, and Reece (2000) conducted a 10-year retrospective of medical records in the National Pediatric Trauma Registry (NPTR) from 1988 to 1997 that compared hospitalized, injured children younger than 5 years to determine differences between inflicted (n = 1,997) and accidental injuries (n = 16,831) (…”
BackgroundTraumatic Stress and Its Consequences
Green, B. L. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-306-47968-7_2 · Cited by 9
A New Twist on Old Questions: A Life Span Approach to the Trait Concept
Hampson, S. E., & Edmonds, G. W. (2017) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12304 · Cited by 13
Acknowledging Posttraumatic Stress Effects on Health
Seng, J. S. (2003) · Clinical Nurse Specialist · doi:10.1097/00002800-200301000-00018 · Cited by 9
Browning, C. R. (2002) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/s0049-089x(02)00019-4 · Cited by 9
Early Family Adversity and Cognitive Performance in Aging: A Lifespan Developmental Model
Luecken, L. J. (2006) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2006.25.1.33 · Cited by 9
Neither liberty nor safety: the impact of fear on individuals, institutions, and societies, part I
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A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective on Foster Care Research
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Gender Norms, Masculine Gender-Role Strain, and HIV Risk Behaviors Among Men in Rural South Africa
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Castillo, M. E. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3620635 · Cited by 10
Strengthening Family Relations? Review of the Families Matter Programme at Maghaberry Prison
Butler, M., Hayes, D., Devaney, J., et al. (2015) · Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) · Cited by 9
Improving education outcomes for students who have experienced trauma and/or adversity
Tanyu, M., Spier, E., Pulizzi, S., Rooney, M., Sorenson, I., & Fernandez, J. (2020) · OECD education working papers · doi:10.1787/54d45980-en · Cited by 14
Does Child Abuse Cause Crime?Preprint
Tekin, E., & Currie, J. (2006) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.895178 · Cited by 9
Khantzian, E. J. (2021) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.13111 · Cited by 9
Kuiper, R. M., Dusseldorp, E., & Vogels, A. G. C. (2010) · TNO Repository · Cited by 9
Adoption and child health and psychosocial well-being
McGinnis, H., & Wright, A. W. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818872-9.00115-1 · Cited by 11
Assessing the Validity of the Trauma Inventory for Partners of Sex Addicts (TIPSA)
Vogeler, H. A., Fischer, L., Bingham, J. L., Hansen, K. S. W., Heath, M. A., Jackson, A. P., & Skinner, K. B. (2020) · Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity · doi:10.1080/10720162.2020.1772158 · Cited by 8
“…childhood experiences (ACEs) utilizing a variety of questionnaires, and ultimately found that the higher an individual’s ACE score was, the higher their risk of later-life consequences, such as poor mental and physical health, and other social consequences (Felitti et al., 1998; Redding, n.1998d.).”
BackgroundMethodPeterson-Katz, K., Piccone, C., Tuzi, N., Kulkarni, C., & Reynolds, J. N. (2023) · Frontiers in Health Services · doi:10.3389/frhs.2023.1160217 · Cited by 8
“Well-trained early childhood practitioners have been found to have positive impact on child outcomes, such as school readiness (13), academic performance (2), and enriched cognitive and social-emotional development (14).”
BackgroundMultidimensional ADHD Symptom Profiles: Associations with Adverse Childhood Experiences
Rodriguez, V. J., Basurto, K. S., Finley, J.-C. A., Liu, Q., Khalid, E., Halliburton, A. M., Tse, P. K. Y., Resch, Z. J., Soble, J. R., & Ulrich, D. M. (2025) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acae050 · Cited by 8
Koning, S. M., Kessler, C. L., Canli, T., Duman, E. A., Adam, E. K., Zinbarg, R., Craske, M. G., Stephens, J. E., & Vrshek-Schallhorn, S. (2024) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107181 · Cited by 8
Kascakova, N., Furstova, J., Hasto, J., & Tavel, P. (2025) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2025.102982 · Cited by 8
“Felitti et al. (1998) introduced a 17 item ACE questionnaire measuring 10 distinct categories across seven broader domains including various forms of abuse and household dysfunction.”
