Effectiveness of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection during the delta (B.1.617.2) variant surge in India: a test-negative, case-control study and a mechanistic study of post-vaccination immune responses
Open accessAbstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) have threatened COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine, predominantly against the delta (B.1.617.2) variant, in addition to the cellular immune response to vaccination.Methods We did a test-negative, case-control study at two medical research centres in Faridabad, India. All individuals who had a positive RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 infection between April 1, 2021, and May 31, 2021, were included as cases and individuals who had a negative RT-PCR test were included as controls after matching with cases on calendar week of RT-PCR test. The primary outcome was effectiveness of complete vaccination with the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. The secondary outcomes were effectiveness of a single dose against SARS-CoV-2 infection and effectiveness of a single dose and complete vaccination against moderate-to-severe disease among infected individuals. Additionally, we tested in-vitro live-virus neutralisation and T-cell immune responses to the spike protein of the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and VOCs among healthy (anti-nucleocapsid antibody negative) recipients of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine.Findings Of 2379 cases of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, 85 (3·6%) were fully vaccinated compared with 168 (8·5%) of 1981 controls (adjusted OR [aOR] 0·37 [95% CI 0·28-0·48]), giving a vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection of 63·1% (95% CI 51·5-72·1). 157 (6·4%) of 2451 of cases and 181 (9·1%) of 1994) controls had received a single dose of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (aOR 0·54 [95% CI 0·42-0·68]), thus vaccine effectiveness of a single dose against SARS-CoV-2 infection was 46·2% (95% CI 31·6-57·7). One of 84 cases with moderate-to-severe COVID-19 was fully vaccinated compared with 84 of 2295 cases with mild COVID-19 (aOR 0·19 [95% CI 0·01-0·90]), giving a vaccine effectiveness of complete vaccination against moderate-to-severe disease of 81·5% (95% CI 9·9-99·0). The effectiveness of a single dose against moderate-to-severe disease was 79·2% (95% CI 46·1-94·0); four of 87 individuals with moderate-to-severe COVID-19 had received a single dose compared with 153 of 2364 participants with mild disease (aOR 0·20 [95% CI 0·06-0·54]). Among 49 healthy, fully vaccinated individuals, neutralising antibody responses were lower against the alpha (B.1.1.7; geometric mean titre 244·7 [95% CI 151·8-394·4]), beta (B.1.351; 97·6 [61·2-155·8]), kappa (B.1.617.1; 112·8 [72·7-175·0]), and delta (88·4 [61·2-127·8]) variants than against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 (599·4 [376·9-953·2]). However, the antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses were conserved against both the delta variant and wild-type SARS-CoV-2.Interpretation The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine remained effective against moderate-to-severe COVID-19, even during a surge that was dominated by the highly transmissible delta variant of SARS-CoV-2. Spike-specific T-cell responses were maintained against the delta variant. Such cellular immune protection might compensate for waning humoral immunity.Funding Department of Biotechnology India, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research India, and Fondation Botnar.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Effectiveness of ChAdOx1 against Delta variant-associated severe disease has been estimated at ≥80% in multiple postlicensure studies, including in India.
“Effectiveness of ChAdOx1 against Delta variant-associated severe disease has been estimated at ≥80% in multiple postlicensure studies63,64, including in India65.”
From Attributed causes of excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in a south Indian city (2023) · cites this paper as [65]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Voysey, M., Clemens, S. A. C., Madhi, S. A., Weckx, L. Y., Folegatti, P. M., Aley, P. K., Angus, B., Baillie, V. L., Barnabas, S. L., Bhorat, Q. E., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32661-1 · Cited by 4,616 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant
Lopez Bernal, J., Andrews, N., Gower, C., Gallagher, E., Simmons, R., Thelwall, S., Stowe, J., Tessier, E., Groves, N., Dabrera, G., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2108891 · Cited by 2,889 · see citing works
Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection.
