The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 27 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies
Open accessAbstract
Summary Background A severe form of encephalitis associated with antibodies against NR1–NR2 heteromers of the NMDA receptor was recently identified. We aimed to analyse the clinical and immunological features of patients with the disorder and examine the effects of antibodies against NMDA receptors in neuronal cultures. Methods We describe the clinical characteristics of 100 patients with encephalitis and NR1–NR2 antibodies. HEK293 cells ectopically expressing single or assembled NR1–NR2 subunits were used to determine the epitope targeted by the antibodies. Antibody titres were measured with ELISA. The effect of antibodies on neuronal cultures was determined by quantitative analysis of NMDA-receptor clusters. Findings Median age of patients was 23 years (range 5–76 years); 91 were women. All patients presented with psychiatric symptoms or memory problems; 76 had seizures, 88 unresponsiveness (decreased conciousness), 86 dyskinesias, 69 autonomic instability, and 66 hypoventilation. 58 (59%) of 98 patients for whom results of oncological assessments were available had tumours, most commonly ovarian teratoma. Patients who received early tumour treatment (usually with immunotherapy) had better outcome (p=0.004) and fewer neurological relapses (p=0.009) than the rest of the patients. 75 patients recovered or had mild deficits and 25 had severe deficits or died. Improvement was associated with a decrease of serum antibody titres. The main epitope targeted by the antibodies is in the extracellular N-terminal domain of the NR1 subunit. Patients’ antibodies decreased the numbers of cell-surface NMDA receptors and NMDA-receptor clusters in postsynaptic dendrites, an effect that could be reversed by antibody removal. Interpretation A well-defined set of clinical characteristics are associated with anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis. The pathogenesis of the disorder seems to be mediated by antibodies.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This case series characterizes 100 patients with anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis and shows that antibodies target the extracellular N-terminal domain of NR1, reduce cell-surface NMDA receptors and postsynaptic receptor clusters, and that early tumour treatment is associated with better outcome and fewer relapses. The disorder is severe but often reversible, with 75 patients recovering or having mild deficits and 25 having severe deficits or dying.
Key findings
- Among 100 patients, median age was 23 years (range 5–76) and 91 were women; all presented with psychiatric symptoms or memory problems, 76 had seizures, 88 unresponsiveness, 86 dyskinesias, 69 autonomic instability, and 66 hypoventilation.
- 58 (59%) of 98 assessed patients had tumours, most commonly ovarian teratoma; early tumour treatment was associated with better outcome (p=0.004) and fewer neurological relapses (p=0.009) than in other patients.
- 75 patients recovered or had mild deficits and 25 had severe deficits or died; improvement was associated with a decrease in serum antibody titres.
- Patients’ antibodies mainly targeted the extracellular N-terminal domain of NR1 and decreased cell-surface NMDA receptors and NMDA-receptor clusters in postsynaptic dendrites, an effect reversed by antibody removal.
Methods
- Observational case series of 100 patients with encephalitis and NR1–NR2 antibodies; clinical information was obtained by authors or referring physicians, with control samples from 20 healthy individuals and 230 patients with suspected autoimmune or paraneoplastic encephalitis or tumours without encephalitis.
- HEK293 cells expressing single or assembled NR1–NR2 subunits were used to map the antibody epitope; antibody titres were measured by ELISA, and effects on neuronal cultures were assessed by quantitative confocal analysis of NMDA-receptor clusters and by biotinylation/immunoblot of cell-surface NR1.
- Statistical analyses used Fisher’s two-sided exact test, Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests with Bonferroni correction, and Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric ANOVA with Dunn’s pairwise comparison.
Limitations
- The paper states that follow-up CSF titres were not obtained in most patients after improvement, and that future studies should clarify the best type and duration of immunotherapy, the role of prodromal events, and the molecular mechanisms decreasing NMDA receptors.
- Evident from the text: this is an observational case series without randomized treatment allocation, so associations between early tumour treatment and outcome may be confounded; some clinical and laboratory data are reported as “data not shown.”
