Arabidopsis nph1 and npl1: Blue light receptors that mediate both phototropism and chloroplast relocation
Open accessAbstract
UV-A/blue light acts to regulate a number of physiological processes in higher plants. These include light-driven chloroplast movement and phototropism. The NPH1 gene of Arabidopsis encodes an autophosphorylating protein kinase that functions as a photoreceptor for phototropism in response to low-intensity blue light. However, nph1 mutants have been reported to exhibit normal phototropic curvature under high-intensity blue light, indicating the presence of an additional phototropic receptor. A likely candidate is the nph1 homologue, npl1, which has recently been shown to mediate the avoidance response of chloroplasts to high-intensity blue light in Arabidopsis. Here we demonstrate that npl1, like nph1, noncovalently binds the chromophore flavin mononucleotide (FMN) within two specialized PAS domains, termed LOV domains. Furthermore, when expressed in insect cells, npl1, like nph1, undergoes light-dependent autophosphorylation, indicating that npl1 also functions as a light receptor kinase. Consistent with this conclusion, we show that a nph1npl1 double mutant exhibits an impaired phototropic response under both low- and high-intensity blue light. Hence, npl1 functions as a second phototropic receptor under high fluence rate conditions and is, in part, functionally redundant to nph1. We also demonstrate that both chloroplast accumulation in response to low-intensity light and chloroplast avoidance movement in response to high-intensity light are lacking in the nph1npl1 double mutant. Our findings therefore indicate that nph1 and npl1 show partially overlapping functions in two different responses, phototropism and chloroplast relocation, in a fluence rate-dependent manner.
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At low-fluence blue light, gravitropism is inhibited by the action of phytochromes and to a lesser extent by cryptochromes.
“These results suggest that, at low-fluence blue light, gravitropism is inhibited by the action of phytochromes and to a lesser extent by cryptochromes”
From The action of enhancing weak light capture via phototropic growth and chloroplast movement in plants (2022) · cites this paper as Sakai et al., 2001
Blue light induces phosphorylation of PHOT1 and promotes detachment of NPH3 from the cell membrane, and RPT2 is induced by blue light to interact with NPH3 and PHOT1 to promote phototropism.
“Blue light can induce the phosphorylation of PHOT1 and promote the detachment of NPH3 from cell membrane, and RPT2 is induced by blue light to interact with NPH3 and PHOT1 to promote phototropism (Sakai et al., 2001; Morita and Tasaka, 2004; Stone et al., 2005).”
From The action of enhancing weak light capture via phototropic growth and chloroplast movement in plants (2022) · cites this paper as Sakai et al., 2001
The blue light receptor phototropin mainly mediates the phototropism of angiosperms, and phot1 phot2 double mutants exhibit slight phototropism after intense blue light irradiation.
“The blue light receptor phototropin mainly mediates the phototropism of angiosperms, and phot1 phot2 double mutants exhibit slight phototropism after intense blue light irradiation (Sakai et al., 2001; Zhao et al., 2013, 2018, 2020).”
From The action of enhancing weak light capture via phototropic growth and chloroplast movement in plants (2022) · cites this paper as Sakai et al., 2001
In Arabidopsis, the chloroplast accumulation response is regulated by PHOT1 and PHOT2, whereas the avoidance response is regulated mainly by PHOT2.
“In Arabidopsis, the accumulation response is regulated by PHOT1 and PHOT2 (Sakai et al., 2001), whereas the avoidance response is regulated mainly by PHOT2 (Jarillo et al., 2001; Kagawa et al., 2001).”
From The action of enhancing weak light capture via phototropic growth and chloroplast movement in plants (2022) · cites this paper as Sakai et al., 2001
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“Modulation of phototropism by other photoreceptors The blue light receptor phototropin mainly mediates the phototropism of angiosperms, and phot1 phot2 double mutants exhibit slight phototropism after intense blue light irradiation (Sakai et al., 2001; Zhao et al., 2013, 2018, 2020).”
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Suzuki, H., Okamoto, A., Kojima, A., Nishimura, T., Takano, M., Kagawa, T., Kadota, A., Kanegae, T., & Koshiba, T. (2014) · Planta · doi:10.1007/s00425-014-2082-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Sakai, T., Kagawa, T., Kasahara, M., Swartz, T. E., Christie, J. M., Briggs, W. R., Wada, M., & Okada, K.
- Affiliations
- Carnegie Institution for Science (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2001-05-22
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 6969-6974
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC34462
- OpenAlex
- W1997251667
- Cited by
- 715
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 48.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Light effects on plants
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Molecular Biology Research
- Keywords
- phototropism, blue-light photoreceptor, LOV domain, flavin mononucleotide, Arabidopsis thaliana
- MeSH terms
- Chloroplasts, Phosphoproteins, Plant Proteins, Recombinant Proteins, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Arabidopsis, Phototropism, Arabidopsis Proteins, Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins
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