Adverse Childhood Experiences in a Post-bariatric Surgery Psychiatric Inpatient Sample
Fink, K., & Ross, C. A. (2017) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-017-2767-6 · Cited by 8
Miller, J. S., Anderson, J. G., & Lindley, L. C. (2020) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/jcap.12273 · Cited by 8
Physical Versus Sexual Abuse as Reflected in Adolescents’ Self-Figure Drawings: A Preliminary Study
Lev‐Wiesel, R., Ramot, O., Niv, H., Daniel, E., Gosh, Y., Dahan, A., & Weinger, S. (2021) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2020.1856993 · Cited by 8
“Child abuse and neglect are international public health epidemics with devastating long-term consequences (Chen et al., 2010; Felitti et al., 1998; Hornor, 2013; Jackson et al., 2015; Lev-Wiesel & First, 2018; Salvagni & Wagner, 2006; Wilson, 2010).”
BackgroundAdverse childhood experiences, mental health, and relationship satisfaction in military couples.
Khalifian, C. E., Bosch, J. O., Knopp, K. C., et al. (2022) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000952 · Cited by 8
Sperlich, M. I., & Kabilamany, P. (2022) · Journal of Midwifery & Women s Health · doi:10.1111/jmwh.13380 · Cited by 10
Kemmis-Riggs, J., Dickes, A., Rogers, K. D., Berle, D., & McAloon, J. (2022) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-022-01379-8 · Cited by 8
“Children who grow up with abuse, severe neglect and extreme distress are at greater risk of poor physical and mental health [e.g., 2, 3], greater difficulties in parenting behaviours [4–6], and continuity of maltreatment [7–9].”
BackgroundChen, Y., Wang, Z., Zheng, X., Wu, Z., & Zhu, J. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0270709 · Cited by 9
Parker, H., Carlton, E. W., Harris, S., & Daniels, J. (2022) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465822000352 · Cited by 11
“The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Questionnaire (Felitti et al., 1998) asks participants to indicate frequency of adverse childhood experiences, such as growing up in a household which featured domestic abuse, alcohol abuse or mental health problems, and was used in the present study as a…”
MethodInfluentialMcKenna, B. G., Choi, J., Brennan, P. A., Knight, A. K., Smith, A. K., Pilkay, S. R., Corwin, E. J., & Dunlop, A. L. (2022) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-022-00981-7 · Cited by 8
“Childhood Household Dysfunction Maternal experiences of household dysfunction during childhood (i.e., from birth to age 18) were measured using a shortened form of the Adverse Childhood Experiences questionnaire (ACEs; Felitti et al., 1998), which eliminates items that overlap with the CTQ.”
MethodChildhood Maltreatment and Arterial Stiffness Among Midlife Women
Carson, M. Y., Barinas‐Mitchell, E., Maki, P. M., & Thurston, R. C. (2022) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.122.026081 · Cited by 8
Lampe, A., Nolte, T., Schmid, M., Kampling, H., Kruse, J., Grote, V., Fischer, M. J., & Riedl, D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192315986 · Cited by 8
“Some studies show that the cumulative effect of these physiological alterations and increased health-compromising behavior leads to a higher risk for impaired physical health in adulthood as well as an increased mortality in later life [1,3,54].”
Examining the Role of Low Self-Control and Psychopathy in Explaining Poly-Victimization
Kulig, T. C., Armstrong, T. A., Krushas, A. E., Boisvert, D. L., Wells, J., & Lewis, R. H. (2022) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564886.2022.2153955 · Cited by 8
“More specifically, childhood abuse, neglect, and family dysfunction have been associated with various adverse outcomes, including substance use, mental health impairments, and health issues (e.g., Felitti et al., 1998; Ports et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethodMorse, J. L., Afari, N., Norman, S. B., et al. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.01.039 · Cited by 8
School connectedness and substance use among early adolescents with diverse maltreatment histories
Manning, M. C., Modrowski, C. A., Aldrich, D. P., & Rizzo, C. J. (2023) · Journal of Family Trauma Child Custody & Child Development · doi:10.1080/26904586.2023.2177232 · Cited by 10
Rahman, T., Rogers, C. J., Albers, L. D., Forster, M., & Unger, J. B. (2023) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2023.2184762 · Cited by 8
“…can explain these results; individuals experiencing these forms of abuse are more likely to have PTSD, major depression, and substance use disorders, all of which can lead to unhealthy ways of coping with the consequential distress associated with ACE (Brown et al., 2016; Felitti et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMethodPrioreschi, A., Pearson, R. M., Richter, L., Bennin, F., Theunissen, H., Cantrell, S. J., Maduna, D. N., Lawlor, D. A., & Norris, S. A. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064976 · Cited by 7
Gladieux, M., Gimness, N., Rodriguez, B., & Liu, J. (2023) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics11030259 · Cited by 9
“ACEs are designated into three categories: abuse (emotional, physical, and sexual abuse), household challenges (exposure to parental violence, household substance abuse, mental illness, parental separation, and household members who have gone to prison), and physical or emotional neglect [9].”