Dan, J. M., Mateus, J., Kato, Y., Hastie, K. M., Yu, E. D., Faliti, C. E., Grifoni, A., Ramirez, S. I., Haupt, S., Frazier, A., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abf4063 · Cited by 2,656 · see citing works
A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology
Rambaut, A., Holmes, E. C., O’Toole, Á., Hill, V., McCrone, J. T., Ruis, C., du Plessis, L., & Pybus, O. G. (2020) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0770-5 · Cited by 2,543 · see citing works
Antibody resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7
Wang, P., Nair, M. S., Liu, L., Iketani, S., Luo, Y., Guo, Y., Wang, M., Yu, J., Zhang, B., Kwong, P. D., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03398-2 · Cited by 2,312 · see citing works
COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and TH1 T cell responses
Sahin, U., Muik, A., Derhovanessian, E., Vogler, I., Kranz, L. M., Vormehr, M., Baum, A., Pascal, K., Quandt, J., Maurus, D., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2814-7 · Cited by 1,977 · see citing works
Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
Sette, A., & Crotty, S. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.007 · Cited by 1,860 · see citing works
Logunov, D. Y., Dolzhikova, I. V., Shcheblyakov, D. V., Tukhvatulin, A. I., Zubkova, O. V., Dzharullaeva, A. S., Kovyrshina, A. V., Lubenets, N. L., Grousova, D. M., Erokhova, A. S., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00234-8 · Cited by 1,747 · see citing works
Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant
Madhi, S. A., Baillie, V., Cutland, C. L., Voysey, M., Koen, A. L., Fairlie, L., Padayachee, S. D., Dheda, K., Barnabas, S. L., Bhorat, Q. E., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2102214 · Cited by 1,257 · see citing works
Sheikh, A., McMenamin, J., Taylor, B., & Robertson, C. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01358-1 · Cited by 939 · see citing works
Increased transmissibility and global spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern as at June 2021
Campbell, F., Archer, B. N., Laurenson‐Schafer, H., Jinnai, Y., Konings, F. A. J., Batra, N., Pavlin, B. I., Vandemaele, K., Kerkhove, M. D. V., Jombart, T., et al. (2021) · Eurosurveillance · doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.24.2100509 · Cited by 792 · see citing works
Emary, K. R. W., Golubchik, T., Aley, P. K., Ariani, C. V., Angus, B., Bibi, S., Blane, B., Bonsall, D., Cicconi, P., Charlton, S., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00628-0 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
Geers, D., Shamier, M. C., Bogers, S., den Hartog, G., Gommers, L., Nieuwkoop, N. N., Schmitz, K. S., Rijsbergen, L. C., van Osch, J. A. T., Dijkhuizen, E., et al. (2021) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abj1750 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Neutralising antibody activity against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs B.1.617.2 and B.1.351 by BNT162b2 vaccination
Wall, E. C., Wu, M., Harvey, R., Kelly, G., Warchal, S., Sawyer, C., Daniels, R., Hobson, P., Hatipoglu, E., Ngai, Y., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01290-3 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Reduced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant by convalescent and vaccine sera
Supasa, P., Zhou, D., Dejnirattisai, W., Liu, C., Mentzer, A. J., Ginn, H. M., Zhao, Y., Duyvesteyn, H. M. E., Nutalai, R., Tuekprakhon, A., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.033 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Genomic characterization and Epidemiology of an emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant in Delhi, India
Dhar, M. S., Marwal, R., Radhakrishnan, V., Ponnusamy, K., Jolly, B., Bhoyar, R. C., Sardana, V., Naushin, S., Rophina, M., Mellan, T. A., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.21258076 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Self-citationBewley, K. R., Coombes, N. S., Gagnon, L., McInroy, L., Baker, N., Shaik, I., St-Jean, J. R., St-Amant, N., Buttigieg, K. R., Humphries, H. E., et al. (2021) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/s41596-021-00536-y · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Serres, G. D., Skowronski, D. M., Wu, X., & Ambrose, C. S. (2013) · Eurosurveillance · doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.37.20585 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Bhoyar, R. C., Jain, A. K., Sehgal, P., Divakar, M. K., Sharma, D., Imran, M., Jolly, B., Ranjan, G., Rophina, M., Sharma, S., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247115 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationClonal analysis of immunodominance and cross-reactivity of the CD4 T cell response to SARS-CoV-2
