Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,204

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Culture specific and cross-culturally generalizable implicit leadership theories

Open access
Den Hartog, Deanne N, House, Robert J, Hanges, Paul J, Ruiz-Quintanilla, S.Antonio, Dorfman, Peter W, Abdalla, Ikhlas A., Adetoun, Babajide Samuel, Aditya, Ram N., Agourram, Hafid, Akande, Adebowale, Akande, Bolanle Elizabeth, Akerblom, Staffan, Altschul, Carlos, Alvarez-Backus, Eden, Andrews, Julian, Arias, Maria Eugenia, Arif, Mirian Sofyan, Ashkanasy, Neal M., Asllani, Arben, Audia, Guiseppe, Bakacsi, Gyula, Bendova, Helena, Beveridge, David, Bhagat, Rabi S., Blacutt, Alejandro, Bao, Jiming, Bodega, Domenico, Bodur, Muzaffer, Booth, Simon, Booysen, Annie E., Bourantas, Dimitrios, Brenk, Klas, Brodbeck, Felix, Carl, Dale Everton, Castel, Philippe, Chang, Chieh-Chen, Chau, Sandy, Cheung, Frenda, Chhokar, Jagdeep S., Chiu, Jimmy, Cosgriff, Peter, Dastmalchian, Ali, Coleta, Jose Augusto Dela, Coleta, Marilia Ferreira Dela, Deneire, Marc, Dickson, Markus, Donnelly-Cox, Gemma, Earley, Christopher, Elgamal, Mahmoud A.E., Erez, Miriam, Falkus, Sarah, Fearing, Mark, Field, Richard H.G., Fimmen, Carol, Frese, Michael, Fu, Pingping, Gorsler, Barbara, Gratchev, Mikhail V., Gupta, Vipin, Gutierrez, Celia, Hartanto, Frans Marti, Hauser, Markus, Holmberg, Ingalill, Holzer, Marina, Hoppe, Michael, Howell, Jon P., Ibrieva, Elena, Ickis, John C., Ismail, Zakaria, Jarmuz, Slawomir, Javidan, Mansour, Jesuino, Jorge Correia, Ji, Li, Jone, Kuen-Yung, Jones, Geoffrey, Jorbenadse, Revaz, Kabasakal, Hayat, Keating, Mary, Keller, Andrea, Kennedy, Jeffrey C., Kim, Jay S., Kipiani, Giorgi, Kipping, Matthias, Konrad, Edvard, Koopman, Paul L., Kuan, Fuh-Yeong, Kurc, Alexandre, Lacassagne, Marie-Francoise, Lee, Sang M., Leeds, Christopher, Leguizamon, Francisco, Lindell, Martin, Lobell, Jean, Luthans, Fred, Maczynski, Jerzy, Mansor, Norma, Martin, Gillian, Martin, Michael, Martinez, Sandra M., Messallam, Aly, McMillen, Cecilia, Misumi, Emiko, Misumi, Jyuji, al-Homoud, Moudi, Ngin, Phyllisis M., O'Connell, Jeremiah, Ogliastri, Enrique, Papalexandris, Nancy, Peng, T.K., Preziosa, Maria Marta, Prieto, Jose M., Rakitsky, Boris, Reber, Gerhard, Rogovsky, Nikolai, Roy-Bhattacharya, Joydeep, Rozen, Amir, Sabadin, Argio, Sahaba, Majhoub, Bustamante, Colombia Salon de, Santana-Melgoza, Carmen, Sauers, Daniel Alan, Schramm-Nielsen, Jette, Schultz, Majken, Shi, Zuqi, Sigfrids, Camilla, Song, Kye-Chung, Szabo, Erna, Teo, Albert C., Thierry, Henk, Tjakranegara, Jann Hidayat, Trimi, Sylvana, Tsui, Anne S., Ubolwanna, Pavakanum, Wyk, Marius W. van, Vondrysova, Marie, Weibler, Jürgen, Wilderom, Celeste, Wu, Rongxian, Wunderer, Rolf, Yakob, Nik Rahiman Nik, Yang, Yongkang, Yin, Zuoqiu, Yoshida, Michio, Zhou, Jian·1999·The Leadership Quarterly
DOI 10.1016/s1048-9843(99)00018-1
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This study focuses on culturally endorsed implicit theories of leadership (CLTs). Although cross-cultural research emphasizes that different cultural groups likely have different conceptions of what leadership should entail, a controversial position is argued here: namely that attributes associated with charismatic/transformational leadership will be universally endorsed as contributing to outstanding leadership. This hypothesis was tested in 62 cultures as part of the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) Research Program. Universally endorsed leader attributes, as well as attributes that are universally seen as impediments to outstanding leadership and culturally contingent attributes are presented here. The results support the hypothesis that specific aspects of charismatic/transformational leadership are strongly and universally endorsed across cultures.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s1048-9843(99)00018-1

