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Phototropins 1 and 2: versatile plant blue-light receptors
Abstract
Blue and ultraviolet-A light regulate a wide range of responses in plants, including phototropism, chloroplast migration and stomatal opening. However, the photoreceptors for these light responses have been identified only recently. The phototropins (phot1 and phot2) represent a new class of receptor kinases that appear to be exclusive to plants. Recent genetic analysis has shown that phot1 and phot2 exhibit partially overlapping functions in mediating phototropism, chloroplast migration, and stomatal opening in Arabidopsis. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the early photochemical and biochemical events that follow phototropin excitation, the details of how this excitation activates such different responses remain to be elucidated.
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“청색광 수용체인 cryptochrome은 식물의 하배축 신장을 억제하고(Lin et al., 1995; Lin et al., 1996), phototropin은 식물의 굴광성 및 카로티 노이드 계통의 zeaxanthin의 형성에 관여하며, 이 외에도 기공 개폐와 형태형성에 직접 관여하는 것으로 알려져 있다(Briggs and Christie, 2002; Banerjee and Batschauer, 2005).”
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BackgroundApplication of Multi-Omics Technologies to the Study of Phytochromes in Plants
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“…involved in the absorption of red light (R) and far-red light (FR) cryptochromes (CRYs) that play role in sensing blue light and ultraviolet light A (UV-A), phototropin (PHOT), aureochrome (AUREO), ZTL/FKF1/LKP2, and the ultraviolet B (UV-B) signaling receptor UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8) [3–7].”
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“For example, blue light spectra are vital for growth and development of higher plants, because photomorphogenesis is triggered by blue photoreceptors (Briggs & Huala 1999; Briggs & Christie 2002).”
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“Photomorphogenesis is mediated by the perception of the light conditions by at least four families of photoreceptors: cryptochromes and phototropins, which monitor the blue and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum; the phytochromes, which mainly monitor the red (R) and far-red (FR) regions of the solar spectrum; and th…”
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Use of Confocal Laser as Light Source Reveals Stomata-Autonomous Function
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“Blue-light, for example, triggers de-etiolation, phototropic curvature, chloroplast movement, and stomatal opening [2,29,30].”
BackgroundInsight into nuclear body formation of phytochromes through stochastic modelling and experiment
Grima, R., Sonntag, S., Venezia, F., Kircher, S., Smith, R. W., & Fleck, C. C. (2018) · Physical Biology · doi:10.1088/1478-3975/aac193 · Cited by 6
“Among these families, the most prominent photoreceptors are UVR-8 that senses UV-B radiation [5], the blue light-detecting cryptochromes (crys) [6, 7] and phototropins [8], and phytochromes (phys) that mainly act under red and far-red irradiation [9].”
BackgroundPhotoreceptors and Light Signalling Pathways in Plants
Larner, V. S., Franklin, K. A., & Whitelam, G. C. (2007) · Blackwell Publishing Ltd eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470988527.ch5 · Cited by 6
Red Light Effects on Blue Light–Based Phototropism in Roots of Arabidopsis thaliana
Sindelar, T. J., Millar, K. D. L., & Kiss, J. Z. (2014) · International Journal of Plant Sciences · doi:10.1086/676303 · Cited by 6
“Additionally, positive phototropism is typically observed in shoots as they grow toward blue light, and roots display negative phototropism as they grow away from blue light (Briggs and Christie 2002; Kutschera and Briggs 2012).”
BackgroundEnhanced Conformational Fluctuations during Protein Reactions
Terazima, M. (2019) · Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1246/cl.190195 · Cited by 6
Yang, Y., Qi, X., Sen, L., Su, Y., & Wang, T. (2010) · American Fern Journal · doi:10.1640/0002-8444-100.1.1 · Cited by 6
“Phytochromes predominantly absorb red and far-red light, using a bilin (or linear tetrapyrrole) chromophore for light detection in seed plants and in cryptogams (Quail, 2002), and phototropins are UV-A/blue light receptors (Briggs and Christie, 2002; Folta and Spalding, 2001).”
BackgroundNPH3 and RPT2: Signal Transducers in Phototropin Signaling Pathways
Sakai, T. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/4-431-27092-2_20 · Cited by 6
The Effect of Light and Gravity on Hypocotyl Growth Orientation
Lariguet, P., & Fankhauser, C. (2005) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/4-431-27092-2_32 · Cited by 6
Phototropism and its Relationship to Gravitropism
Mullen, J. L., & Kiss, J. Z. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470388297.ch4 · Cited by 6
The Role of Phytochromes in Triggering Plant Developmental Transitions
Kaiserli, E., & Chory, J. (2016) · Encyclopedia of Life Sciences · doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0023714 · Cited by 6
Tailoring red, green, and blue LED spectra to improve yield and quality of Glehnia littoralis
Yeom, M.-S., & Oh, M. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-05402-5 · Cited by 5
“B light activates photoreceptors such as cryptochromes and phototropins, which subsequently signaling that induce the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway 54 .”