Low, J. S., Vaqueirinho, D., Mele, F., Foglierini, M., Jerak, J., Perotti, M., Jarrossay, D., Jovic, S., Perez, L. H., Cacciatore, R., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abg8985 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Neutralization potential of Covishield vaccinated individuals sera against B.1.617.1
Yadav, P., Sapkal, G., Abraham, P., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443645 · Cited by 45
Mehdi, F., Chattopadhyay, S., Thiruvengadam, R., Sarla, Y., Kumar, M., Sinha, S. K., Goswami, S., Kshetrapal, P., Wadhwa, N., Natchu, U. C. M., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.618097 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationIndia’s COVID-vaccine woes — by the numbers
Padma, T. V. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-021-00996-y · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Shrivastava, T., Singh, B., Rizvi, Z. A., Verma, R., Goswami, S., Vishwakarma, P., Jakhar, K., Sonar, S., Mani, S., Bhattacharyya, S., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.641447 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat should define a SARS-CoV-2 “breakthrough” infection?
Schieffelin, J. S., Norton, E. B., & Kolls, J. K. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci151186 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 26 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [2]WHO COVID-19 weekly epidemiological update https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20210511_Weekly_Epi_Update_39.pdf PMC11002403 38580376
- [25]Public Health England Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against hospital admission with the delta (B.1.617.2) variant https://khub.net/documents/135939561/479607266/Effectiveness+of+COVID-19+vaccines+against+hospital+admission+with+the+Delta+%28B.1.617.2%29+variant.pdf/1c213463-3997-ed16-2a6f-14e5deb0b997?t=1623689315431 (preprint).
- [28]Tarke A Sidney J Methot N Impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on the total CD4+ and CD8+ T cell reactivity in infected or vaccinated individuals Cell Rep Med 2 2021 100355 PMC8249675 34230917
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Zeng, B., Gao, L., Zhou, Q., Yu, K., & Sun, F. (2022) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02397-y · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Chi, W.-Y., Li, Y.-D., Huang, H., Chan, T. E. H., Chow, S.-Y., Su, J.-H., Ferrall, L., Hung, C., & Wu, T. ‐. (2022) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1186/s12929-022-00853-8 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Yang, Z.-R., Jiang, Y.-W., Li, F.-X., Liu, D., Lin, T.-F., Zhao, Z.-Y., Wei, C., Jin, Q.-Y., Li, X.-M., Jia, Y.-X., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/s2666-5247(22)00390-1 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Vikkurthi, R., Ansari, A., Pai, A. R., Jha, S. N., Sachan, S., Pandit, S., Nikam, B., Kalia, A., Jit, B. P., Parray, H. A., et al. (2022) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-022-01161-5 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationMedigeshi, G., Batra, G., Murugesan, D. R., Thiruvengadam, R., Chattopadhyay, S., Das, B., Gosain, M., Ayushi, Singh, J., Anbalagan, A., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103938 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationExtended SARS-CoV-2 RBD booster vaccination induces humoral and cellular immune tolerance in mice
Gao, F., Wu, R., Shen, M., Huang, J., Li, T., Hu, C., Luo, F., Song, S., Mu, S., Hao, Y., et al. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105479 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Will the COVID-19 pandemic end with the Delta and Omicron variants?