BackgroundCulturally Responsive and Indigenous Language Strategies: Findings From a Scoping Review
Guiberson, M., & Vining, C. B. (2023) · Communication Disorders Quarterly · doi:10.1177/15257401231155812 · Cited by 8
Exploring School Professionals’ Definitions of Childhood Trauma
Ferrara, A. M., Panlilio, C. C., & Tirrell-Corbin, C. (2023) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-023-00550-0 · Cited by 8
“Other participants referenced the Adverse Childhood Experiences study (Felitti et al., 1998), with phrases like “A child or parent’s ACE score” or “Anything from the ACE.””
BackgroundTrauma-Informed Educational Practices within the Undergraduate Nursing Classroom: A Pilot Study
Mayer, K. A., Rothacker-Peyton, S., & Wilson-Anderson, K. (2023) · Trauma Care · doi:10.3390/traumacare3030012 · Cited by 9
Truhan, T. E., Sedikides, C., Armour, C., & Papageorgiou, K. Α. (2023) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12223 · Cited by 9
“Q; Felitti et al., 1998), a 10 ‐ item checklist that identi fi es experiences of abuse and neglect before age 18 years.”
BackgroundThe Effect of Maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) on Substance Use During Pregnancy
Duka, S., Rahman, S., Hansen, S. E., & Esernio-Jenssen, D. D. (2023) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-023-03768-4 · Cited by 10
“…childhood experiences (ACEs) have been shown to affect health throughout a person’s lifetime and the more events experienced increases one’s risk of poor health out‑ comes in what is referred to as a dose–response relationship (Felitti et al., 1998; Shonkoff et al., 2012; Smith et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBrown, L. L., Perkins, J. M., Shepherd, B. E., Ramasamy, S., Wilkins, M. L., Osman, A., Turner, M. M., Link, T., Edgerton, R. D., Suiter, S. V., et al. (2023) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-023-04174-1 · Cited by 9
Guerrero, K. S., Horton, M. K., Choudhary, V., Bellesis, K. H., Dorin, P., Mei, J., Chinn, T., Meyers, T. J., Schaefer, C. A., & Barcellos, L. F. (2023) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental Translational and Clinical · doi:10.1177/20552173231202638 · Cited by 8
“8,10,11,16 These fi ndings are striking given their consistency across KPNC MSRP studies, even when considering different ACE assessments, exposure windows, and possible cultural norms surrounding experiencing ACEs and reporting of depression.”
BackgroundFischer, I. C., Schnurr, P. P., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2023) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22977 · Cited by 8
Craig, A., Mapanga, W., Mtintsilana, A., Dlamini, S. N., & Norris, S. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1217699 · Cited by 10
Meeting the moment: Trauma responsive teaching for student success
Miller, A. K., Yohn, H., & Trochmann, M. B. (2023) · Journal of Public Affairs Education · doi:10.1080/15236803.2023.2263129 · Cited by 8
“Felitti et al. (1998) find a relationship between adverse childhood events – even those not at the clinical categorization of traumatic – with health, education, and other adult outcomes; these findings suggest that adults who may not have clinically traumatic experiences may still endure…”
Promoting optimal mental health outcomes for children and youth
Arruda, W., Bélanger, S. A., Cohen, J. S., Hrycko, S., Kawamura, A. A., Lane, M., Patriquin, M. J., & Korczak, D. J. (2023) · Paediatrics & Child Health · doi:10.1093/pch/pxad032 · Cited by 10
Grummitt, L. R., Kelly, E. V., Newton, N. C., Stapinski, L. A., Lawler, S., Prior, K., & Barrett, E. L. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106534 · Cited by 15
Lifetimes of Vulnerability: Childhood Adversity, Poor Adult Health, and the Criminal Legal System
Henderson, L. C. (2023) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/00221465231214830 · Cited by 8
“To capture the depth of experiences and the broader array of health consequences experienced by the people in the study, I use the term adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) (Felitti et al. 1998).”
