The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 93 of the 97 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 49 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults
Open accessAbstract
Background The relationship of health risk behavior and disease in adulthood to the breadth of exposure to childhood emotional, physical, or sexual abuse, and household dysfunction during childhood has not previously been described. Methods A questionnaire about adverse childhood experiences was mailed to 13,494 adults who had completed a standardized medical evaluation at a large HMO; 9,508 (70.5%) responded. Seven categories of adverse childhood experiences were studied: psychological, physical, or sexual abuse; violence against mother; or living with household members who were substance abusers, mentally ill or suicidal, or ever imprisoned. The number of categories of these adverse childhood experiences was then compared to measures of adult risk behavior, health status, and disease. Logistic regression was used to adjust for effects of demographic factors on the association between the cumulative number of categories of childhood exposures (range: 0-7) and risk factors for the leading causes of death in adult life. Results More than half of respondents reported at least one, and one-fourth reported > or = 2 categories of childhood exposures. We found a graded relationship between the number of categories of childhood exposure and each of the adult health risk behaviors and diseases that were studied (P or = 50 sexual intercourse partners, and sexually transmitted disease; and 1.4- to 1.6-fold increase in physical inactivity and severe obesity. The number of categories of…
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Claims the paper makes
50 Own result · 12 No full text of the sources · 12 Own interpretation · 10 Own method · 5 Not checked yet · 1 Partly supported · 1 Sources not found · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“Longitudinal follow-up of adults whose childhood abuse was well documented has shown that their retrospective reports of childhood abuse are likely to under-estimate actual occurrence.47,48”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [47] Femina, 1990, Child abuse, Child Abuse Negl sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that eight adults with well-documented abuse in their adolescent records denied it at follow-up, and the Discussion says retrospective inaccuracies in this sample were in the direction of under-reporting. The paper limits that finding to a small sample of former delinquents and says its generalizability is uncertain; the claim does not retain that population qualifier. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] Williams, 1995, Recovered memories of abuse in women with documented child sexual victimization histories, J Traumatic Stress source
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More than half of respondents reported at least one, and one-fourth reported Ն2 categories of childhood exposures.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There was no statistically significant dose-response relationship for a history of stroke or diabetes.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Significance of Dose-Response Relationships
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“we found a strong, dose-response relationship between the number of childhood exposures and each of the 10 risk factors for the leading causes of death that we studied (P Ͻ .001).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Significance of Dose-Response Relationships
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The seven categories of adverse childhood experiences were strongly interrelated and persons with multiple categories of childhood exposure were likely to have multiple health risk factors later in life.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“More than half of respondents reported at least one, and one-fourth reported Ն2 categories of childhood exposures.”
- Also stated in: § Adverse Childhood Exposures · plain
“More than half of respondents (52%) experienced Ն1 category of adverse childhood exposure; 6.2% reported Ն4 exposures.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Adverse Childhood Exposures · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and a 1.4-to 1.6-fold increase in physical inactivity and severe obesity.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The seven categories of adverse childhood experiences were strongly interrelated and persons with multiple categories of childhood exposure were likely to have multiple health risk factors later in life.”
- Also stated in: § Relationships between Categories of Childhood Exposure · plain
“The relationship between single categories of exposure was significant for all comparisons (P Ͻ .001;chi-square).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Relationships between Categories of Childhood Exposure · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of categories of adverse childhood exposures showed a graded relationship to the presence of adult diseases including ischemic heart disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, skeletal fractures, and liver disease.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Disease conditions including ischemic heart disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, skeletal fractures, and liver disease, as well as poor self-rated health also showed a graded relationship to the breadth of childhood exposures.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also found a significant (P Ͻ .05)dose-response relationship between the number of childhood exposures and the following disease conditions: ischemic heart disease, cancer, chronic bronchitis or emphysema, history of hepatitis or jaundice, skeletal fractures, and poor self-rated health.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Significance of Dose-Response Relationships
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a 2-to 4-fold increase in smoking, poor self-rated health, Ն50 sexual intercourse partners, and sexually transmitted disease;”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For example, among persons with no childhood exposures, 56% had none of the 10 risk factors whereas only 14% of persons with Ն4 categories of childhood exposure had no risk factors.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Childhood Exposures and Clustering of Health Risk Factors
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most prevalent of the 7 categories of childhood exposure was substance abuse in the household (25.6%); the least prevalent exposure category was evidence of criminal behavior in the household (3.4%).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Adverse Childhood Exposures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, only 1% of persons with no childhood exposures had four or more risk factors, whereas 7% of persons with Ն4 childhood exposures had four or more risk factors (Table 6).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Childhood Exposures and Clustering of Health Risk Factors
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Mental illness | | 18.8 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“| Ն65 | 2,610 | 60.0 | 24.5 | 8.9 | 4.2 | 2.4 |”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“| 19-34 | 807 | 35.4 | 25.4 | 17.2 | 11.0 | 10.9 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Psychological | | 11.1 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Mother treated violently | | 12.5 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 0 | 3,861 | 56 | 29 | 10 | 4 | 1 |”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“| Ն4 | 545 | 14 | 26 | 28 | 17 | 7 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The number of categories of adverse childhood exposure is a valid cumulative measure of adversity.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the odds ratios for skeletal fractures, hepatitis or jaundice, and poor self-rated health were 1.6, 2.3, and 2.2, respectively (Table 8).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Relationship between Childhood Exposures and Disease Conditions
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Substance abuse | | 25.6 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relationship between single categories of exposure was significant for all comparisons (P Ͻ .001;chi-square).For persons reporting any single category of exposure, the probability of exposure to any additional category ranged from 65%-93% (median: 80%); similarly, the probability of Ն2 additional exposures ranged from 40%-74% (median: 54.5%).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Relationships between Categories of Childhood Exposure
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because adverse childhood experiences are common and they have strong long-term associations with adult health risk behaviors, health status, and diseases, increased attention to primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies is needed.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondent (n ϭ 9,508) and nonrespondent (n ϭ 3,986) groups were similar in their percentages of women (53.7% and 51.0%, respectively) and in their mean years of education (14.0 years and 13.6 years, respectively).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Comparison of Respondents and Nonrespondents