- Evident from the text: the pathogenic evidence relies partly on in-vitro rat hippocampal neuronal cultures and HEK293 assays, which may not fully capture human disease mechanisms.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
70 Own result · 15 Not checked yet · 13 Own interpretation · 1 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All patients presented with psychiatric symptoms or memory problems; 76 had seizures, 88 unresponsiveness (decreased conciousness), 86 dyskinesias, 69 autonomic instability, and 66 hypoventilation.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“During the first 3 weeks of symptom presentation, 76 patients had seizures.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Abstract > Findings
plainn = 76- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Median age of patients was 23 years (range 5–76 years); 91 were women.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Abstract > Findings
plainn = 100- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Median age of patients was 23 years (range 5–76 years); 91 were women.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Abstract > Findings
plainn = 100- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All patients presented with psychiatric symptoms or memory problems; 76 had seizures, 88 unresponsiveness (decreased conciousness), 86 dyskinesias, 69 autonomic instability, and 66 hypoventilation.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Abstract > Findings
plainn = 100- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“92 patients had extensive EEG monitoring, 77% had generalised or predominantly frontotemporal slow or disorganised activity (delta-theta) without epileptic discharges.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plainn = 92- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“20 (27%) had prominent sleep dysfunction, including hypersomnia and inversion of sleep patterns.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plainn = 75- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“23 presented with short-term memory loss or seizures alone or associated with psychiatric manifestations.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 23- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The median duration of hospitalisation was 2.5 months (range 1–14 months).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In six patients, the tumour was diagnosed after recovery from the encephalitis (56–380 months).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plainn = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main epitope targeted by the antibodies is in the extracellular N-terminal domain of the NR1 subunit.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Hence the main epitope region recognised by all patients’ antibodies lies within the extracellular region of the NR1 subunit (webtable 3).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Abstract > Findings
plainn = 92- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patients who received early tumour treatment (usually with immunotherapy) had better outcome (p=0.004) and fewer neurological relapses (p=0.009) than the rest of the patients.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Patients whose tumour was identified and removed within the first 4 months of the onset of the neurological disease had better outcome than the rest of the patients (figure 2).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Abstract > Findings
plaincorrelationaln = 98- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“58 (59%) of 98 patients for whom results of oncological assessments were available had tumours, most commonly ovarian teratoma.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Abstract > Findings
plainn = 98- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Follow-up studies in 70 patients showed that many of those who recovered or were left with mild deficits had improved or normalised MRI (webappendix).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 70- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Improvement was associated with a decrease of serum antibody titres.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Abstract > Findings
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“58 (59%) of 98 patients for whom results of oncological assessments were available had tumours, most commonly ovarian teratoma.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“58 (59%) of 98 patients had a neoplasm (table 2); two died before tumour assessment.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Abstract > Findings
plainn = 98- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All patients presented with psychiatric symptoms or memory problems; 76 had seizures, 88 unresponsiveness (decreased conciousness), 86 dyskinesias, 69 autonomic instability, and 66 hypoventilation.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Abstract > Findings
plainn = 100- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patients’ antibodies decreased the numbers of cell-surface NMDA receptors and NMDA-receptor clusters in postsynaptic dendrites, an effect that could be reversed by antibody removal.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Abstract > Findings
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“77 patients presented with prominent psychiatric symptoms, including anxiety, agitation, bizarre behaviour, delusional or paranoid thoughts, and visual or auditory hallucinations.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plainn = 77- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patients who received early tumour treatment (usually with immunotherapy) had better outcome (p=0.004) and fewer neurological relapses (p=0.009) than the rest of the patients.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Relapses were less common in patients with early tumour treatment (1 of 36) than in other patients (14 of 64; p=0.009), including patients whose tumour was treated late (six of 22; p=0.009) and patients without tumour (eight of 42; p=0.03).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Abstract > Findings
plaincorrelationaln = 98- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“75 patients recovered or had mild deficits and 25 had severe deficits or died.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Abstract > Findings
plainn = 100- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“75 patients recovered or had mild deficits and 25 had severe deficits or died.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Abstract > Findings
