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Cooperative and Antagonistic Interplay between PU.1 and GATA-2 in the Specification of Myeloid Cell Fates
Open accessAbstract
PU.1 and GATA transcription factors appear to antagonize each other's function in the development of distinct lineages of the hematopoietic system. In contrast, we demonstrate that PU.1, like GATA-2, is essential for the generation of mast cells. PU.1-/- hematopoietic progenitors can be propagated in IL-3 and differentiate into mast cells or macrophages upon restoration of PU.1 activity. Using these progenitors and a conditionally activatable PU.1 protein, we show that PU.1 can negatively regulate expression of the GATA-2 gene. In the absence of GATA-2, PU.1 promotes macrophage but not mast cell differentiation. Reexpression of GATA-2 in such progenitors enables the generation of mast cells. We propose a developmental model in which cooperative function or antagonistic crossregulation by PU.1 of GATA-2 promotes distinct myeloid cell fates.
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“These cells constitutively express a low level of PU.1 from the transgene, with 4-OHT rapidly inducing PU.1 protein activation (Walsh et al., 2002).”
From PU.1 enforces quiescence and limits hematopoietic stem cell expansion during inflammatory stress (2021) · cites this paper as Walsh et al., 2002
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Zhao, X., Bartholdy, B., Yamamoto, Y., Evans, E. K., Alberich-Jordà, M., Staber, P. B., Benoukraf, T., Zhang, P., Zhang, J., Trinh, B. Q., et al. (2022) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-022-03888-7 · Cited by 46
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“1 into the nucleus and triggers terminal macrophage differentiation (20, 23, 30).”
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“1 and estrogen receptor binding domain (PUER) was reported previously (39).”
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“Additionally, PU.1 can inhibit the expression of Gata factor encoding genes (Nerlov and Graf, 1998; Rekhtman et al., 1999; Zhang et al., 1999, 2000; Nerlov et al., 2000; Walsh et al., 2002).”
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“However, PU.1, a crucial regulator for macrophage, mast cells, and B cells (Scott et al. 1994; DeKoter and Singh 2000; Walsh et al. 2002), was highly expressed in the GATA-1-null proerythroblasts.”
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“1 and GATA2 in macrophage and mast cell differentiation as a premise (68), we anticipated elevated PU.”
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“Haematopoietic progenitor cells derived from the foetal liver of Pu.1/ mice proliferate in response to multi-lineage cytokines such as IL3, but differentiate into mast cells only upon restoration of PU.1 and GATA2 ( 40 ).”
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Schmetzer, O., Valentin, P., Church, M. K., Maurer, M., & Siebenhaar, F. (2015) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.07.016 · Cited by 38
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“However, in mast cells and eosinophils, PU.1 positively regulates GATA-1 or GATA-2, and both of them are essential during development [91,92].”
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Regulation of GATA Factor Expression Is Distinct between Erythroid and Mast Cell Lineages
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“1, positively or negatively, in certain contexts.(113) PU.”
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“1 is involved in mast cell-specific gene regulation (7, 37, 39), we speculate that this synergistic effect may be essential for mast cell development.”
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Johnson, K., & Calame, K. L. (2003) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/j.gde.2003.08.004 · Cited by 22
Mast cell transcription factors—Regulators of cell fate and phenotype
Tshori, S., & Nechushtan, H. (2011) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.12.024 · Cited by 23
The early transcription factor GATA‐2 is expressed in classical Hodgkin's lymphoma
Schneider, E., Torlakovic, E., Stühler, A., Diehl, V., Tesch, H., & Giebel, B. (2004) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.1664 · Cited by 23
Histone demethylase LSD1-mediated repression of GATA-2 is critical for erythroid differentiation
Hu, X., Liu, Y., Sun, J., Jin, Y., Guo, Y., Huo, B., Li, X., & Fu, X. (2015) · Drug Design Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s81911 · Cited by 24
“In addition, GATA-2 transcription can be regulated by several other transcription factors, including V-ets ETS1, 14 BMP4, 15 NOTCH1 , 16,17 PU.1 , 18 and EVI1, 19,20 and cytokines, such as IL-1 and TNF α .”