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After second mailings of the questionnaire to persons who did not respond to the first mailing, the response rate for the survey was 70.5% (9,508/13,494).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Survey Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Respondents were slightly more likely to answer affirmatively than nonrespondents (6.1% vs. 5.4%, respectively).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Comparison of Respondents and Nonrespondents
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without measuring these household factors as well, long-term influence might be wrongly attributed solely to single types of abuse and the cumulative influence of multiple categories of adverse childhood experiences would not be assessed.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Conditions such as drug abuse, spousal violence, and criminal activity in the household may co-occur with specific forms of abuse that involve children.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We used questions from published surveys to construct the ACE Study questionnaire.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Questionnaire Design
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] Straus, 1990 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] Wyatt, 1985, The sexual abuse of Afro-American and White-American women in childhood, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked yetcites [41] National Center for Health Statistics. Exposure to alcoholism in the family: United States, 1988. Advance Data, No. 205. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC; September 30, 1991.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondents were older than nonrespondents (means 56.1 years and 49.3 years) and more likely to be white (83.9% vs. 75.3%)although the actual magnitude of the differences was small.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Comparison of Respondents and Nonrespondents
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Studies of the long-term effects of childhood abuse have usually examined single types of abuse, particularly sexual abuse, and few have assessed the impact of more than one type of abuse.5,24 -28”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] McCauley, 1997, Clinical characteristics of women with a history of childhood abuse, JAMA source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Briere, 1988, Multivariate correlates of childhood psychological and physical maltreatment among university women, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Briere, 1990, Differential adult symptomatology associated with three types of child abuse histories, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Claussen, 1991, Physical and psychological maltreatment, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Moeller, 1993, The combined effects of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse during childhood, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] Bryant, 1995, Suicidality in college women who were sexually and physically punished by parents, Violence Vict source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondents and nonrespondents did not differ with regard to their self-rated health, smoking, other substance abuse, or the presence of common medical conditions such as a history of heart attack or stroke, chronic obstructive lung disease, hypertension, or diabetes, or with regard to marital status or current family, marital, or job-related problems (data not shown).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Comparison of Respondents and Nonrespondents
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For example, the American Medical Association recommends screening of women for exposure to violence at every entrance to the health system; 66 however, such screening appears to be rare.67”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] 1992, American Medical Association Diagnostic and Treatment Guidelines on Domestic Violence, Arch Fam Med
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, there may be mediators of the relationship between childhood experiences and adult health status other than the risk factors we examined.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“High levels of exposure to adverse childhood experiences would expectedly produce anxiety, anger, and depression in children.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although articles in the general medical literature are alerting the medical community to the fact that childhood abuse is common, 59 adolescent health care is often inadequate in terms of psychosocial assessment and anticipatory guidance.60”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] Rixey, 1994, Family violence and the adolescent, Maryland Med J
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“For example, nicotine is recognized as having beneficial psychoactive effects in terms of regulating affect 49 and persons who are depressed are more likely to smoke.50,51”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] Carmody, 1989, Affect regulation, nicotine addiction, and smoking cessation, J Psychoactive Drugs source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] Anda, 1990, Depression and the dynamics of smoking. A national perspective, JAMA source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Glassman, 1990, Smoking, smoking cessation, and major depression, JAMA source
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To the degree that behaviors such as smoking, alcohol, or drug use are found to be effective as coping devices, they would tend to be used chronically.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Many physicians may fear that discussions of sexual violence and other sensitive issues are too personal even for the doctor-patient relationship.65”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [65] Sugg, 1992, Primary care physicians’ response to domestic violence. Opening Pandora’s box, JAMA source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“because it is strongly predictive of mortality.45”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > 3.4 Any category reported 52.1%
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Idler, 1990, Self-rated health and mortality in the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, Am J Pub Health source
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, some persons with health risk behaviors or diseases may have been either more, or less, likely to report adverse childhood experiences.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, these childhood exposures include emotionally sensitive topics such as family alcoholism 29,30 and sexual abuse.64”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Zeitlen, 1994, Children with alcohol misusing parents, Br Med Bull source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Dore, 1995, Identifying substance abuse in maltreating families, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked yetcites [64] Tabachnick, 1997, Perceptions of child sexual abuse as a public health problem. Vermont, September 1995, Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, disease conditions could be either over-or under-reported by patients when they complete the medical questionnaire.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relationship between childhood experiences and adult health status is likely to be overlooked in medical practice because the time delay between exposure during childhood and recognition of health problems in adult medical practice is lengthy.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data about adverse childhood experiences are based on self-report, retrospective, and can only demonstrate associations between childhood exposures and health risk behaviors, health status, and diseases in adulthood.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, smoking, which is medically and socially viewed as a “problem” may, from the perspective of the user, represent an effective immediate solution that leads to chronic use.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Although articles in the general medical literature are alerting the medical community to the fact that childhood abuse is common, 59 adolescent health care is often inadequate in terms of psychosocial assessment and anticipatory guidance.60”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] MacMillan, 1997, Prevalence of child physical and sexual abuse in the community. Results from the Ontario Health Supplement, JAMA source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Logistic regression analysis was employed to adjust for the potential confounding effects of age, sex, race, and educational attainment on the relationship between the number of childhood exposures and health problems.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Statistical Analysis
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Conditions such as drug abuse, spousal violence, and criminal activity in the household may co-occur with specific forms of abuse that involve children.