plainn = 100- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All patients presented with psychiatric symptoms or memory problems; 76 had seizures, 88 unresponsiveness (decreased conciousness), 86 dyskinesias, 69 autonomic instability, and 66 hypoventilation.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Abstract > Findings
plainn = 100- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During this clinical stage, large proportions of patients developed dyskinesias, autonomic instability, and central hypoventilation (median time of ventilatory support, 8 weeks; range 2–40 weeks).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ovarian teratoma identified with CT, MRI, or ultrasound was a common tumour type (median size 6 cm, range 1–22 cm).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 100 patients, 55 had increased signal on MRI fluid-attenuated inversion recovery or T2 sequences; 14 of these patients had faint or transient contrast enhancement of the cerebral cortex, overlaying meninges, or basal ganglia.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plainn = 100- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After discharge, 64 (85%) of the 75 patients who were left with mild deficits or eventually attained full recovery had signs of frontal-lobe dysfunction including poor attention and planning, impulsivity, and behavioral dysinhibition;”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 75- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patients’ antibodies decreased the numbers of cell-surface NMDA receptors and NMDA-receptor clusters in postsynaptic dendrites, an effect that could be reversed by antibody removal.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Abstract > Findings
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All patients presented with psychiatric symptoms or memory problems; 76 had seizures, 88 unresponsiveness (decreased conciousness), 86 dyskinesias, 69 autonomic instability, and 66 hypoventilation.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“88 patients developed decreased consciousness, progressing to a catatonic-like state, with periods of akinesis alternating with agitation, and diminished or paradoxical responses to stimuli (eg, no response to pain but resisting eye opening).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Abstract > Findings
plainn = 100- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patients’ antibodies decreased the numbers of cell-surface NMDA receptors and NMDA-receptor clusters in postsynaptic dendrites, an effect that could be reversed by antibody removal.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Abstract > Findings
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“86 patients who could be assessed had headache, low-grade fever, or a non-specific viral-like illness within 2 weeks before hospital admission.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plainn = 86- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 100 patients, 55 had increased signal on MRI fluid-attenuated inversion recovery or T2 sequences; 14 of these patients had faint or transient contrast enhancement of the cerebral cortex, overlaying meninges, or basal ganglia.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plainn = 14- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All patients presented with psychiatric symptoms or memory problems; 76 had seizures, 88 unresponsiveness (decreased conciousness), 86 dyskinesias, 69 autonomic instability, and 66 hypoventilation.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Abstract > Findings
plainn = 100- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patients whose tumour was identified and removed within the first 4 months of the onset of the neurological disease had better outcome than the rest of the patients (figure 2).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Metastases were identified only in one man with immature teratoma of the testis.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All but one of these patients developed neurological symptoms before the tumour diagnosis (median 8 weeks, range 1–380 weeks).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plainn = 98- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The median time between initial presentation and last relapse was 18 months (1–84 months).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plainn = 15- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of 58 patients with paired serum and CSF available, 53 had preserved integrity of the blood–brainbarrier.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plainn = 58- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A characteristic feature of patients who recover from anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis is a persisting amnesia of the entire process (data not shown).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analysis of normalized concentrations of IgG showed that all 53 patients had higher concentrations of antibodies in CSF than in sera, indicating intrathecal synthesis of antibodies (figure 3).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plaindirectn = 53- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patients’ antibodies labelled nearly all clusters of NMDA receptors (figure 4).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“15 patients had one to three relapses of encephalitis (webtable 2).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plainn = 15- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence the main epitope region recognised by all patients’ antibodies lies within the extracellular region of the NR1 subunit (webtable 3).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plainn = 92- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our study indicates that 41% of patients with anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis do not have a clinically detectable tumour, and that men and children can also be affected.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of the patients was receiving immunotherapy at the time of the neurological relapse.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plainn = 15- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patients’ antibodies did not change the concentrations of the postsynaptic protein PSD-95 (figure 5).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, neurons treated for 3 days with patients’ CSF followed by 4 days with control CSF had similar numbers of clusters of NMDA receptors to those in neurons treated only with control CSF (figure 5).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This antibody binding did not cause apoptosis (data not shown).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neurons treated with patients’ CSF for 3 days or 7 days had fewer clusters of NMDA receptors per length of postsynaptic dendrite than neurons treated with control CSF.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, 13 of 17 patients unresponsive to the above therapies, responded to cyclophosphamide (five), rituximab (six), or both (two; data not shown), drugs that are effective in other immune-mediated disorders of the CNS.29,30”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Discussion