Wang, C., & Han, J. (2022) · Environmental Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1007/s10311-021-01369-7 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Khatri, R., Siddqui, G., Sadhu, S., Maithil, V., Vishwakarma, P., Lohiya, B., Goswami, A., Ahmed, S., Awasthi, A., & Samal, S. (2022) · Medical Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1007/s00430-022-00760-7 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, Y., Wang, Z., Zhuang, X., Zhang, S., Chen, Z., Zou, Y., Sheng, J., Li, T., Tai, W., Yu, J., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-37926-7 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
COVID-19 Vaccines and SARS-CoV-2 Transmission in the Era of New Variants: A Review and Perspective
Marcelin, J. R., Pettifor, A. E., Janes, H., Brown, E. R., Kublin, J. G., & Stephenson, K. E. (2022) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofac124 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Lv, J., Wu, H., Xu, J., & Liu, J. (2022) · Infectious Diseases of Poverty · doi:10.1186/s40249-022-00977-x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
A comprehensive analysis of the efficacy and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines
He, X., Su, J., Ma, Y., Zhang, W., & Tang, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.945930 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
IL-9 aggravates SARS-CoV-2 infection and exacerbates associated airway inflammation
Sadhu, S., Dalal, R., Dandotiya, J., Binayke, A., Singh, V., Tripathy, M. R., Das, V., Goswami, S., Kumar, S., Rizvi, Z. A., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39815-5 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationSobieszczyk, M. E., Maaske, J., Falsey, A. R., Sproule, S., Robb, M. L., Frenck, R. W., Tieu, H., Mayer, K. H., Corey, L., Neuzil, K. M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci160565 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Wang, K., Wang, L., Li, M., Xie, B., He, L., Wang, M., Zhang, R., Hou, N., Zhang, Y., & Jia, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.820544 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Xu, K., Fan, C., Han, Y., Dai, L., & Gao, G. F. (2022) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxac031 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Rakshit, S., Adiga, V., Ahmed, A., Parthiban, C., Kumar, N. C., Dwarkanath, P., Shivalingaiah, S., Rao, S., D′Souza, G., Dias, M., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.985938 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Bouillon, K., Baricault, B., Botton, J., Jabagi, M.-J., Bertrand, M., Semenzato, L., Le Vu, S., Drouin, J., Dray-Spira, R., Weill, A., et al. (2022) · BMJ Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjmed-2021-000104 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Binayke, A., Zaheer, A., Vishwakarma, S., Singh, S., Sharma, P., Chandwaskar, R., Gosain, M., Raghavan, S., Murugesan, D. R., Kshetrapal, P., et al. (2024) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-023-00794-9 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationZheng, H.-L., An, S.-Y., Qiao, B., Guan, P., Huang, D., & Wu, W. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-23132-3 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Vaccine World of COVID-19: India’s Contribution
Chavda, V. P., Vihol, D. R., Solanki, H. K., & Apostolopoulos, V. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10111943 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2: Immunity, Challenges with Current Vaccines, and a Novel Perspective on Mucosal Vaccines
Sunagar, R., Singh, A., & Kumar, S. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11040849 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Thiruvengadam, R., Rizvi, Z. A., Raghavan, S., Murugesan, D. R., Gosain, M., Dandotiya, J., Ayushi, A., Samal, S., Pandey, A. K., Wadhwa, N., et al. (2023) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-023-01373-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationAttributed causes of excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in a south Indian city