“Conditions such as drug abuse, spousal violence, and criminal activity in the household may co-occur with specific forms of abuse that involve children.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The number of categories of adverse childhood exposure is a valid cumulative measure of adversity.
“Number of categories of adverse childhood exposure and the adjusted odds of risk factors including current smoking, severe obesity, physical inactivity, depressed mood, and suicide attempt”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) were documented at baseline using the 10-item ACE Study questionnaire to measure childhood trauma, and were grouped as either “0–3” or “4+” due to the high rate of chronic health problems among individuals with scores of 4 or more 37.”
From Effects of a trauma-informed mindful recovery program on comorbid pain, anxiety, and substance use during primary care buprenorphine treatment: A proof-of-concept study (2023) · cites this paper as [37]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Both exposure to IPV and parental separation or divorce are two adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) that are linked in a dose–response relationship to adverse health consequences through the lifespan (Felitti et al., 1998).”
From Post‐separation abuse: A concept analysis (2023) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“There is a strong, graded link between exposure to childhood adversity and risk of negative health, social, and emotional outcomes, including several major categories of chronic disease, lung cancer, various autoimmune diseases, depression and other mental illnesses, and high-risk behaviors (e.g., Felitti et al., 1998).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“on average, the life span of individuals with six or more ACEs is 20 years shorter than that of those with zero ACEs (Felitti et al., 1998).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“while adults with ELS/CT experience could be at increased risk of disease with potentially immune origin (36, 53).”
From Developmental Trajectories of Early Life Stress and Trauma: A Narrative Review on Neurobiological Aspects Beyond Stress System Dysregulation (2019) · cites this paper as [53]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In one study of more than 9,500 adults, for example, exposure to multiple forms of early life stress was associated with a 4.6-fold increase in risk of being depressed over the past year (Felitti et al., 1998).”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Children enter foster care with a sum of adverse childhood experiences.55–57”
From Caregiving disruptions affect growth and pubertal development in early adolescence in institutionalized and fostered Romanian children: A randomized clinical trial (2018) · cites this paper as [55]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adverse childhood experiences, including growing up in a context of maternal substance use (74), predicts an earlier age of onset for alcohol (62, 75) and other drug use (76, 77), and increased odds for attempting suicide (78).”
From Mothering, Substance Use Disorders and Intergenerational Trauma Transmission: An Attachment-Based Perspective (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Outcomes associated with early adversity include higher risk of type 2 diabetes, obesity, ischemic heart disease, cancers, depression, addictions, and premature mortality, as well as social outcomes including unemployment and lower educational attainment [1–8].”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that adverse childhood experiences, namely exposures such as neglect, abuse, caregiver mental illness, and family or community violence, predict poorer long-term outcomes across health and social domains.”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Interest in metabolic embedding of ELA stems from epidemiological [1, 69] and clinical [70] studies linking ELA to obesity, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes, raising questions about possible causal pathways.”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adverse psychosocial exposures in early life, namely experiences such as child maltreatment, caregiver stress or depression, and domestic or community violence, have been associated in epidemiological studies with increased lifetime risk of adverse outcomes, including diabetes, heart disease, cancers, and psychiatric illnesses.”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In full, ELA-induced changes may mediate epidemiological links to key diseases, including, among others, obesity, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, asthma, thromboembolic events (myocardial infarction, stroke), cancer onset and progression, as well as addictions, psychopathology, and adverse social outcomes [1–6, 18].”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These frequencies are consistent with previous studies documenting elevated rates of childhood adversity among individuals with SUD [3, 5, 9].”
From The link of adverse childhood experiences and attachment to maladaptive personality traits in adults diagnosed with substance use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adverse childhood experiences are associated with many negative adult health and health care utilisation outcomes, including cardiovascular illness, depression, suicide attempts, unhealthy substance use, obesity, lung disease, liver disease, cancer and medically unexplained symptoms such as pain or gastrointestinal problems[1–6].”
From Health care utilisation changes among Alaska Native adults after participation in an indigenous community programme to address adverse life experiences: a propensity score-matched analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Dose-response relationships between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and multiple risk factors have been documented among AIANs and non-AIANs [51,70].”
From Substance and Behavioral Addictions among American Indian and Alaska Native Populations (2022) · cites this paper as [70]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Rather, the overwhelming majority of studies14 have employed an empirical specification similar to that which has predominated in the literature on childhood adversity, i.e., a sum score of exposures.15–18”
From Co-occurring epidemics, syndemics, and population health (2017) · cites this paper as [17]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Much research associates CT with adverse physical and mental health outcomes (1,2)”
From Impact of Childhood Trauma on Executive Function in Adolescence—Mediating Functional Brain Networks and Prediction of High-Risk Drinking (2020) · cites this paper as [1]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, there is commonly a dose-response relationship between the number of types of adversity associated and the magnitude of the risk for depression.4-11”
From Early life adversity and the epigenetic programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Similarly, the original ACE study [3] demonstrated that individuals exposed to multiple adverse experiences had a four- to twelve-fold increased risk for alcoholism, drug abuse, depression, and suicide attempts.”