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 2 references

Research works printed but not linked: 55

  1. Ashkenasy, N. M., & Falkus, S. (in progress) The Australian enigma. In R. J. House & J. Chhokar, J (Eds.), Cultures of the world, A GLOBE anthology of in-depth descriptions of the cultures of 14 countries (vol. 1).
  2. Bass, 1990, Editorial, Leadership Quarterly, 1
  3. Bass, 1997, Does the transactional–transformational paradigm transcend organizationaland national boundaries?, American Psychologist, 52, 130, 10.1037/0003-066X.52.2.130 · DOI · Paper page
  4. Bass, 1989, Potential biases in leadership measures, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 49, 509, 10.1177/001316448904900302 · DOI
  5. Bass, 1996, The transformational and transactional leadership of men and women, Applied Psychology: An International Review, 45, 5, 10.1111/j.1464-0597.1996.tb00847.x · DOI · Paper page
  6. Berry, 1969, On cross-cultural comparability, International Journal of Psychology, 4, 119, 10.1080/00207596908247261 · DOI
  7. Boyacigiller, 1991, The parochial dinosaur, Academy of Management Review, 16, 262, 10.2307/258862 · DOI
  8. Bryman, 1987, The generalizability of leadership theory, Journal of Social Psychology, 127, 129, 10.1080/00224545.1987.9713672 · DOI
  9. Cantor, 1979, Prototypes in person perception, 3, 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60258-0 · DOI · Paper page
  10. Chhokar, J. S. (in progress). Leadership and culture in India: The GLOBE research project. In R. J. House & J. Chhokar (Eds.), Cultures of the world, A GLOBE anthology of in-depth descriptions of the cultures of 14 countries (vol. 1).
  11. Den Hartog, 1997, Transactional versus transformational leadership, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70, 19, 10.1111/j.2044-8325.1997.tb00628.x · DOI · Paper page
  12. Den Hartog, 1997, Charisma and Rhetoric, Leadership Quarterly, 8, 355, 10.1016/S1048-9843(97)90020-5 · DOI · Paper page
  13. Dorfman, 1997, Leadership in Western and Asian Countries, Leadership Quarterly, 8, 233, 10.1016/S1048-9843(97)90003-5 · DOI · Paper page
  14. Eden, 1975, Implicit leadership theory as a determinant of the factor structure underlying supervisory behavior scales, Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 736, 10.1037/0021-9010.60.6.736 · DOI
  15. Erez, M. (1994). Toward a model of cross-cultural industrial and organizational psychology. In H. C. Triandis, M. D. Dunette, & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (2nd ed., vol. 4; 559–607). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
  16. Feather, 1994, Attitudes towards high achievers and reactions to their fall, 1, 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60151-3 · DOI
  17. Fiol, 1999, Charismatic Leadership, Leadership Quarterly., In press
  18. Foti, 1992, The influence of individual differences on the perception and categorization of leaders, Leadership Quarterly, 3, 55, 10.1016/1048-9843(92)90006-2 · DOI
  19. Fu, P. P. (in progress). Chinese leadership and culture. In R. J. House & J. Chhokar (Eds.), Cultures of the world, A GLOBE anthology of in-depth descriptions of the cultures of 14 countries (vol. 1).
  20. Fuller, 1996, A quantitative review of research on charismatic leadership, Psychological Reports, 78, 271, 10.2466/pr0.1996.78.1.271 · DOI · Paper page
  21. Gerstner, 1994, Cross-cultural comparison of leadership prototypes, Leadership Quarterly, 5, 121, 10.1016/1048-9843(94)90024-8 · DOI · Paper page
  22. Gioia, 1985, On avoiding the influence of implicit leadership theories in leader behavior descriptions, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 45, 217, 10.1177/001316448504500204 · DOI
  23. Hanges, P. J., Dickson, M. W., & Lord, R. G. (1997). Trends, developments and gaps in cross-cultural research on leadership (1976–1996). Paper presented at the 12th annual conference of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, St Louis, MO.
  24. Hanges, P. J., House, R. J., Dickson, M. W., Dorfman, P. W., et al. (under review). The development and validation of scales measuring societal culture and culturally shared implicit theories of leadership.
  25. Harrison, R. (1987). Harnessing personal energy: How companies can inspire employees. Organizational Dynamics, (Autumn), 4–21. · DOI
  26. Hater, 1988, Superiors' evaluations and subordinates' perceptions of transformational and transactional leadership, Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 695, 10.1037/0021-9010.73.4.695 · DOI
  27. Hofstede, 1993, Cultural constraints in management theories, Academy of Management Executive, 7, 81