Lichtinger, M., Hoogenkamp, M., Krysinska, H., Ingram, R., & Bonifer, C. (2010) · Blood Cells Molecules and Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.bcmd.2010.02.009 · Cited by 27
Molecular complexities of stem cells
Joshi, C., & Enver, T. (2003) · Current Opinion in Hematology · doi:10.1097/00062752-200305000-00005 · Cited by 24
Ito, T., Nishiyama, C., Nakano, N., Nishiyama, M., Usui, Y., Takeda, K., Kanada, S., Fukuyama, K., Akiba, H., Tokura, T., et al. (2009) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxp048 · Cited by 24
Involvement of PU.1 in mast cell/basophil-specific function of the human IL1RL1/ST2 promoter.
Baba, Y., Maeda, K., Yashiro, T., Inage, E., Niyonsaba, F., Hara, M., Suzuki, R., Ohtsuka, Y., Shimizu, T., Ogawa, H., et al. (2012) · Allergology International · doi:10.2332/allergolint.12-oa-0424 · Cited by 22
Role of the pioneer transcription factor GATA2 in health and disease
Aktar, A., & Heit, B. (2023) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-023-02359-8 · Cited by 23
McAndrew, M. J., Gjidoda, A., Tagore, M. M., Miksanek, T., & Floer, M. (2016) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m116.734186 · Cited by 18
“4 days) in the presence of tamoxifen leads to differentiation of these cells into macrophage-like cells (24).”
BackgroundBertolino, E., Reinitz, J., & Manu (2016) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.02.030 · Cited by 18
“PUER cells are blocked at a progenitor state and can be differentiated into either macrophage-or neutrophil-like cells by inducing the translocation of PU.1 (PUER) protein into the nucleus with 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (OHT) (Dahl et al., 2003; Laslo et al., 2006; Walsh et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLennartsson, A., Garwicz, D., Lindmark, A., & Gullberg, U. (2005) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2005.05.004 · Cited by 21
Shoger, K. E., Cheemalavagu, N., Cao, Y., Michalides, B. A., Chaudhri, V. K., Cohen, J. A., Singh, H., & Gottschalk, R. A. (2021) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.abe5137 · Cited by 17
Self-citationCausal Gene Regulatory Network Modeling and Genomics: Second-Generation Challenges
Rothenberg, E. V. (2019) · Journal of Computational Biology · doi:10.1089/cmb.2019.0098 · Cited by 20
“Modest levels of both PU.1 and GATA-1 establish a stable convivencia , as in mast cells (Walsh et al., 2002), whereas higher levels of either one will tip the balance.”
Role of Ets Proteins in Development, Differentiation, and Function of T‐Cell Subsets
Liu, M., Gao, W., van Velkinburgh, J. C., Wu, Y., Ni, B., & Tian, Y. (2015) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.21361 · Cited by 22
Essential role of PU .1 in maintenance of mixed lineage leukemia‐associated leukemic stem cells
Aikawa, Y., Yamagata, K., Katsumoto, T., Shima, Y., Shino, M., Stanley, E. R., Cleary, M. L., Akashi, K., Tenen, D. G., & Kitabayashi, I. (2014) · Cancer Science · doi:10.1111/cas.12593 · Cited by 19
Myeloid cells in chronic liver inflammation
Patseas, D., El-Masry, A., Liu, Z., Ramachandran, P., & Triantafyllou, E. (2025) · Cellular and Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-025-01324-4 · Cited by 20
Desai, A. N., Sowerwine, K., Liu, Y., Lawrence, M., Chovanec, J., Hsu, A. P., O'Connell, M., Kim, J., Boris, L., Jones, N., et al. (2019) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2019.05.007 · Cited by 18
Ishijima, Y., Ohmori, S., Uenishi, A., & Ohneda, K. (2012) · Genes to Cells · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2443.2012.01588.x · Cited by 16
“…instance, although GATA1 and PU.1 act reciprocally in the lineage determination of hematopoietic stem ⁄progenitor cells (Arinobu et al. 2007), a co-operative interplay between PU.1 and the GATA factors has been reported in mast cells (Henkel & Brown 1994; Walsh et al. 2002; Takemoto et al. 2010).”