InfluentialAdverse Childhood Experiences and Related Events are Associated with Asthma Symptoms in Children
Martinez, A., Ye, M., Hessler, D., de la Rosa, R., Benson, M., Gilgoff, R., Koita, K., Bucci, M., Harris, N. B., Long, D., et al. (2024) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2024.01.010 · Cited by 9
Borchers, L. R., Yuan, J. P., Leong, J. K., Jo, B., Chahal, R., Ryu, J., Nam, A., Coury, S. M., & Gotlib, I. H. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.01.011 · Cited by 9
Tan, H., Zhou, H., Chen, J., Ren, H., Guo, Y., & Jiang, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1341266 · Cited by 11
Sanders, J. E. (2024) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x231226396 · Cited by 10
“Specific forms of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) were identified in the 1990s as negatively impacting long-term health (Felitti et al., 1998).”
BackgroundBerthold, O., Fegert, J. M., Brähler, E., Jud, A., & Clemens, V. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106660 · Cited by 8
Attachment Theory and Sexual Offending: Making the Connection
Grady, M. D., & Yoder, J. R. (2024) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-024-01488-2 · Cited by 8
“These individuals, and specifically youth, have also been found to have more cumulative trauma exposures [48, 62, 63], which may compound the effects of trauma across the lifespan, leading to more significant deficits and subsequent risk factors.”
The contextual interview: a cross-cutting patient-interviewing approach for social context
Cahill, A., Martin, M. P., Beachy, B. R., Bauman, D. E., & Howard-Young, J. (2024) · Medical Education Online · doi:10.1080/10872981.2023.2295049 · Cited by 10
“The ACCESS-V mnemonic covers well-established and deeply researched social health factors such as exposures to adverse childhood events (ACEs) [35]; cultural considerations [36]; internal events related to health and wellbeing (i.e., thoughts, emotions, associations, memories, physical sensations)…”
BackgroundMohazzab-Hosseinian, S., Garcia, E., Wiemels, J. L., Marconett, C. N., Corona, K., Howe, C. G., Foley, H. B., Lerner, D., Lurvey, N., Farzan, S., et al. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-02747-9 · Cited by 12
Frearson, A., & Duncan, M. (2024) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-024-00614-9 · Cited by 5
“A graded association has been found between the number of exposures to childhood trauma and increased risk-taking behaviours in adults such as: smoking, alcoholism, drug abuse, promiscuity, depression and severe obesity (Binder, 2009; Felitti et al., 1998).”
BackgroundKing, W. M., Fleischer, N. L., Operario, D., Chatters, L. M., & Gamarel, K. E. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106654 · Cited by 8
Davis, P. A., Hubbard, D., Gladdis, T., Nitkin, C. R., Hansen, K., Keith-Chancy, E., Godwin, J., Staggs, V. S., Babbar, S., Hardy, M. W., et al. (2024) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/s41372-024-01897-4 · Cited by 8
“For infants and young children, the environment of abuse or neglect and the impact of trauma-related events on their parents/guardians are known to negatively impact neurodevelopment and health equity [3, 7 – 11].”
Residential care worker perceptions on the implementation of trauma-informed practice
Vamvakos, C., & Berger, E. (2024) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107513 · Cited by 9
Alcaraz, M., Pierce, H., Eggum, N. D., Nuño-Gutiérrez, B., & Ghimire, D. J. (2024) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106756 · Cited by 9
Wilson, S. E., Garcia, K., Fava, N. M., & Leeman, R. F. (2024) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-024-00552-4 · Cited by 8
“Common examples of these types of events include abuse and neglect, severe accidents and injuries, bullying and discrimination, and domestic and community violence [18, 19].”
Obus, E. A., Pequet, A., Cristian, C. R., Garfinkle, A., Pinto, C. A., & Gray, S. A. O. (2024) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107604 · Cited by 12
Kalgal Burnbona: An Integrated Model of Care Between the Health and Education Sector
Rungan, S., Liu, H. M., Smith‐Merry, J., & Eastwood, J. G. (2024) · International Journal of Integrated Care · doi:10.5334/ijic.7745 · Cited by 8
Merkel, E. C., Vandeleur, D. M., Cheng, X., Littman, A. J., & Baker, K. S. (2024) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-024-01603-5 · Cited by 8
“Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood and include exposure to emotional, physical, or sexual abuse and household dysfunction during childhood [10, 11].”