From The link of adverse childhood experiences and attachment to maladaptive personality traits in adults diagnosed with substance use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Exposure to ELA is associated with a clustering of health risks, with increasing exposure related to an increasing number of HRBs.32”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [32]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Such an approach facilitates the synthesis of complex evidence for application, and is supported by observed dose–response effects linking cumulative early adversity to later outcomes [1, 3, 5], and by the “allostatic load” paradigm exploring pathogenic effects of cumulative all-cause stress [15].”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Dose-response relationship between number of adversities and health and social effects are observed in large epidemiological studies”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) considerably increase the likelihood of mental illness, health risk behaviors, and chronic physical illnesses.”
From The link of adverse childhood experiences and attachment to maladaptive personality traits in adults diagnosed with substance use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These findings are consistent with research that has supported the relationship between ACEs and further negative health consequences in the general population (Buckingham & Daniolos, 2013;Cicchetti & Handley, 2019;Felitti et al., 1998;Hughes et al., 2017).”
From Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and substance use disorder (SUD): A scoping review (2021) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“Also, adults who were abused as children have been shown to be at increased risk of disease with potential inflammatory origin (9, 10).”
From Childhood maltreatment predicts adult inflammation in a life-course study (2007) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Inflammation may be an important developmental mediator linking adverse experiences in early life to poor adult health.”
From Childhood maltreatment predicts adult inflammation in a life-course study (2007) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Given that the effect of stress often appears to be cumulative (2, 9, 19), we derived a cumulative exposure index for each child by counting the number of maltreatment experiences during the first decade of life (31);”
From Childhood maltreatment predicts adult inflammation in a life-course study (2007) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Childhood adversity has been repeatedly and robustly linked to physical and mental illness across the lifespan.”
From Developmental psychoneuroendocrine and psychoneuroimmune pathways from childhood adversity to disease (2017) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“The first study using the DAWBA-RAD section reported a very high RAD point-prevalence of 63.0% (96/153) in a sample of looked after youth in a variety of placement forms [29].”
From Mental disorders in foster children: a study of prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors (2013) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Compared to another study on RAD using DAWBA in high-risk foster youths [29], our estimate was quite moderate.”
From Mental disorders in foster children: a study of prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors (2013) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Victims of childhood physical or sexual abuse or parental neglect are at considerably greater risk for affective disorders.1-4”
From Early life adversity and the epigenetic programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Epidemiological studies provide compelling support for the association between cumulative, adverse childhood experiences and the risk for depression.4,5”
From Early life adversity and the epigenetic programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“In humans, various forms of ELA are associated with illicit drug use later in life [21,22,23].”
From Food Addiction and Psychosocial Adversity: Biological Embedding, Contextual Factors, and Public Health Implications (2020) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“In addition, there are established links between ELA and obesity [21,24], however, the exact mechanisms are not understood.”
From Food Addiction and Psychosocial Adversity: Biological Embedding, Contextual Factors, and Public Health Implications (2020) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“Strong links between ACEs and the initiation of opioid use have been described (72, 73).”
From A Biopsychosocial Overview of the Opioid Crisis: Considering Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Health (2019) · cites this paper as [72]
In the citing paper
“The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study from 1998 highlighted 5- to 10-fold increase in the risk of AUD and SUD following exposure to four or more ACEs in the first 18 years of life [112].”
From Separating the Signal from the Noise: How Psychiatric Diagnoses Can Help Discern Food Addiction from Dietary Restraint (2020) · cites this paper as [112]
In the citing paper
“Indeed, ELA is associated with a greater likelihood of smoking cigarettes,32,43,44 abusing alcohol and drugs,32,45–47 eating a poor diet,48 and being obese.32,49”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“ELA has also been associated with physical inactivity, which likely also contributes to the link between ELA and obesity.32”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“Research has consistently found that care leavers are more likely to have experienced high levels of adverse childhood experience (ACEs) and are at significantly greater risk for negative outcomes (Felitti et al., 1998; Simkiss, 2019).”
From The relationship between spirituality and resilience and well-being: a study of 529 care leavers from 11 nations. (2023) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“The documented risks of having care experience are substantial and varied (Berlin et al., 2011; Felitti et al., 1998; Simkiss, 2019).”
From The relationship between spirituality and resilience and well-being: a study of 529 care leavers from 11 nations. (2023) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“Early life physical and sexual abuse carry with it a life-long burden of behavioral and pathophysiological problems (Felitti et al., 1998; Heim and Nemeroff, 2001).”
From Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators (2008) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“There are enormous individual differences in the response to stress, based upon the experience of the individual early in life and in adult life.”
From Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain (2006) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“Early life physical and sexual abuse imposes a life- long burden of behavioral and pathophysiological problems.41,42”
From Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain (2006) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“Early-life events related to maternal care in animals, as well as parental care in humans, play a powerful role in later mental and physical health, as demonstrated by the adverse childhood experiences (ACE) studies”
From Neurobiological and Systemic Effects of Chronic Stress (2017) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“ACE have a disproportionately powerful effect on life long trajectories of health and disease, 68 and poverty contributes in its own way as well as creating circumstances for ACE, 114 which, however, occurs across all levels of socioeconomic status (SES).”
From Neurobiological and Systemic Effects of Chronic Stress (2017) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Boarding schools as a form of cultural genocide and source of historical trauma have had a variety of negative health impacts on Native people, such as high suicide rates, post-traumatic stress disorder, and other illnesses such as heart disease and diabetes that are connected to trauma (Brave Heart et al. 2011;Duran 2019;Felitti et al. 1998).”