BackgroundPU.1 Positively Regulates GATA-1 Expression in Mast Cells
Takemoto, C. M., Brandal, S., Jegga, A. G., Lee, Y.-N., Shahlaee, A. H., Ye, Y., DeKoter, R. P., & McDevitt, M. A. (2010) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0900927 · Cited by 15
Self-citationHematopoietic Stem Cell Molecular Targets and Factors Essential for Hematopoiesis
Raghav, P. K., & Gangenahalli, G. U. (2018) · Journal of Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.4172/2157-7633.1000441 · Cited by 22
“1 also interacts synergistically or antagonistically with c-Jun, C/EBPδ, GATA-1, GATA-2, C/EBPα, c-Myb, CBP, AML-1B, AML-1/ETO, NF-EMS/Pip/IRF-4, and ICSBP/IRF-8, which governs most of the genes [37-47].”
BackgroundNavigating Transcriptional Coregulator Ensembles to Establish Genetic Networks
DeVilbiss, A., Tanimura, N., McIver, S. C., Katsumura, K. R., Johnson, K. D., & Bresnick, E. H. (2016) · Current topics in developmental biology/Current Topics in Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.01.003 · Cited by 20
The role of monocytes in models of infection by protozoan parasites
Hu, S., Wei, W., & Körner, H. (2017) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2017.06.020 · Cited by 17
Chen, H., Xu, Y., Qiu, J.-L., Guan, Z.-W., Yu, S.-P., & Ding, Y. (2026) · European Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.1186/s40001-025-03666-1 · Cited by 17
“…act in cytokine pathways but may also affect TLR signaling crosstalk), or by acting as components of E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes to mediate the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of signaling molecules (such as IRAK1, TRAF6, and MyD88 itself), thereby terminating the signal [61].”
Li, C., Zhu, F., Xu, C. B., Xiao, P., Wen, J., Zhang, X., & Wu, B. (2019) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.112035 · Cited by 17
Vanoni, S., Tsai, Y.-T., Waddell, A., Waggoner, L., Klarquist, J. S., Divanovic, S., Hoebe, K. H. N., Steinbrecher, K. A., & Hogan, S. P. (2016) · Innate Immunity · doi:10.1177/1753425916681444 · Cited by 16
“1 and C/EBP family member transcriptional regulation of cell fate decisions have identified an important contribution from antagonistic and cooperative relationships between transcription factors.(54) The underlying molecular processes involved in the antagonism–cooperative switch are not yet clear; however, the conce…”
BackgroundSive, J. I., Basilico, S., Hannah, R., Kinston, S., Calero‐Nieto, F. J., & Göttgens, B. (2015) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/leu.2015.172 · Cited by 17
The regulatory control of Cebpa enhancers and silencers in the myeloid and red-blood cell lineages
Repele, A., Krueger, S., Bhattacharyya, T., Tuineau, M. Y., & Manu (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217580 · Cited by 13
“The reporter assays were carried out in PUER cells (Walsh et al., 2002), which act as bipotential granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (GMPs) and can be differentiated into macrophages or neutrophils by treatment with 4-OH-tamoxifen (OHT) in the presence of IL-3 or G-CSF respectively (Dahl et al.,…”
BackgroundMethodChromatin Dynamics during Differentiation of Myeloid Cells
Schönheit, J., Leutz, A., & Rosenbauer, F. (2014) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2014.08.015 · Cited by 15
Hu, P., Carlesso, N., Xu, M.-J., Liu, Y., Nebreda, A., Takemoto, C., & Kapur, R. (2012) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m112.358119 · Cited by 15
PU.1 is required to restrain myelopoiesis during chronic inflammatory stress
Chavez, J. S., Rabe, J. L., Niño, K. E., Wells, H. H., Gessner, R. L., Mills, T. S., Hernandez, G., & Pietras, E. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2023.1204160 · Cited by 14
“Our previously published analysis (Higa et al., 2021) of Cebpa-deficient MPPGM shows nearly identical patterns of overexpression in genes like Bmi1, Foxo3 andMycn (Tothova et al., 2007; Takubo et al., 2010; Merchant et al., 2011; Warr et al., 2013; Murakami et al., 2014; Scognamiglio et al., 2016).”