Lewnard, J. A., B, C. M., Kang, G., & Laxminarayan, R. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39322-7 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Mushebenge, A. G.-A., Ugbaja, S. C., Mbatha, N. A., Khan, R. B., & Kumalo, H. M. (2023) · COVID · doi:10.3390/covid3090100 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Das, S. R., Singh, J., Shaman, H., Singh, B., Anantharaj, A., Patil, S., Pandey, R., Lodha, R., Pandey, A. K., & Medigeshi, G. R. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31170-1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, G., Gerlovin, H., Muñiz, M. J. F., Wise, J. K., Madenci, A. L., Robins, J. M., Aslan, M., Cho, K., Gaziano, J. M., Lipsitch, M., et al. (2023) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000001709 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Tsang, T. K., Sullivan, S. G., Huang, X., Wang, C., Wang, Y., Nealon, J., Yang, B., Ainslie, K. E. C., & Cowling, B. J. (2024) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwae142 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Mani, S., Kaur, A., Jakhar, K., Kumari, G., Sonar, S., Kumar, A., Das, S., Kumar, S., Kumar, V., Kundu, R., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125444 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationMésidor, M., Liu, Y., Talbot, D. C., Skowronski, D. M., Serres, G. D., Merckx, J., Koushik, A., Tadrous, M., Carazo, S., Jiang, C., et al. (2023) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.013 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Contractor, A., Shivaprakash, S., Tiwari, A. A., Setia, M. S., & Gianchandani, T. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276759 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
COVID-19 vaccines: Update of the vaccines in use and under development
Marta, R. A., Nakamura, G. E. K., Aquino, B. D. M., & Bignardi, P. R. (2022) · Vacunas · doi:10.1016/j.vacun.2022.06.003 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Yuan, Y., Xu, J., Ma, B., Chen, G., Wang, Z., Wang, S., Nan, J., Zhang, J., Wang, B., Yan, W., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107866 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ortíz‐Brizuela, E., Carabalí, M., Jiang, C., Merckx, J., Talbot, D. C., & Schnitzer, M. E. (2024) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwae288 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hingankar, N. K., Deshpande, S., Das, P., Rizvi, Z. A., Wibmer, C. K., Mashilo, P., Ansari, M. Y., Burns, A., Barman, S., Zhao, F.-Z., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1010465 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationBinayke, A., Zaheer, A., Dandotiya, J., Gupta, S. K., Mani, S., Tripathy, M. R., Madan, U., Shrivastava, T., Kumar, Y., Pandey, A. K., et al. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10101762 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationParray, H. A., Narayanan, N., Garg, S., Rizvi, Z. A., Shrivastava, T., Kushwaha, S., Singh, J., Murugavelu, P., Anantharaj, A., Mehdi, F., et al. (2022) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1010994 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationRakshit, S., Babji, S., Parthiban, C., Madhavan, R., Adiga, V., Sharon Eveline, J., Kumar, N. C., Ahmed, A., Shivalingaiah, S., Shashikumar, N., et al. (2023) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-023-00731-w · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Priority age targets for COVID-19 vaccination in Ethiopia under limited vaccine supply
Galli, M., Zardini, A., Gamshie, W. N., Santini, S., Tsegaye, A., Trentini, F., Marziano, V., Guzzetta, G., Manica, M., d’Andrea, V., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-32501-y · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Covishield vaccine induces robust immune responses in Bangladeshi adults
Bhuiyan, T. R., Akhtar, M., Khaton, F., Rahman, S. I. A., Ferdous, J., Alamgir, A. S. M., Rahman, M., Kawser, Z., Hasan, I., Calderwood, S. B., et al. (2022) · IJID Regions · doi:10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.04.006 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Murali, S., Sakthivel, M., Kamaraj, P., Venkatasamy, V., Thangaraj, J. W. V., Shete, A. M., Varghese, A. J., Arjun, J., Kumar, C. P. G., Yadav, P. D., et al. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10060970 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Vaccinating against a Novel Pathogen: A Critical Review of COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Evidence
Black, B. S., & Thaw, D. B. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms12010089 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Selvavinayagam, T. S., Anavarathan, S., Selvam, J. M., Sampath, P., Vijayalakshmi, V., Kumar, C. A. B., Subramaniam, S., Parthipan, K., Raju, S., Avudaiselvi, R., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50338-3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Effectiveness of interventions to improve vaccine efficacy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Aviraj, K. S., Wasnik, A., Gupta, L., Ranjan, A., & Suresh, H. (2025) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-025-02856-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kulkarni, P. S., Gunale, B., Kohli, S., Lalwani, S. K., Tripathy, S. P., Kar, S., Raut, S. K., Kulkarni, P., Apte, A. A., Bavdekar, A., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-43578-w · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Bonnet, B., Chabrolles, H., Archimbaud, C., Brebion, A., Godignon, M., Dutheil, F., Lambert, C., Cosme, J., Mirand, A., Ollier, A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2022.03.006 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Rakshit, S., Adiga, V., Ahmed, A., Parthiban, C., Kumar, N. C., Shivalingaiah, S., Rao, S., D′Souza, G., Dwarkanath, P., Dias, M., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1395683/v1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