From Archaeology and Social Justice in Native America (2022) · cites this paper as Felitti et al. 1998
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
“We found a graded relationship between the number of categories of childhood exposure and each of the adult health risk behaviors and diseases that were studied (P Ͻ .001).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Significance of Dose-Response Relationships
“There was no statistically significant dose-response relationship for a history of stroke or diabetes.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Exclusions from Analysis
“The mean age of the 8,506 persons included in this analysis was 56.1 years”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Exclusions from Analysis
“After these exclusions, 8,056 of the original 9,508 survey respondents (59.7% of the original sample of 13,494) remained and were included in the analysis.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
“a 1.4-to 1.6-fold increase in physical inactivity and severe obesity.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
“| | 4 or more | 523 | 26.6 | 1.3 | ( 1.1-1.6) |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Relationship between Childhood Exposures and Disease Conditions
“Similarly, the odds ratios for skeletal fractures, hepatitis or jaundice, and poor self-rated health were 1.6, 2.3, and 2.2, respectively (Table 8).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
“| | 4 or more | 543 | 10.7 | 2.4 | (1.8-3.3) |”
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Aging in place or being warehoused? African American trauma survivors in mixed-age housing.
Bowland, S. (2015) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1037/trm0000033 · Cited by 11
Trauma-informed practices in a laboratory middle school
Dohlen, H. B. V., Pinter, H. H., Winter, K. K., et al. (2019) · Middle School Journal · doi:10.1080/00940771.2019.1650549 · Cited by 9
“…in California on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and childhood trauma and their relationship to health risk behavior, disease, and early death in adulthood (Felitti et al., 1998) shocked theworld and precipitated more research into the field of the long-term impacts of trauma on children.”
BackgroundTucker, S., Meloy, M. L., Napolitano, L. J., Storrod, M. L., & Curtis, K. (2019) · Youth Justice · doi:10.1177/1473225419886931 · Cited by 10
“In addition to these macro-level risk factors, respondents discussed a myriad of traditional and non-traditional ACEs that placed them at risk of negative outcomes (see Felitti et al., 1998; Giovanelli et al., 2016; Wade et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultBehandlung der PTBS bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Rosner, R., Gutermann, J., Landolt, M. A., Plener, P. L., & Steil, R. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-59783-5_3 · Cited by 9
Defining Early Life Stress as a Precursor for Autoimmune Disease
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ACEs, sexual violence, and sexual health
Wekerle, C., Hébert, M., Daigneault, I., Fortin-Langelier, E., & Smith, S. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816065-7.00006-9 · Cited by 9
Clements-Nolle, K. D., Lensch, T., Yang, Y., Martin, H. A., Peek, J., & Yang, W. Y. L. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260519900976 · Cited by 9
“Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are stressful and traumatic childhood events including abuse, neglect, and a range of household dysfunction such as witnessing domestic violence or parental substance abuse (Felitti et al., 1998).”
BackgroundRoche, S. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104820 · Cited by 9
Health, wellness, and workplace experiences of lesbian, gay, and bisexual social workers
Senreich, E., Straussner, S. L. A., & Cooper, C. E. (2020) · Sexual and Gender Diversity in Social Services · doi:10.1080/10538720.2020.1722303 · Cited by 9
Constellations of youth criminogenic factors associated with young adult violent criminal behavior
Segeren, M. W., Fassaert, T. J. L., de Wit, M. A. S., et al. (2020) · Crime Science · doi:10.1186/s40163-020-0111-2 · Cited by 9
Addressing adverse childhood experiences: implications for professional practice
Larkin, W., & Cairns, P. (2020) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp20x708929 · Cited by 9
Ikeda, T., Hori, D., Ikeda, Y., et al. (2020) · The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1620/tjem.250.223 · Cited by 9
“Psychological resources are known to be affected by earlylife adversities (Felitti et al. 1998), with bullying during school-years being one of adversities that has been shown to have a long-term impact on health (Hugh-Jones and Smith 1999).”
BackgroundImpact of perception of safety on outcomes in the context of trauma
Huefner, J. C., Ringle, J. L., Gordon, C. T., & Tyler, P. M. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105060 · Cited by 9
Subedi, S., Davison, C., & Bartels, S. A. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104509 · Cited by 9
Hashemi, S. M., Yousefichaijan, P., Salehi, B., Almasi-Hashiani, A., Rafiei, M., Zahedi, S., Morasae, E. K., & Maghsoudlou, F. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02675-0 · Cited by 7
Addressing Intimate Partner Violence Within the Healthcare System
Langhinrichsen‐Rohling, J., Schneider, M. B., Selwyn, C. N., Lathan, E. C., Sayegh, L., & Hamberger, L. K. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-62122-7_153-1 · Cited by 9
Newham, J. J., McLean, K., Ginja, S., Hurt, L. S., Molloy, C. S., Lingam, R., & Goldfeld, S. R. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09104-7 · Cited by 10
“To co-operate or not?” Risky co-operative behavior in Schizophrenia and the effect of vasopressin
Purushothaman, D., Jacob, A., Kumar, V., Varambally, S. S., Venkatasubramanian, G., & Rao, N. P. (2020) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.06.013 · Cited by 9
Gender-Based Violence Perpetration by Male High School Students in Eastern Ethiopia
Beyene, A. S., Chojenta, C., & Loxton, D. J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17155536 · Cited by 9
Haddad, S., Marchand‐Martin, L., Lafaysse, M., et al. (2020) · The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care · doi:10.1080/13625187.2020.1815697 · Cited by 9
Harris, R., Stubbings, D. R., & Claire, K. D. (2020) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-020-00329-7 · Cited by 9
Association between childhood adversity and criminal thinking: the role of attachment
Yang, Y., & Perkins, D. R. (2020) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2020.1850724 · Cited by 10
“These experiences have been found to predict later mental health issues (Bellis et al., 2014), physical health problems (Anda et al., 2010; Felitti et al., 1998), and violence (both perpetration and victimization) in general populations (Bellis et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLeth, S. V., Bjerrum, M. L., & Niclasen, B. V.-L. (2020) · International Journal of Circumpolar Health · doi:10.1080/22423982.2020.1849909 · Cited by 9
“They have been found to be associated with a large range of physical health effects including cancer, heart disease and respiratory disease as well as psychiatric diseases including PTSD, suicide, and personality disturbances [6,9,10].”