Child Behavior Problems and Maltreatment Exposure
Olson, A. E., Felt, J. M., Dunning, E. D., Zhang, Z. Z., Lombera, M. A., Moeckel, C. M., Mustafa, M. U., Allen, B., Frasier, L. D., & Shenk, C. E. (2024) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2023-064625 · Cited by 8
Toward a definition of Attachment Trauma: integrating attachment and trauma studies
Zagaria, A., Baggio, T., Rodella, L., & Leto, K. (2024) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100416 · Cited by 23
Parental Legal System Involvement, Positive Childhood Experiences, and Suicide Risk
Bravo, L., Meza, J. I., Schiff, S. J., Ahmed, C. V., Elliot, T., Charite, J. L., & Choi, K. R. (2024) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2023-062566 · Cited by 11
Wang, H., Xu, P., & Jiang, Y. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14070517 · Cited by 8
“Understanding the causes and predictive factors of aggressive behavior, as well as implementing effective intervention measures, are essential in reducing teenage aggression, maintaining social safety, and promoting healthy individual development.”
BackgroundBasting, E. J., Medenblik, A. M., Eberwein, J. D., Garner, A. R., Shorey, R. C., & Stuart, G. L. (2024) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.23079 · Cited by 8
Sand, H., Sticca, F., Wehrle, F. M., Eichelberger, D. A., Simoni, H., Jenni, O. G., & Lannen, P. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106917 · Cited by 10
“…have shown that ACEs can have long-term negative effects on physical and mental health, limit overall life opportunities such as education, employment, and income, and are a risk factor for premature death (Brown et al., 2009; Felitti et al., 1998; Hughes et al., 2017; Metzler et al., 2017).”
Turgeon, J., Racine, N. M., McDonald, S., Tough, S., & Madigan, S. L. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106927 · Cited by 12
Choi, K. R., Bravo, L., Charite, J. L., Cardona, E., Elliott, T., James, K. F., Wisk, L. E., Dunn, E. C., & Saadi, A. (2024) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2024.07.006 · Cited by 10
Heshmati, R., Abbasoghli, P. H., Pour, N. S. Y., & Habibi, M. (2024) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe14070137 · Cited by 11
“These events include a wide spectrum of traumas, such as physical and emotional neglect, various types of abuse (physical, sexual, and emotional), witnessing domestic violence, mental health issues, family incarceration, parental separation, and substance abuse [14,15].”
BackgroundButler, D., O’Donovan, D. T., Johnston, J. L., & Hart, N. D. (2024) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp.2024.0167 · Cited by 9
Türkmen, C., Tan, H., Gerhardt, S., Bougelet, E., Bernardo, M., Machunze, N., Grauduszus, Y., Sicorello, M., Demirakça, T., Kiefer, F., et al. (2024) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13438 · Cited by 9
Swedo, E. A., Anderson, K. N., Okwori, G., DePadilla, L. M., Clayton, H. B., Villaveces, A., Ray, C. M., Niolon, P. H., & Massetti, G. M. (2024) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.07.030 · Cited by 8
Stefanovics, E. A., Potenza, M. N., Tsai, J., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2024) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-024-10359-7 · Cited by 8
“Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) were assessed using a 10-item self-report measure that queried exposure to ACEs involving abuse, neglect, family member mental illness, and loss of a parent that occurred before the age of 18 (Felitti et al., 1998).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S.
- Affiliations
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Emory University (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Felitti, Vincent J
- Venue
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-05
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 245-258
- ISSN
- 0749-3797 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2116839388
- Cited by
- 18,943
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1615 · 2025: 1790 · 2024: 1720 · 2023: 1711 · 2022: 1648 · 2021: 1720 · 2020: 1565 · 2019: 1232 · 2018: 963 · 2017: 825 · 2016: 666 · 2015: 573 · 2014: 446 · 2013: 413 · 2012: 340
- FWCI
- 57.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (TS-44-10/12)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Keywords
- adverse childhood experiences, childhood abuse, household dysfunction, childhood emotional abuse, child physical abuse, child sexual abuse, alcoholism, drug abuse, depression, suicide attempts, smoking, sexually transmitted infections, obesity, physical inactivity, ischemic heart disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, liver disease, cumulative exposure, leading causes of death
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, California, Cause of Death, Child, Child Abuse, Family, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Social Problems, Violence, Health Behavior, Logistic Models, Child of Impaired Parents, Domestic Violence
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