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Reading and language in 9- to 12-year olds prenatally exposed to cigarettes and marijuana
Abstract
Facets of reading and language were examined in 131 9- to 12-year-old children for whom prenatal exposure to marijuana and cigarettes had been ascertained. The subjects were from a low-risk, predominantly middle class sample who are participants in an ongoing longitudinal study. Discriminant Function Analysis revealed a dose-dependent association that remained after controlling for potential confounds, between prenatal cigarette exposure and lower language and lower reading scores, particularly on auditory-related aspects of this latter measure. The findings are interpreted as consistent with earlier observations of an association between cigarette smoking during pregnancy and altered auditory functioning in the offspring. Similarities and differences between the reading observations and dyslexia are discussed. Maternal prenatal passive smoke exposure did not appear to contribute to either the language or reading outcomes at this age but postnatal secondhand smoke exposure by the child was associated with poorer language scores. Prenatal marijuana exposure was not significantly related to either the reading or language outcomes.
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“In particular, central processing of auditory stimuli appears to be highly sensitive to disruption by gestational tobacco exposure.”
From Impaired auditory discrimination learning following perinatal nicotine exposure or β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit deletion (2012) · cites this paper as [15]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fried, P. A., Watkinson, B., & Siegel, L. S.
- Affiliations
- Carleton University (CA)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Fried, Peter A.
- Venue
- Neurotoxicology and Teratology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1997-05
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 171-183
- ISSN
- 0892-0362 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2094620176
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 7.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neurotoxicology and Teratology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Keywords
- prenatal cannabis exposure, reading skills, language development, auditory processing, passive smoking, dyslexia, smoking during pregnancy, children aged 9-12
- MeSH terms
- Child, Cognition, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Language Development, Marijuana Smoking, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prospective Studies, Reading, Smoking, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic
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