BackgroundKroppman, C., Kim, S., Zaidi, A., Sharma, H., & Rice, T. (2020) · Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19359705.2020.1837706 · Cited by 8
Models of Trauma Exposure, Depression, and Suicidality in Safety‐Net Primary Care
Mladen, S. N., Williams, A. B., Griffin, S. C., Perrin, P. B., & Rybarczyk, B. D. (2021) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22658 · Cited by 9
Maja, R. A., Kilshaw, R. E., García-Barrera, M. A., & Karr, J. E. (2021) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294120979690 · Cited by 10
“…risk of mental health concerns across the lifespan, including depression, anxiety, aggression, social withdrawal, suicidality, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Anderson et al., 2002; De Bellis, 2001; Felitti et al., 1998; Lansford et al., 2002; Moore et al., 2013; Nurius et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEftedal, M., Tveito, T. H., Gensby, U., Islam, M. K., Lie, S. A., Aasland, G., Kostveit, S., & Jensen, C. (2021) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-021-03994-3 · Cited by 9
“An adapted version of the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) questionnaire [64].”
BackgroundThe contribution of early adverse stress to complex and severe depression in depressed outpatients
Gloger, S., Vöhringer, P. A., Martínez, P., Chacón, M. V., Cáceres, C., de Medina, D. D., Cottin, M., & Behn, A. J. (2021) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23144 · Cited by 10
“…adverse stressors), a qualitative change takes place, which potentiates the harmful effects of childhood adversities, dramatically increasing the chance of developing mental disorders and many of the leading causes of death in adulthood (Felitti et al., 1998; Hughes et al., 2017; Rutter, 1979).”
BackgroundDo measures of healthy eating differ in survivors of early adversity?
Marquez, F. D., Risica, P. M., Mathis, K. J., Sullivan, A., Gobin, A. P., & Tyrka, A. R. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105180 · Cited by 10
Childhood adversities among students at an English University: A latent class analysis
Davies, E. A., Read, J., & Shevlin, M. E. (2021) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2021.1987373 · Cited by 10
“There were nine questions from the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) scale (Felitti et al., 1998) about abuse, neglect and parental mental illness, incarceration, substance use, separation, and domestic violence.”
Background“Blood Pact”: Professionals’ Perceptions on the Sibling Subsystem in the Context of Child Abuse
Katz, C., Tener, D., & Sharabi, O. (2021) · International Journal on Child Maltreatment Research Policy and Practice · doi:10.1007/s42448-021-00073-x · Cited by 10
van der Velden, P. G., van Bakel, H. J. A., de Cock, E. S. A., Contino, C., & Das, M. (2021) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2021.1922633 · Cited by 9
“Our ACE measure partly differs from other ACE measures such as the Adverse Childhood Experiences-Questionnaire (Felitti et al., 1998) and Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Interview (Bifulco et al.”
ResultBerken, J. A., Heard‐Garris, N., & Wakschlag, L. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2021.665335 · Cited by 10
“Thus, identifying children at risk for toxic stress due to the COVID19 pandemic is critical, if effective intervention can be initiated to mitigate the risk for future neurodevelopmental problems (6, 9, 11, 12).”
BackgroundApril-Sanders, A., Tehranifar, P., Lee, E. J., Suglia, S. F., Rodriguez, C. B., & McDonald, J. A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18084080 · Cited by 9
“Each of the seven items was part of the original factors assessed in the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study [23] that focused on adversities in the household when the participant was under the age of 18 years.”
BackgroundA Survey of Trauma Education in Social Work Programs in the United States and Canada
Boel-Studt, S. M., Vasquez, M. L., Randolph, K. A., & Dowdy-Hazlett, T. (2021) · Journal of Social Work Education · doi:10.1080/10437797.2021.1885540 · Cited by 9
“Driving this emerging perspective is a wealth of literature detailing the long-term, deleterious impact of trauma on developmental, physiological, health, and mental health trajectories (Anda et al., 2006; Felitti et al., 1998; Van der Kolk, 2005).”
BackgroundAssociations between adverse childhood experiences and migraine among teenage mothers in Peru
Siego, C. V., Sánchez, S. E., Jimenez, M. L., Rondón, M. B., Williams, M. A., Peterlin, B. L., & Gelaye, B. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110507 · Cited by 9
The Impact of Stress Within and Across Generations: Neuroscientific and Epigenetic Considerations
Miller, C. W. T. (2021) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000300 · Cited by 13
Sex trafficking experiences of help-seeking individuals in Hawaiʻi
Roe-Sepowitz, D. E., & Jabola-Carolus, K. (2021) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2021.1875097 · Cited by 9
“Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Questionnaire (Felitti et al., 1998).”
