Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generation by silica in inflammation and fibrosis
Abstract
Exposure to particulate silica (most crystalline polymorphs) causes a persistent inflammation sustained by the release of oxidants in the alveolar space. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which include hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and singlet oxygen, are generated not only at the particle surface, but also by phagocytic cells attempting to digest the silica particle. Two distinct kinds of surface centers-silica-based surface radicals and poorly coordinated iron ions-generate O(2)(*)(-) and HO(*) in aqueous solution via different mechanisms. Crystalline silica is also a potent stimulant of the respiratory burst in phagocytic cells with increased oxygen consumption and production of O(*)(-), H(2)O(2), and NO leading to acute inflammation and HO(*) generation in the lung. Oxidative stress elicited by crystalline silica is also evidenced by increased expression of antioxidant enzymes such as manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase, and the enzyme inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Generation of oxidants by crystalline silica particles and by silica-activated cells results in cell and lung injury, activation of cell signaling pathways to include MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, increased expression of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factoralpha [TNFalpha], interleukin-1 [IL-1]), and activation of specific transcription factors (e.g., NFkappaB, AP-1). Silica can also initiate apoptosis in response to oxygen- and nitrogen-based free radicals, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, increased gene expression of death receptors, and/or their ligands (TNFalpha, Fas ligand [FasL]).
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Freshly-fractured quartz is more toxic than aged quartz.
“Freshly-fractured quartz is more toxic than aged quartz”
From Toxicity of lunar dust (2012) · cites this paper as Fubini and Hubbard, 2003
The leading explanation for freshly-fractured quartz being more toxic than aged quartz is mechanochemical activation: mechanical disruption of quartz results in homolytic and heterolytic rupture of silicon-oxygen bonds.
“the leading explanation for this observation is the concept that mechanical disruption of quartz results in the homolytic and heterolytic rupture of the silicon-oxygen bonds ('mechanochemical activation') (Fubini and Hubbard, 2003).”
From Toxicity of lunar dust (2012) · cites this paper as Fubini and Hubbard, 2003
Silica, asbestos and ATP have all been associated with ROS production, and ROS inhibition in vitro resulted in impairment of caspase 1 activation and IL-1β production by these stimuli.
“Silica58,68, asbestos57 and ATP69 have all been associated with ROS production, and ROS inhibition in vitro resulted in impairment of caspase 1 activation and IL-1β production by these stimuli57,58,69.”
From Sterile inflammation: sensing and reacting to damage (2010) · cites this paper as [68]
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Masmoudi-Kouki, O., Douiri, S., Hamdi, Y., Kaddour, H., Bahdoudi, S., Vaudry, D., Basille, M., Leprince, J., Fournier, A., Vaudry, H., et al. (2011) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07185.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Favero-Longo, S. E., Turci, F., Tomatis, M., Castelli, D., Bonfante, P., Hochella, M. F., Piervittori, R., & Fubini, B. (2005) · Journal of Environmental Monitoring · doi:10.1039/b507569f · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationFenoglio, I., Fonsato, S., & Fubini, B. (2003) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(03)00398-8 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationA physico-chemical assessment of the health hazard of Mt. Vesuvius volcanic ash
Horwell, C. J., Stannett, G. W., Andronico, D., Bertagnini, A., Fenoglio, I., Fubini, B., Le Blond, J. S., & Williamson, B. J. (2010) · Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research · doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.01.014 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
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Oxidative stress in lung cancer
Mousapasandi, A., Loke, W. S. J., Herbert, C. A., & Thomas, P. S. (2021) · Cancer · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819547-5.00003-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fubini, B., & Hubbard, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Turin (IT)
- University of Connecticut (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fubini, Bice
- ORCID
- Fubini, Bice
- Venue
- Free Radical Biology and Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-06
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1507-1516
- ISSN
- 0891-5849 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2044708698
- Semantic Scholar
- dc65c4fe8f83933f24c52f85aa2dcf7960a250d1
- Cited by
- 935
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 8.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Free Radical Biology and Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Neutrophil, Myeloperoxidase and Oxidative Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Occupational and environmental lung diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Interstitial Lung Diseases and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
- Keywords
- crystalline silica, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, pulmonary fibrosis, oxidative stress, hydroxyl radicals, superoxide, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, respiratory burst, phagocytes, manganese superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, inducible nitric oxide synthase, MEK/ERK signaling, NF-κB, AP-1, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, death receptors
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Lung, Pneumonia, Pulmonary Fibrosis, Silicon Dioxide, Silicosis, Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Nitrogen Species
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