What the sources say
plaindirectn = 17- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, adding patients’ IgG to rat hippocampal neuronal cultures produced a concentration-dependent decrease of the cell-surface fraction of NMDA receptors (figure 5).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, in a few patients whose CSF was obtained during neurological improvement, the decrease of CSF antibody titres was substantially slower than that of serum titres.9”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Seki, 2008, Neurological response to early removal of ovarian teratoma in anti-NMDAR encephalitis, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however, in only one of seven patients who underwent exploratory laparotomy was a tumour found (sex-cord stromal tumour; data not shown).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Discussion
plainn = 7- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 83 patients whose CSF was available, those with tumours had higher antibody titres than those without (figure 3).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 83- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“IgG from patients with high antibody titres produced a greater decrease of NMDA receptors than IgG from patients with low antibody titres (data not shown).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, selective disruption of receptors containing NR2B, which are predominantly expressed in the forebrain and hippocampus, would not explain the extensive deficits of patients.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Introduction
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A well-defined set of clinical characteristics are associated with anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Abstract > Interpretation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pathogenesis of the disorder seems to be mediated by antibodies.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Abstract > Interpretation
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the immune response eventually predominates in the nervous system as suggested by the high frequency of pleocytosis, oligoclonal bands, and intrathecal synthesis of NR1 antibodies.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This feature is compatible with disruption of the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity, thought to underlie learning and memory, in which the NMDA receptors play a key part.4”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Lau, 2007, NMDA receptor trafficking in synaptic plasticity and neuropsychiatric disorders, Nat Rev Neurosci source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Consistent with this antibody-induced decrease in the numbers of NMDA receptors, several NMDA-receptor antagonists such as MK801, ketamine, and phencyclidine cause symptoms similar to anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis, including psychotic behaviour,21,22 signs of involvement of dopaminergic pathways (rigidity, dystonia, orofacial movements, tremor)22–25 and autonomic dysfunction (cardiac dysrhythmia”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Manahan-Vaughan, 2008, A single application of MK801 causes symptoms of acute psychosis, deficits in spatial memory, and impairment of synaptic plasticity in rats, Hippocampus source
- Not checked yetcites [22] McCarron, 1981, Acute phencyclidine intoxication: incidence of clinical findings in 1,000 cases, Ann Emerg Med source
- Not checked yetcites [23] Ilkiw, 1996, The effect of intravenous administration of variable-dose midazolam after fixed-dose ketamine in healthy awake cats, J Vet Pharmacol Ther source
- Not checked yetcites [24] Marco, 1992, A ketamine-induced rat model of tardive dyskinesia, Prog Neurobiol source
- Not checked yetcites [25] Hallett, 2005, Alterations of striatal NMDA receptor subunits associated with the development of dyskinesia in the MPTP-lesioned primate model of Parkinson's disease, Neuropharmacology source
- Not checked yetcites [26] Taittonen, 1998, The effect of clonidine or midazolam premedication on perioperative responses during ketamine anesthesia, Anesth Analg source
- Not checked yetcites [27] Heinz, 2006, Is atropine needed with ketamine sedation? A prospective, randomised, double blind study, Emerg Med J source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these findings show that patients’ antibodies produce a selective and reversible decrease of NMDA-receptor clusters in postsynaptic dendrites.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, patients with an underlying tumour develop more robust immune responses than those without a tumour.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Direct viral pathogenesis is unlikely because extensive studies of CSF samples, brain biopsies, and autopsies were negative for viruses (data not shown).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, disruption of NR1 in animals results in hypoventilation.28”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Forrest, 1994, Curran T. Targeted disruption of NMDA receptor 1 gene abolishes NMDA response and results in neonatal death, Neuron source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A possible explanation for the slow recovery could be the inability of most commonly used treatments (corticosteroids, plasma exchange, intravenous immunoglobulin) to result in a rapid and sustained control of the immune response within the CNS.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One boy (11 years old, without tumour) and 21 women and girls were younger than 19 years (median 15 years, range 5–18 years); 12 had an ovarian teratoma (five with immature features), and nine had no tumour.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“14 patients had brain biopsy: findings for two were normal, 12 showed mild perivascular lymphocytic cuffng, and ten microglial activation.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plainn = 14- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The median time from symptom presentation to initial signs of improvement was 8 weeks (range 2–24 weeks) for the group of patients with early tumour treatment, 11 weeks (4–40 weeks) for the group whose tumour was treated late or not treated, and 10 weeks (2–50 weeks) for the group without tumour (Kruskal-Wallis, p=0.10)”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All had negative results for neuronophagic nodules and viral assays.