Transformational leadership, transactional leadership, locus of control, and support for innovation: Key predictors of consolidated-business-unit performance.
Abstract
The authors used measures of leadership, locus of control, and support for innovation to predict the consolidated-unit performance of 78 managers. Results revealed that 3 transformational-leadership measures were associated with a higher internal locus of control and significantly and positively predicted business-unit performance over a 1-year interval. Transactional measures of leadership, including contingent reward and management by exception (active and passive), were each negatively related to business-unit performance. Causal relationships between the transformational-leadership behaviors and unit performance were moderated by the level of support for innovation in the business unit
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Transactional leaders do not individualize the needs of followers or focus on their personal development.
“Transactional leaders do not individualize the needs of followers or focus on their personal development.”
From The Servant Leadership Survey: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measure (2011) · cites this paper as Howell and Avolio 1993
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- Authors
- Howell, J. M., & Avolio, B. J.
- Affiliations
- Western University (CA)
- ORCID
- Avolio, Bruce J.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Psychology
- Published
- 1993-12
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 891-902
- ISSN
- 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1854
- OpenAlex
- W2040473432
- Cited by
- 2,159
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 84 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 121 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 91 · 2017: 111 · 2016: 106 · 2015: 143 · 2014: 117 · 2013: 109 · 2012: 128
- FWCI
- 16.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Employee Performance and Leadership
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Leadership and Management in Organizations
- Keywords
- transformational leadership, transactional leadership, locus of control, innovation support, business unit performance, contingent reward, management by exception, managerial leadership, performance prediction
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