Maternal Adverse Childhood Experience Exposure and Resilience During COVID-19
LaBrenz, C. A., Baiden, P., Findley, E., Tennant, P. S., & Chakravarty, S. (2021) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1177/10443894211002323 · Cited by 9
“…of a mix of previously validated measures, such as the Parenting Assessment of Protective Factors (PAPF; Kiplinger & Browne, 2014), and ACE survey (Felitti et al., 1998), as well as questions the authors developed related to adherence to social distancing, challenges since COVID-19 began, and…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialPurtle, J., Bowler, S., Boughter-Dornfeld, M., Nelson, K. L., & Gollust, S. E. (2021) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380211029407 · Cited by 9
““ACEs” was first coined as a term and operationalized in the original “ACE study,” published in 1998 (Felitti et al., 1998).”
BackgroundDavis, J. P., Tucker, J. S., Dunbar, M. S., Seelam, R., & D’Amico, E. J. (2021) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000770 · Cited by 9
Kim, A. W., Kakuhikire, B., Baguma, C., North, C. M., Satinsky, E. N., Perkins, J. M., Ayebare, P., Kiconco, A., Namara, E. B., Bangsberg, D. R., et al. (2021) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.11.04035 · Cited by 9
Child mental health outcomes in military families
Hinojosa, M. S., Hinojosa, R., Condon, J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2021.1937436 · Cited by 9
“Kids exposed to parental mental health problems are at greater risk for traumatic stress disorders (Felitti et al., 2019, 1998; Smith, 2004).”
BackgroundBuchholz, M., Ashby, B. D., Costello, L. H., Ehmer, A., Serrano, V. J., von Schulz, J. H., Wolcott, C. S., & Talmi, A. (2021) · Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1037/cpp0000406 · Cited by 9
“…screening for social determinants of health emphasizes that there is widespread awareness of the impact of such adversity factors on health outcomes (Felitti et al., 1998); however, the role and methods of identifying social needs in primary care continues to be less clear (LaForge et al., 2018).”
Mattelin, E., Khanolkar, A. R., Fröberg, F., Jonsson, L. S., & Korhonen, L. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043822 · Cited by 9
“23 Knowing that exposure to repeated violence is not only a direct danger to a child but also may have long-term consequences for the mental and physical health, 24 25 efforts should be taken to strengthen the child’s and family’s resilience.”
BackgroundCallaghan, M. A., Watchiba, D., Purkey, E., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph181910399 · Cited by 9
McLafferty, M., McGlinchey, E., Travers, Á., & Armour, C. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1978176 · Cited by 9
“The current analyses utilizes 10 childhood adversities examined using the Adverse Childhood Experiences10 Questionnaire (Felitti et al., 1998).”
MethodAdverse childhood experiences predict reaction to multiple sclerosis diagnosis
Eilam‐Stock, T., Links, J., Khan, N., Bacon, T. E., Zuniga, G., Laing, L., Sammarco, C. L., Sherman, K., & Charvet, L. E. (2021) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/20551029211052830 · Cited by 10
“An ACEs score ≥ 4 represents an exponentially increased risk for developing negative physical and emotional outcomes in adulthood (Felitti et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialWinkler, O., Dhaliwal, R., Greenshaw, A. J., O’Shea, K., Abba‐Aji, A., Chima, C., Purdon, S. E., & Burback, L. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/30711 · Cited by 9
Understanding Suicidal Behavior Using a Comprehensive Approach
Kiani, A., Rashid, S., Dadfar, M., & Lester, D. (2021) · Illness Crisis & Loss · doi:10.1177/10541373211051058 · Cited by 10
“Two items with yes/no choices were adopted from the original Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale (Felitti et al., 1998) to assess sexual and physical abuse.”
MethodLife History Evolution Forms the Foundation of the Adverse Childhood Experience Pyramid
Hertler, S. C., de Baca, T. C., Peñaherrera‐Aguirre, M., Fernandes, H. B. F., & Figueredo, A. J. (2021) · Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1007/s40806-021-00299-5 · Cited by 14
“, 1994), and five of the components of the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (Felitti et al., 1998).”
BackgroundSenehi, N., Flykt, M. S., Biringen, Z. C., Laudenslager, M. L., Watamura, S. E., Garrett, B. A., Kominsky, T. K., Wurster, H. E., & Sarche, M. C. (2021) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-021-01307-7 · Cited by 15
“For site 2, maternal ACEs were measured using the original long form (68 items) of the Family Health History Questionnaire (Felitti et al., 1998).”
Almendingen, K., Bergem, A. K., Sparboe-Nilsen, B., et al. (2021) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s338686 · Cited by 9
Zettler, H., & Craig, J. M. (2022) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-021-09667-0 · Cited by 8
“A wealth of empirical evidence highlights the impact that ACEs have on a multitude of later life outcomes (Abram et al., 2004; Baglivo et al., 2014; Baglivio et al., 2015a; Baglivio et al., 2015b; Barrett et al., 2013; Bellis et al., 2013; Craig et al., 2017; Dierkhising et al., 2013; Felitti et al., 1998; Hillis et a…”
BackgroundMetcalf, C. A., Johnson, R. L., Novick, A. M., Freeman, E. W., Sammel, M. D., Anthony, L. G., & Epperson, C. N. (2022) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100411 · Cited by 9
Changes in perceived stress during the COVID‐19 pandemic among American veterans
Davis, J. P., Prindle, J., Saba, S. K., Tran, D. D., Lee, D., Sedano, A., Castro, C. A., & Pedersen, E. R. (2022) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3153 · Cited by 10
“A summed score of self‐reported adverse childhood experiences (Felitti et al., 1998) were used.”
MethodDoes Childhood Maltreatment Lead to Low Life Success? Comparing Agency and Self-Reports
Najman, J. M., Scott, J. G., Farrington, D. P., Clavarino, A. M., Williams, G. M., McGee, T. R., & Kisely, S. R. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605221090565 · Cited by 9
“Many studies confirm the observation that there are adverse later life course consequences of all forms of child maltreatment (Felitti et al., 1998; Strathearn et al., 2020).”