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plainn = 14- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“37 patients had cardiac dysrhythmias, including tachycardia or bradycardia, with prolonged pauses in seven patients; four needed pacemakers.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plainn = 37- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While hospitalised, seven patients had high levels of serum creatine kinase, six developed pulmonary embolism, six transient aphasia, four hemiparesis, and four tetraparesis.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plainn = 7- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Median follow-up was 17 months (1–194 months): 47 patients had full recovery, 28 mild stable deficits, 18 severe deficits, and seven died as a result of the neurological disorder.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plainn = 47- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“52 patients had dyskinesias, autonomic instability, and hypoventilation, 27 patients had two of these symptoms, and 14 had just one; the remaining seven patients developed a milder syndrome of seizures and psychiatric symptoms.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plainn = 52- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All teratomas contained nervous tissue; 25 were examined for expression of NMDA receptors, and all were positive (data not shown).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eight patients had bilateral teratomas; four were synchronous, two had history of a contralateral teratoma, and two developed contralateral teratomas before recurrence of the encephalitis.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plainn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings were limited to a single area of the brain in 19 patients: 16 had abnormalities in medial temporal lobes, two in the corpus callosum, and one in the brainstem.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plainn = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patients who improved had a parallel decrease of serum titres, whereas those who did not improve maintained high titres in CSF and serum (figure 3).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relapses were less common in patients with early tumour treatment (1 of 36) than in other patients (14 of 64; p=0.009), including patients whose tumour was treated late (six of 22; p=0.009) and patients without tumour (eight of 42; p=0.03).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our study indicates that 41% of patients with anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis do not have a clinically detectable tumour, and that men and children can also be affected.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Four patients who died and whose CSF was available were among the group with the highest titres, whereas the seven patients with milder syndromes had the lowest titres (data not shown).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of these heteromers abrogated the reactivity of sera or CSF from 92 patients’, and substantially decreased the reactivity of the samples of the remaining eight cases.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plaindirectn = 92- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While poorly responsive or in a catatonic-like state, 93 patients developed hypoventilation, autonomic imbalance, or abnormal movements, all overlapping in 52 patients.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Discussion
plaincorrelationaln = 93- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analysis of the reactivity of patients’ sera or CSF against the indicated NMDA-receptor subunits or heteromers showed that antibody reactivity was not modified by changing the NR2 subunit (A, B, C, or D) and was retained by homomers of NR1 (webtable 3).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The receptors are heteromers of NR1 subunits that bind glycine and NR2 (A, B, C, or D) subunits that bind glutamate.1”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Lynch, 1994, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors: different subunit requirements for binding of glutamate antagonists, glycine antagonists, and channel-blocking agents, Mol Pharmacol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Preliminary studies suggested the target epitopes were located in extracellular regions of NR1–NR2B NMDA receptors.5”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Dalmau, 2007, Paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma, Ann Neurol source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Despite the severity of the disorder, patients often recovered after tumour removal and immunotherapy, suggesting an immune-mediated pathogenesis.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Dalmau, 2007, Paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma, Ann Neurol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“NMDA receptors are ligand-gated cation channels with crucial roles in synaptic transmission and plasticity.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Lynch, 1994, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors: different subunit requirements for binding of glutamate antagonists, glycine antagonists, and channel-blocking agents, Mol Pharmacol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All patients had brain MRI, radiological screening for a systemic neoplasm, and serological or CSF studies that ruled out other disorders (webappendix).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Methods > Patients and procedures
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Overactivity of NMDA receptors causing excitotoxicity is a proposed underlying mechanism for epilepsy, dementia, and stroke, whereas low activity produces symptoms of schizophrenia.2–4”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Coyle, 2006, Glutamate and schizophrenia: beyond the dopamine hypothesis, Cell Mol Neurobiol source
- Not checked yetcites [3] Waxman, 2005, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtypes: multiple roles in excitotoxicity and neurological disease, Neuroscientist source