COVID-19 vaccines in the age of the delta variant
Wheatley, A., & Juno, J. (2021) · Lancet. Infectious Diseases (Print) · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00688-5 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
McMaster, C., Liew, D. F. L., Lester, S. E., Rischin, A., Black, R. J., Chand, V., Fletcher, A., Lassere, M. N., MARCH, L. M., Robinson, P. C., et al. (2022) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keac503 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
SEI3R2D2V: Pandemic Modeling and Analysis of Its Latent Factors: A Case Study of COVID-19 in India
Kansal, V., & Pandey, P. K. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems · doi:10.1109/tcss.2022.3225639 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dandu, H. R., Goel, A., Kumar, M., Malhotra, H. S., Katiyar, H., Agarwal, M., Kumar, N., Pandey, P., Rani, S., & Yadav, G. (2024) · Clinical and Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10238-023-01258-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dold, C., Oguti, B., Silva-Reyes, L., Stanzelova, A., Raymond, M., Smith, C. C., Moore, M., Barton, A. L., Choi, E. M.-L., Plested, E. L., et al. (2025) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.adn1441 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Chaudhary, A., Madhavan, R., Babji, S., Raju, R., Syed, C., Kumar, A., Saravanan, P., Nikitha, O. S., Xavier, J. V. L., Chelladurai, J. S. D., et al. (2023) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.06.059 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Thiruvengadam, R., Awasthi, A., Bhatnagar, S., & Garg, P. K. (2022) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00120-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationWadhwa, K., Malik, S. D., Balaji, S., Thiruvengadam, R., Bashyam, M. D., Bhattacharya, P. K., Behera, B., Bhardwaj, P., Biswas, N. K., Das, A., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Microbiology Research · doi:10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1041_23 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationMisra, P., Garg, P. K., Awasthi, A., Kant, S., Rai, S. K., Ahmad, M., Guleria, R., Deori, T. J., Mandal, S., Jaiswal, A., et al. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.48824 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationUnderstanding the landscape of the SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific T cells post‐omicron surge
Binayke, A., Zaheer, A., Vishwakarma, S., Sharma, P., Dandotiya, J., Raghavan, S., Gosain, M., Singh, S., Chattopadhyay, S., Kaushal, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.29877 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationDispelling the Myth of a Pandemic of the Unvaccinated
McLeod, D., Martins, I., Pelech, S., Beck, C., & Shaw, C. A. (2022) · International Journal of Vaccine Theory Practice and Research · doi:10.56098/ijvtpr.v2i1.38 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Khatri, R., Siddqui, G., Sadhu, S., Maithil, V., Vishwakarma, P., Lohiya, B., Goswami, A., Ahmed, S., Awasthi, A., & Samal, S. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1310197/v1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationKumar, R., Parray, H. A., Narayan, N., Garg, S., Rizvi, Z. A., Shrivastava, T., Kushwaha, S., Singh, J., Murugavelu, P., Anantharaj, A., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1431974/v1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationBlack, B. S., & Thaw, D. B. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4155493 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Chemaitelly, H. S., Ayoub, H. H., Coyle, P. V., Tang, P., Hasan, M. R., Yassine, H. M., Thani, A. A. A., Kanaani, Z. A., Al‐Kuwari, E., Jeremijenko, A. M., et al. (2025) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-025-11410-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in the post-natural infection world