  28. House, 1991, Personality and charisma in the U.S. presidency, Administrative Science Quarterly, 36, 364, 10.2307/2393201 · DOI · Paper page
  29. Howell, 1993, Transformational leadership, transactional leadership, locus of control and support for innovation, Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 891, 10.1037/0021-9010.78.6.891 · DOI · Paper page
  30. Howell, 1989, A laboratory study of charismatic leadership, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 43, 243, 10.1016/0749-5978(89)90052-6 · DOI
  31. Howell, 1990, Leadership behaviors, influence tactics, and career experiences of champions of technological innovation, Leadership Quarterly, 1, 249, 10.1016/1048-9843(90)90004-2 · DOI
  32. Hunt, 1990, Top management leadership, Leadership Quarterly, 1, 41, 10.1016/1048-9843(90)90014-9 · DOI
  33. James, 1982, Aggregation bias in estimates of perceptual agreement, Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 219, 10.1037/0021-9010.67.2.219 · DOI · Paper page
  34. Jung, 1995, Bridging leadership and culture, Journal of Leadership Studies, 2, 3, 10.1177/107179199500200402 · DOI
  35. Lindell, 1997, Measuring interrater agreement for ratings of a single target, Applied Psychological Measurement, 21, 271, 10.1177/01466216970213006 · DOI
  36. Lord, 1984, A test of leadership categorization theory, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 34, 343, 10.1016/0030-5073(84)90043-6 · DOI
  37. Lowe, 1996, Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transactional leadership, Leadership Quarterly, 7, 385, 10.1016/S1048-9843(96)90027-2 · DOI · Paper page
  38. Martinez, 1998, The Mexican entrepreneur, International Studies of Management and Organizations, 28, 97, 10.1080/00208825.1998.11656736 · DOI
  39. Meindl, 1985, The romance of leadership, Administrative Science Quarterly, 30, 78, 10.2307/2392813 · DOI · Paper page
  40. Offermann, 1994, Implicit leadership theories, Leadership Quarterly, 5, 43, 10.1016/1048-9843(94)90005-1 · DOI
  41. Peterson, 1997, International perspectives on international leadership, Leadership Quarterly, 8, 203, 10.1016/S1048-9843(97)90002-3 · DOI
  42. Phillips, 1981, Causal attributions and perceptions of leadership, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 28, 58, 10.1016/0030-5073(81)90020-9 · DOI
  43. Roberts, 1985, Transforming leadership, Human Relations, 38, 1,023, 10.1177/001872678503801103 · DOI
  44. Rush, 1977, Implicit leadership theory, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 20, 93, 10.1016/0030-5073(77)90046-0 · DOI · Paper page
  45. Shamir, 1992, Attribution of charisma and influence to the leader, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 386, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb01546.x · DOI
  46. Shamir, 1995, Social distance and charisma, Leadership Quarterly, 6, 19, 10.1016/1048-9843(95)90003-9 · DOI · Paper page
  47. Shamir, 1994, The rhetoric of charismatic leadership, Leadership Quarterly, 5, 25, 10.1016/1048-9843(94)90004-3 · DOI
  48. Shamir, 1993, The motivational effects of charismatic leadership, Organization Science, 4, 1, 10.1287/orsc.4.4.577 · DOI
  49. Shamir, 1998, Correlates of charismatic leader behavior in Military units–subordinates attitudes, unit characteristics, and superiors appraisals of leader performance, Academy of Management Journal, 41, 387, 10.2307/257080 · DOI
  50. Shaw, 1990, A cognitive categorization model for the study of intercultural management, Academy of Management Review, 10, 435
  51. Singer, 1990, Situational constraints on transformational versus transactional leadership behavior, subordinates' leadership preference, and satisfaction, Journal of Social psychology, 130, 385, 10.1080/00224545.1990.9924594 · DOI
  52. Smith, 1994, Event management and work team effectiveness in Japan, Britain and the USA, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 67, 33, 10.1111/j.2044-8325.1994.tb00547.x · DOI
  53. Szabo, E., & Reber, G. (1999). Culture, organizational practices, and leadership in Austria. In R. J. House & J. Chhokar (Eds.), Cultures of the world: A GLOBE anthology of in-depth descriptions of the cultures of 14 countries (vol. 1).
  54. Thierry, H., Den Hartog, D. N., Koopman, P. L., & Wilderom, C. P. M. (1999). Leadership, politics and culture in the Netherlands. In: R. J. House & J. Chhokar (Eds.), Cultures of the world: A GLOBE anthology of in-depth descriptions of the cultures of 14 countries (vol. 1).
  55. Yammarino, 1993, Transformational leadership and performance, Leadership Quarterly, 4, 81, 10.1016/1048-9843(93)90005-E · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