- Not checked yetcites [4] Lau, 2007, NMDA receptor trafficking in synaptic plasticity and neuropsychiatric disorders, Nat Rev Neurosci source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Serum and CSF were tested for antibodies against the NMDA receptor,5 and considered positive if three immunohistochemical criteria were fulfilled (figure 1).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Methods > Patients and procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Dalmau, 2007, Paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma, Ann Neurol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Overactivity of NMDA receptors causing excitotoxicity is a proposed underlying mechanism for epilepsy, dementia, and stroke, whereas low activity produces symptoms of schizophrenia.2–4”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Coyle, 2006, Glutamate and schizophrenia: beyond the dopamine hypothesis, Cell Mol Neurobiol source
- Not checked yetcites [3] Waxman, 2005, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtypes: multiple roles in excitotoxicity and neurological disease, Neuroscientist source
- Not checked yetcites [4] Lau, 2007, NMDA receptor trafficking in synaptic plasticity and neuropsychiatric disorders, Nat Rev Neurosci source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The first patients identified were young women with ovarian teratoma who presented with psychosis or memory problems, rapidly progressing to multiple neurological deficits requiring prolonged intensive care support.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Dalmau, 2007, Paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma, Ann Neurol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We recently identified a disorder, designated anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis, that associates with antibodies against NR1–NR2 heteromers and results in a characteristic neuropsychiatric syndrome.5”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Dalmau, 2007, Paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma, Ann Neurol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Neurological outcome was assessed with the modified Rankin scale (MRS)10 and mini-mental state examination (MMSE).11”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Methods > Patients and procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] van Swieten, 1988, Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients, Stroke source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Folstein, 1975, “Mini-mental state”: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician, J Psychiatr Res source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The latter effect was reversed by removing the antibodies from the cultures, explaining the potential reversibility of patients’ symptoms.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis represents a new category of immune-mediated disorder that is often paraneoplastic, treatable, and can be diagnosed serologically.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, although the presence of a tumour that expresses NMDA receptors likely contributes to breaking immune tolerance, other unknown immunological triggers seem to be involved.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recovery from this disorder is typically slow, and symptoms may relapse, especially in patients with undetected or recurrent tumours and patients with no associated tumours.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A pathogenic role of patients’ antibodies is suggested by the correlation between antibody titres and neurological outcome and by the decrease in number of postsynaptic clusters of NMDA receptors caused by patients’ antibodies.”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The effects of patients’ antibodies on rat hippocampal neuronal cultures reflect the effects of those antibodies on human neurons in anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis.
“To assess the effect of patients’ antibodies on neuronal cultures, we first determined the extent of immunolabelling of NR1 (or NMDA receptor) clusters in postsynaptic dendrites.”
The paper relies on this without support.
HEK293 cells ectopically expressing recombinant NR1 or NR1–NR2B subunits present the same epitopes as native NMDA receptors for patients’ antibodies.
“Antibody titres were measured with ELISA on HEK293 cell lysates ectopically expressing NR1 or NR1–NR2B heteromers (webappendix).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Psychotomimetic models (eg, models that mimic the symptoms of psychosis), especially those based on ketamine (an antagonistic agent of NMDA-R), also support the E/I imbalance hypothesis.”
From Are hallucinations due to an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory influences on the brain? (2016) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Patients usually present with acute behavioral change, psychosis and catatonia that evolve to include seizures, memory deficit, dyskinesias, speech problems, and autonomic and breathing dysregulation.3”
From Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study (2013) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“If a tumor is found, removal is important because it expedites improvement and decreases relapses.3, 17”
From Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study (2013) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Samples were considered positive if they fulfilled previously reported criteria3 including (1) a characteristic pattern of immunostaining of the neuropil of rat brain, and (2) specific reactivity with HEK293 cells expressing GluN1 (also known as NR1) subunits of the NMDAR.”
From Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study (2013) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The disorder, named “anti-NMDAR encephalitis”, has since been recognized in patients of all ages, but more frequently in young adults and children with or without teratoma.3, 4”
From Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study (2013) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Despite the severity of the disease, patients often improve after intensive care support, immunotherapy, and prolonged hospitalizations that require multidisciplinary care.3, 11”
From Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study (2013) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Recently, autoimmune diseases associated with anti-NMDAR antibodies were reported to be associated with severe psychosis 14 .”
From Linking early-life NMDAR hypofunction and oxidative stress in schizophrenia pathogenesis (2016) · cites this paper as [14]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
“All but one of these patients developed neurological symptoms before the tumour diagnosis (median 8 weeks, range 1–380 weeks).”
§ Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies > Results
“In six patients, the tumour was diagnosed after recovery from the encephalitis (56–380 months).”