Garg, P. K., & Thiruvengadam, R. (2022) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00207-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationJaiswal, S. R., Saifullah, A., Arunachalam, J., Lakhchaura, R., Tailor, D., Mehta, A., Bhagawati, G., Aiyer, H., Biswas, S., Khamar, B. M., et al. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11020328 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Binayke, A., Zaheer, A., Dandotiya, J., Gupta, S. K., Mani, S., Tripathi, M., Madan, U., Shrivastava, T., Kumar, Y., Pandey, A. K., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.03.11.483930 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationVeerapu, N., Inmdar, D. P., Kumar, B. P. R., Basavaraju, A., Guddanti, P., Issapuri, S. D., Ganta, N. S., & Gopi, A. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.05.15.22273945 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Alhawamdeh, A. S., Novendah, I., & Prasetyo, Y. T. (2026) · Nuclear Engineering and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.net.2026.104339 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
In Silico Analysis Predicts a Limited Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Variants on CD8 T Cell Recognition
Isaeva, O. I., Ketelaars, S. L. C., & Kvistborg, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.891524 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Marwan, M., Winardi, W., Mu'ti, A., Wahyuni, S., Jatmiko, R. W., Alfian, D. I., Nur, M. I., & Sewu, S. (2022) · Jurnal Respirasi · doi:10.20473/jr.v8-i.2.2022.99-105 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Veerapu, N., Inamdar, D. P., Kumar, B. P. R., Basavaraju, A., Guddanti, P., Issapuri, S. D., Ganta, N. S., & Gopi, A. (2022) · Indian Journal of Community Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_273_22 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jain, V. K., Shobha, V., Kumar, S., Janardana, R., & Selvam, S. (2023) · Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.31138/mjr.20230827.co · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dandotiya, J., Adhikari, N., Tripathy, M. R., Jakhar, K., Sonar, S., Pati, D. R., Kanchan, V., Prasad, V. S., Kumar, J., Senapati, N. K., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1447962 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationThakurdesai, P. A., Deshpande, P., Bhaskaran, S., & Raje, D. (2025) · Journal of Herbal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.hermed.2025.101023 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Batra, G., Murugesan, D. R., Chattopadhyay, S., Mehdi, F., Ayushi, A., Gosain, M., Singh, S., Das, S. J., Deshpande, S., Bhattacharya, J., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.02.23.22271381 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationEffectiveness of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine during the delta (B.1.617.2) variant surge in India
Chakrabarti, S., Chakrabarti, S. S., Chandan, G., Kaur, U., & Agrawal, B. K. (2022) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00132-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rizvi, Z. A., Sadhu, S., Dandotiya, J., Binayke, A., Sharma, P., Singha, V., Das, V., Khatri, R., Kumar, R., Samal, S., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1581769/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationKulkarni, P. S., Gunale, B., Kohli, S., Lalwani, S. K., Tripathy, S. P., Kar, S., Raut, S. K., Kulkarni, P., Apte, A. A., Bavdekar, A., et al. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2549560/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Effectiveness of SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines used in Malaysia: A systematic review and meta‐analysisPreprint
Thantry, A. D. K., Lakshmanan, P. A. P., Kunasakaran, D. A. L., & Shenq, E. C. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2888103/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chow, J. Y., Goh, Z. J., Li, R., Lim, D. Z. Y., Wee, L. E., Lye, D. C., Tan, K. B., & Lim, J. T. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.09.29.25336864 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Effect Of Stress on Cellular Properties of Enterococcus Faecium
Rabenreither (2009) · Scientia Pharmaceutica · doi:10.3797/scipharm.oephg.21.po-31
Witczak, P. (2022) · Wydawnictwo Naukowe Instytutu na rzecz Kultury Prawnej Ordo Iuris eBooks · doi:10.37873/oipress.37.43
Saha, R. (2022) · International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20222872
COVID-19 vaccines: Update of the vaccines in use and under development
Marta, R. A., Nakamura, G. E. K., Aquino, B. D. M., & Bignardi, P. R. (2022) · Vacunas (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.vacune.2022.11.007
COVID Vaccines vs. Viral Evolution: Who Will Win the Battle?