See all 1,204

Metadata

Authors
Den Hartog, D. N., House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Ruiz-Quintanilla, S. A., Dorfman, P. W., Abdalla, I. A., Adetoun, B. S., Aditya, R. N., Agourram, H., Akande, A., Akande, B. E., Akerblom, S., Altschul, C., Alvarez-Backus, E., Andrews, J., Arias, M. E., Arif, M. S., Ashkanasy, N. M., Asllani, A., Audia, G., Bakacsi, G., Bendova, H., Beveridge, D., Bhagat, R. S., Blacutt, A., Bao, J., Bodega, D., Bodur, M., Booth, S., Booysen, A. E., Bourantas, D., Brenk, K., Brodbeck, F., Carl, D. E., Castel, P., Chang, C.-C., Chau, S., Cheung, F., Chhokar, J. S., Chiu, J., Cosgriff, P., Dastmalchian, A., Coleta, J. A. D., Coleta, M. F. D., Deneire, M., Dickson, M., Donnelly-Cox, G., Earley, C., Elgamal, M. A. E., Erez, M., Falkus, S., Fearing, M., Field, R. H. G., Fimmen, C., Frese, M., Fu, P., Gorsler, B., Gratchev, M. V., Gupta, V., Gutierrez, C., Hartanto, F. M., Hauser, M., Holmberg, I., Holzer, M., Hoppe, M., Howell, J. P., Ibrieva, E., Ickis, J. C., Ismail, Z., Jarmuz, S., Javidan, M., Jesuino, J. C., Ji, L., Jone, K.-Y., Jones, G., Jorbenadse, R., Kabasakal, H., Keating, M., Keller, A., Kennedy, J. C., Kim, J. S., Kipiani, G., Kipping, M., Konrad, E., Koopman, P. L., Kuan, F.-Y., Kurc, A., Lacassagne, M.-F., Lee, S. M., Leeds, C., Leguizamon, F., Lindell, M., Lobell, J., Luthans, F., Maczynski, J., Mansor, N., Martin, G., Martin, M., Martinez, S. M., Messallam, A., McMillen, C., Misumi, E., Misumi, J., al-Homoud, M., Ngin, P. M., O'Connell, J., Ogliastri, E., Papalexandris, N., Peng, T. K., Preziosa, M. M., Prieto, J. M., Rakitsky, B., Reber, G., Rogovsky, N., Roy-Bhattacharya, J., Rozen, A., Sabadin, A., Sahaba, M., Bustamante, C. S. D., Santana-Melgoza, C., Sauers, D. A., Schramm-Nielsen, J., Schultz, M., Shi, Z., Sigfrids, C., Song, K.-C., Szabo, E., Teo, A. C., Thierry, H., Tjakranegara, J. H., Trimi, S., Tsui, A. S., Ubolwanna, P., Wyk, M. W. V., Vondrysova, M., Weibler, J., Wilderom, C., Wu, R., Wunderer, R., Yakob, N. R. N., Yang, Y., Yin, Z., Yoshida, M., & Zhou, J.
Venue
The Leadership Quarterly
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
1999
Volume
10
Issue
2
Pages
219-256
ISSN
1048-9843 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s1048-9843(99)00018-1
OpenAlex
W1530608334
Cited by
1,204
References
2
FWCI
89.84
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green
Licence
  • www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
  • www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Culture specific and cross-culturally generalizable implicit leadership theories. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/s1048-9843(99)00018-1
The paper
Den Hartog, D. N., House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Ruiz-Quintanilla, S. A., Dorfman, P. W., Abdalla, I. A., Adetoun, B. S., Aditya, R. N., Agourram, H., Akande, A., Akande, B. E., Akerblom, S., Altschul, C., Alvarez-Backus, E., Andrews, J., Arias, M. E., Arif, M. S., Ashkanasy, N. M., Asllani, A., . . . Zhou, J. (1999). Culture specific and cross-culturally generalizable implicit leadership theories. The Leadership Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1048-9843(99)00018-1

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.