Photobiotechnology for abiotic stress resilient crops: Recent advances and prospects
Gururani, M. A. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20158 · Cited by 8
Ryu, J., Nam, H., Kim, H. K., Joo, Y., Lee, S. J., & Kim, K. H. (2014) · Microscopy Research and Technique · doi:10.1002/jemt.22403 · Cited by 5
Veljovic-Jovanovic, S. D., Kasalica, B. V., Miletić, K. M., Vidović, M., Šušić, N., Jeremic, D. A., & Belca, I. D. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241814265 · Cited by 5
“Our results on the occurrence of the transient avoidance response at this light intensity, follow a similar pattern previously shown in Arabidopsis plants [15].”
BackgroundInfluentialPhotoinduction of Seed Germination in Arabidopsis Thaliana is Modulated by Phototropins
Jedynak, P., Myśliwa‐Kurdziel, B., Turek, E., & Malec, P. (2013) · Acta Biologica Cracoviensia s Botanica · doi:10.2478/abcsb-2013-0008 · Cited by 5
Efficiency of Light-Emitting Diodes for Future Photosynthesis
Dayani, S., Heydarizadeh, P., & Sabzalian, M. R. (2016) · Books in soils, plants, and the environment · doi:10.1201/b19498-56 · Cited by 5
Krzeszowiec, W., & Gabryś, H. (2011) · Signaling and communication in plants · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19091-9_4 · Cited by 5
“The light signal is perceived by phototropins (phot1 and phot2), blue-light receptors associated with the plasma membrane (Sakai et al. 2001; Briggs and Christie 2002 ).”
BackgroundGraPhoBox: Gravitropism and phototropism inArabidopsis thaliana
Buizer, K. (2007) · Microgravity Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/bf02919490 · Cited by 5
“Two phototropins (PHOTOTROPIN1 and 2) have been identified in A. thaliana [1, 17 ].”
BackgroundKotiranta, S., Siipola, S., Robson, T. M., Aphalo, P. J., & Kotilainen, T. K. (2015) · Acta Horticulturae · doi:10.17660/actahortic.2015.1107.14 · Cited by 5
Mutava, R. N. (2009) · K-State Research Exchange (Kansas State University) · Cited by 5
Li, X., Chen, Z., Xu, W., Gao, L., Lou, Q., Jin, S., Xin, T., Ji, A., Gao, R., & Song, J. (2026) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/tpj.70823 · Cited by 4
Recent advances in UVR8-mediated signal transduction
Liu, J., Zhao, Z., & Liu, H. (2026) · Journal of genetics and genomics/Journal of Genetics and Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.jgg.2026.04.005 · Cited by 4
Riboflavin-based photocatalysis for aerobic oxidative S–N bond formation of thiols and amines
Oka, M., Takeda, A., & Iida, H. (2024) · Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1093/chemle/upad057 · Cited by 4
Lin, T., Qiu, H., Cheng, D., Sun, Q., Liu, L., & Tian, Z. (2024) · Physiologia Plantarum · doi:10.1111/ppl.14594 · Cited by 4
Liu, T., Zhang, D., He, M., Li, J., Wu, H., Jiang, W., Long, Y., Zhu, X.-R., & Zhang, Z. (2025) · Journal of Plant Ecology · doi:10.1093/jpe/rtaf075 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Briggs, W. R., & Christie, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Carnegie Institution for Science (US)
- Corresponding author
- Briggs, Winslow R.
- ORCID
- Christie, John M.
- Venue
- Trends in Plant Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 204-210
- ISSN
- 1360-1385 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2079139285
- Cited by
- 785
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 4.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Plant Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Light effects on plants
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Molecular Biology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms
- Keywords
- phototropin, phot1, phot2, blue light receptor, receptor kinases, phototropism, stomatal opening, UVA, Arabidopsis thaliana, photoreceptor signaling
- MeSH terms
- Chloroplasts, Eye Proteins, Flavoproteins, Light, Mutation, Oxygen, Phosphoproteins, Plants, Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet Rays, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Arabidopsis, Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate, Phototropism, Arabidopsis Proteins, Drosophila Proteins, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, Cryptochromes
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