BackgroundZeng, S., Lange, E. C., Archie, E. A., Campos, F. A., Alberts, S. C., & Li, F. (2022) · Journal of Agricultural Biological and Environmental Statistics · doi:10.1007/s13253-022-00490-6 · Cited by 9
“For example, negative socioenvironmental conditions during childhood are linked to dysregulation of the stress response and poor adult survival in humans (Berens et al. 2017; Evans et al. 2013; Felitti et al. 1998; Miller et al. 2009, 2011; Petruccelli et al. 2019).”
BackgroundHuman Dignity and Children: Operationalizing a Human rights Concept
Polonko, K. A., & Lombardo, L. X. (2005) · Global Bioethics · doi:10.1080/11287462.2005.10800863 · Cited by 9
Chronic Pain in Older Adults: A Neuroscience-Based Psychological Assessment and Treatment Approach
Yarns, B. C., Zhu, T. A., & Jazi, A. N. (2022) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2022.07.009 · Cited by 9
Reid, C. J., Bennetts, S. K., Nicholson, J. M., Amir, L. H., & Chamberlain, C. (2022) · Australian Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/ajr.12922 · Cited by 9
Boone, K., Vogel, A. C., Tillman, R., Wright, A. J., Barch, D. M., Luby, J. L., & Whalen, D. J. (2022) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-022-00198-6 · Cited by 11
Implementation of Trauma-specific Interventions in a Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service
Palfrey, N., Ryan, R., & Reay, R. E. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02467-y · Cited by 9
“Childhood trauma is not only prevalent in society it also has long-lasting and detrimental effects on the health and wellbeing of individuals throughout their lives (Felitti et al., 1998; Hughes et al., 2017; Kalmakis & Chandler, 2015).”
InfluentialSchwartz, L. F., Tan, M. M., McCrae, J. S., Burkhardt, T., Ness, K. K., & Henderson, T. O. (2022) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.30141 · Cited by 10
Bitsoih, J., Patock‐Peckham, J. A., Canning, J. R., Ong, A., Becerra, A., & Broussard, M. L. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13030197 · Cited by 9
“Others draw overall conclusions with composites of childhood trauma/maltreatment [6,7,29,30], or they just sum up instances of trauma events [11].”
Backgrounddel Re, E. C., Yassin, W., Zeng, V., Keedy, S., Alliey‐Rodriguez, N., Ivleva, E. I., Hill, S., Rychagov, N., McDowell, J. E., Bishop, J. R., et al. (2023) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2023.03.029 · Cited by 9
Psychological interventions for cancer-related post-traumatic stress disorder: narrative review
Anderson, D., & Jones, V. (2023) · BJPsych Bulletin · doi:10.1192/bjb.2023.42 · Cited by 9
Steinert, J., Prince, H., Ezebuihe, J. A., & Shukla, S. (2023) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.06.006 · Cited by 9
A catalogue of losses: implications for the care and reintegration of young men in custody
Vaswani, N. (2015) · Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde) · Cited by 9
Early Psychosocial Stress Predicts Extra-Pair Copulations
Koehler, N., & Chisholm, J. S. (2007) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/147470490700500111 · Cited by 9
Randell, K. A., Evans, S. E., O'Malley, D. M., et al. (2015) · Hospital Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/hpeds.2014-0054 · Cited by 9
Amos, C., Peters, R. J., Williams, L., et al. (2008) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2008.10400626 · Cited by 9
Mental health services responding to men and their anger.
Stewart, D., & Harmon, K. (2004) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1440-0979.2004.00341.x · Cited by 12
Nordanger, D. Ø., Breivik, K., Haugland, B. S. M., Lehmann, S., Mæhle, M. O., Braarud, H. C., & Hysing, M. (2014) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.23159 · Cited by 9
The Effect of Maltreatment Co-occurrence on Emotional Harm among Sexually Abused Children
Marco, R. D., Tonmyr, L., Fallon, B., & Trocmé, N. (2007) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564880600767389 · Cited by 9
Monoamine Oxidase A Genotype, Childhood Trauma, and Subclinical Atherosclerosis: A Twin Study
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Acute stress among adolescents and female rape victims measured by ASC-Kids: A pilot study
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“As expected, the more trauma suffered, the more severe the child’s behaviors, which correlates with Terr’s model of cumulative trauma (as cited in Cook-Cottone, 2004) and the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study conducted by Felitti et al. (1998).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S.
- Affiliations
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Emory University (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Felitti, Vincent J
- Venue
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-05
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 245-258
- ISSN
- 0749-3797 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2116839388
- Cited by
- 18,943
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1615 · 2025: 1790 · 2024: 1720 · 2023: 1711 · 2022: 1648 · 2021: 1720 · 2020: 1565 · 2019: 1232 · 2018: 963 · 2017: 825 · 2016: 666 · 2015: 573 · 2014: 446 · 2013: 413 · 2012: 340
- FWCI
- 57.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (TS-44-10/12)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Keywords
- adverse childhood experiences, childhood abuse, household dysfunction, childhood emotional abuse, child physical abuse, child sexual abuse, alcoholism, drug abuse, depression, suicide attempts, smoking, sexually transmitted infections, obesity, physical inactivity, ischemic heart disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, liver disease, cumulative exposure, leading causes of death
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, California, Cause of Death, Child, Child Abuse, Family, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Social Problems, Violence, Health Behavior, Logistic Models, Child of Impaired Parents, Domestic Violence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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