BackgroundJung, M. M., Shen, S., Botten, G. A., Olender, T., Katsumura, K. R., Johnson, K. D., Soukup, A. A., Liu, P., Zhang, Q., Jensvold, Z. D., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci162685 · Cited by 19
“Although the ETS factor PU.1 can antagonize GATA1 or GATA2 (74, 93, 94), it can cooperate with GATA2 in activation (95).”
Mak, A. C. Y., Sajuthi, S. P., Joo, J., Xiao, S., Abou‐Sleiman, P. M., White, M. J., Lee, E. Y., Saef, B. A., Hu, D., Gui, H., et al. (2020) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.120.303231 · Cited by 13
Tagore, M. M., McAndrew, M. J., Gjidoda, A., & Floer, M. (2015) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.00027-15 · Cited by 17
Transcription Factors in the Development and Pro-Allergic Function of Mast Cells
Srivastava, M., & Kaplan, M. H. (2021) · Frontiers in Allergy · doi:10.3389/falgy.2021.679121 · Cited by 13
Logic and lineage impacts on functional transcription factor deployment for T-cell fate commitment
Rothenberg, E. V. (2021) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2021.04.002 · Cited by 17
“However, these two factors collaborate in mast-cell development and function (106).”
BackgroundHandzlik, J. E., & Manu (2022) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009779 · Cited by 11
A Novel GATA2 Protein Reporter Mouse Reveals Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Types
Ahmed, N., Kunz, L., Hoppe, P. S., Loeffler, D., Etzrodt, M., Ortega, G. C., Hilsenbeck, O., Anastassiadis, K., & Schroeder, T. (2020) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.06.008 · Cited by 18
“This is in agreement with recent single-cell RNA sequencing analysis confirming heterogeneousMPPGata2 expression at themRNA level (Weinreb et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResultBento, L. C., Bacal, N. S., Rocha, F. A., Severino, P., & Marti, L. C. (2020) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1900328 · Cited by 12
Chow, P. W., Rajab, N. F., Chua, K. H., Chan, K. M., & Hamid, Z. A. (2017) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2017.10.001 · Cited by 16
Stress hematopoiesis is regulated by the Krüppel-like transcription factor ZBP-89
Li, X.-G., Romain, R. D., Park, D., Scadden, D. T., Merchant, J., & Arnaout, M. (2014) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1002/stem.1598 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Walsh, J. C., DeKoter, R. P., Lee, H.-J., Smith, E. D., Lancki, D. W., Gurish, M. F., Friend, D. S., Stevens, R. L., Anastasi, J., & Singh, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Singh, Harinder
- Venue
- Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-11
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 665-676
- ISSN
- 1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2145064410
- Cited by
- 262
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 4.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL07237, HL-36110, P01HL036110)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM07151, T32GM007151)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI-23483, AI31599, R01AI023483)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Mast cells and histamine
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Keywords
- PU.1, GATA2, mast cell differentiation, macrophage differentiation, hematopoietic progenitor cells, transcription factors
- MeSH terms
- Proto-Oncogene Protein Spi-1, Animals, DNA-Binding Proteins, Macrophages, Mast Cells, Proto-Oncogene Proteins, Transcription Factors, Trans-Activators, Zinc Fingers, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Cell Lineage, Myelopoiesis, GATA2 Transcription Factor, Mice
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