Citations
Cites
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 · Cited by 88,282
Hirono, N., Mori, E., Ikejiri, Y., Imamura, T., Shimomura, T., Hashimoto, M., Yamashita, H., & Ikeda, M. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 21,012
Kok, J. S., Berg, I. J., & Scherder, E. J. A. (2013) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra · doi:10.1159/000353441 · Cited by 20,589
Older Adults' Reasons for Using Technology while Aging in Place
Peek, S. T. M., Luijkx, K. G., Rijnaard, M. D., Nieboer, M. E., van der Voort, C. S., Aarts, S., van Hoof, J., Vrijhoef, H. J., & Wouters, E. (2015) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000430949 · Cited by 19,852
Sensitivity and False Alarm Rate of a Fall Sensor in Long-Term Fall Detection in the Elderly
Kangas, M., Korpelainen, R., Vikman, I., Nyberg, L., & Jämsä, T. J. (2014) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000362720 · Cited by 19,007
Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients
van Swieten, J. C., Koudstaal, P. J., Visser, M. C., Schouten, H. J., & van Gijn, J. (1988) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.19.5.604 · Cited by 6,512
Paraneoplastic anti– N ‐methyl‐ D ‐aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma
Dalmau, J., Tüzün, E., Wu, H., Masjuan, J., Rossi, J. E., Voloschin, A., Baehring, J. M., Shimazaki, H., Koide, R., King, D., et al. (2007) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21050 · Cited by 2,492
Self-citationB-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
Hauser, S. L., Waubant, E., Arnold, D. L., Vollmer, T., Antel, J., Fox, R. J., Bar-Or, A., Panzara, M., Sarkar, N., Agarwal, S., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0706383 · Cited by 2,439
NMDA receptor trafficking in synaptic plasticity and neuropsychiatric disorders
Lau, C. G., & Zukin, R. S. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2153 · Cited by 1,159
Tibbling, G., Link, H., & Ohman, S. (1977) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1080/00365517709091496 · Cited by 971
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis
Graus, F., Titulaer, M. J., Balu, R., Benseler, S. M., Bien, C. G., Cellucci, T., Cortese, I. C. M., Dale, R. C., Gelfand, J. M., Geschwind, M. D., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00401-9 · Cited by 4,580
Self-citationTitulaer, M. J., McCracken, L., Gabilondo, I., Armangué, T., Glaser, C., Iizuka, T., Honig, L. S., Benseler, S. M., Kawachi, I., Martinez-Hernandez, E., et al. (2013) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(12)70310-1 · Cited by 3,165
Self-citationNMDA receptor subunit diversity: impact on receptor properties, synaptic plasticity and disease
Paoletti, P., Bellone, C., & Zhou, Q. (2013) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3504 · Cited by 2,523
Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis
Dalmau, J. O., Lancaster, E., Martínez‐Hernández, E., Rosenfeld, M. R., & Balice‐Gordon, R. J. (2010) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(10)70253-2 · Cited by 2,428
Self-citationThe role of inflammation in epilepsy
Vezzani, A., French, J., Bartfai, T., & Baram, T. Z. (2011) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2010.178 · Cited by 1,876
Metadata
- Authors
- Dalmau, J., Gleichman, A. J., Hughes, E. G., Rossi, J. E., Peng, X., Lai, M., Dessain, S. K., Rosenfeld, M. R., Balice-Gordon, R., & Lynch, D. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research (US)
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dalmau, Josep
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-12
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1091-1098
- ISSN
- 1474-4422 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2607118
- OpenAlex
- W2146199022
- Semantic Scholar
- dd855374110d7c7789974ad4472f335d53b94cd9
- Cited by
- 3,488
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 117 · 2025: 130 · 2024: 170 · 2023: 140 · 2022: 198 · 2021: 239 · 2020: 233 · 2019: 525 · 2018: 213 · 2017: 207 · 2016: 227 · 2015: 196 · 2014: 182 · 2013: 196 · 2012: 169
- FWCI
- 72.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (F31MH083395, R56MH057683, R01MH057683, R21 MH057683)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA089054, R56CA089054, R01CA107192)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Autoimmune Neurological Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Peripheral Neuropathies and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Myasthenia Gravis and Thymoma
- Keywords
- anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, NMDA receptor antibodies, autoimmune encephalitis, ovarian teratoma, psychiatric symptoms, seizures, dyskinesia, autonomic instability, hypoventilation, antibody epitopes, cancer immunotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Epitopes, Autoantibodies, Autoantigens, Brain, Cell Line, Cells, Cultured, Child, Child, Preschool, Encephalitis, Epilepsy, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Ovarian Neoplasms, Teratoma, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Neurocognitive Disorders, Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System, Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Nervous System, Protein Subunits, Rats, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
