Cited by 6,619Online and Blended LearningEducational Technology in LearningVirtual Reality Applications and Impacts

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Critical Inquiry in a Text-Based Environment: Computer Conferencing in Higher Education

Garrison, D.Randy, Anderson, Terry, Archer, Walter·1999·The Internet and Higher Education

DOI 10.1016/s1096-7516(00)00016-6

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Cutler, 1995, Distributed presence and community in cyberspace, Interpersonal Computing and Technology: An Electronic Journal for the 21st Century, 3, 12
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Authors: Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W.
Affiliations: University of Alberta (CA)
Corresponding author: Garrison, D.Randy
ORCID: Garrison, D.Randy
Anderson, Terry
Venue: The Internet and Higher Education
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1999-03
Volume: 2
Issue: 2-3
Pages: 87-105
ISSN: 1096-7516 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s1096-7516(00)00016-6
OpenAlex: W2014858765
Cited by: 6,619
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 464 · 2025: 409 · 2024: 439 · 2023: 553 · 2022: 632 · 2021: 527 · 2020: 391 · 2019: 290 · 2018: 264 · 2017: 245 · 2016: 281 · 2015: 291 · 2014: 297 · 2013: 271 · 2012: 266
FWCI: 44.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: The Internet and Higher Education (publishedVersion)
AUSpace (Athabasca University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Education › Online and Blended Learning
Social Sciences › Education › Educational Technology in Learning
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
Keywords: computer conferencing, computer-mediated communication, community of inquiry, cognitive presence, social presence, teaching presence, critical inquiry, higher education, online learning

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Critical Inquiry in a Text-Based Environment: Computer Conferencing in Higher Education

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