Sharma, S., Sood, V., & Sharma, D. (2023) · Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening · doi:10.2174/1386207326666230328172918
Lee, M. J., Hwang, M.-J., Kim, D. S., Park, S. K., Choi, J., Lee, J. J., Kim, J.-M., Kim, Y., Park, Y.-J., Gwack, J., et al. (2023) · Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives · doi:10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0188
Zhu, Y., Gu, J., Qiu, Y., & Chen, S. X. (2023) · The Annals of Applied Statistics · doi:10.1214/23-aoas1764 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Effectiveness of the chAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in preventing COVID-19 infection
Sarwat, T., Singh, D. K., Singh, N. P., Singh, S. P., & Kakru, D. K. (2022) · Indian Journal of Allergy Asthma and Immunology · doi:10.4103/ijaai.ijaai_19_22
COVID-19 grave en el contexto de una población vacunada: Estudio de casos y controles
Muñoz, I. D., Medina-Gómez, O. S., & Julian-Bello, G. I. (2024) · Revista de Epidemiologia e Controle de Infecção · doi:10.17058/reci.v14i1.19005
Premkumar, M., Dutta, U., Sandhu, A., Kaur, H. P., Singh, M. P., Goyal, K., Guru, R. R., Lakshmi, P. V. M., Gupta, M., Biswal, M., et al. (2024) · Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology · doi:10.1017/ash.2023.459
Chaudhary, S., Aggarwal, M., Kumari, P., Vishwas, G., Meshram, G. G., Dhaka, R., & Garg, M. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.67257
Vaccine Research and Development in India for COVID-19 and Influenza
Kanjo, K., Ghadiyaram, C., & Varadarajan, R. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-0896-3_6
Capão, A., de Araújo, M. F., Tort, L. F. L., Toledo, T. S., de Oliveira, A. C. A., Caetano, B. C., Resende, P. C., Martins‐Filho, O. A., Alves, M. R., Grifoni, A., et al. (2025) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.126785
Kansal, V., & Pandey, P. K. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems · doi:10.1109/tcss.2025.3552579
Sultana, S., Rahman, M. H., Taher, A., Islam, M. N., Islam, S. R. U., & Nessa, A. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.99882
Ashour, A., Hani, S. B., & Eyadat, A. M. (2026) · The Open Nursing Journal · doi:10.2174/0118744346411092251104103405
- Authors
- Thiruvengadam, R., Awasthi, A., Medigeshi, G., Bhattacharya, S., Mani, S., Sivasubbu, S., Shrivastava, T., Samal, S., Rathna Murugesan, D., Koundinya Desiraju, B., Kshetrapal, P., Pandey, R., Scaria, V., Kumar Malik, P., Taneja, J., Binayke, A., Vohra, T., Zaheer, A., Rathore, D., Ahmad Khan, N., Shaman, H., Ahmed, S., Kumar, R., Deshpande, S., Subramani, C., Wadhwa, N., Gupta, N., Pandey, A. K., Bhattacharya, J., Agrawal, A., Vrati, S., Bhatnagar, S., & Garg, P. K.
- Affiliations
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (IN)
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IN)
- ESIC Hospital (IN)
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology (IN)
- National Institute of Immunology (IN)
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (US)
- Corresponding author
- Garg, Pramod Kumar
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-04
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 473-482
- ISSN
- 1473-3099 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8616567
- OpenAlex
- W3216474128
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 6.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Lancet Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fondation Botnar (CLP-0031)
- Department of Biotechnology Ministry of Science and Technology (102/IFD/SAN/5477/2018-2019, BT/CS0010/CS/02/20, BT/PR40401/BIOBANK/03/2020)
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology
- CSIR (MLP-2005)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Keywords
- ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness, Delta variant, variants of concern, test-negative case-control, T cell response, spike protein, single-dose vaccination, moderate to severe COVID-19, India
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, Antibody Formation, Humans, Vaccination, Case-Control Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review