The DOI matches its Crossref record; 77 of the 77 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A biological classification of Parkinson's disease: the SynNeurGe research diagnostic criteria
Open accessAbstract
With the hope that disease-modifying treatments could target the molecular basis of Parkinson's disease, even before the onset of symptoms, we propose a biologically based classification. Our classification acknowledges the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease by use of a three-component system (SynNeurGe): presence or absence of pathological α-synuclein (S) in tissues or CSF; evidence of underlying neurodegeneration (N) defined by neuroimaging procedures; and documentation of pathogenic gene variants (G) that cause or strongly predispose to Parkinson's disease. These three components are linked to a clinical component (C), defined either by a single high-specificity clinical feature or by multiple lower-specificity clinical features. The use of a biological classification will enable advances in both basic and clinical research, and move the field closer to the precision medicine required to develop disease-modifying therapies. We emphasise the initial application of these criteria exclusively for research. We acknowledge its ethical implications, its limitations, and the need for prospective validation in future studies.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Spillantini, M. G., Schmidt, M. L., Lee, V. M.-Y., Trojanowski, J. Q., Jakes, R., & Goedert, M. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/42166 · Cited by 8,382
MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson’s disease
Postuma, R. B., Berg, D., Stern, M., Poewe, W., Olanow, C. W., Oertel, W., Obeso, J., Marek, K., Litvan, I., Lang, A. E., et al. (2015) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.26424 · Cited by 7,653
Self-citationKalia, L. V., & Lang, A. E. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61393-3 · Cited by 6,184
Self-citationPoewe, W., Seppi, K., Tanner, C. M., Halliday, G. M., Brundin, P., Volkmann, J., Schrag, A.-E., & Lang, A. E. (2017) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.13 · Cited by 5,415
Self-citationDiagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: Fourth consensus report of the DLB Consortium
McKeith, I. G., Boeve, B. F., Dickson, D. W., Halliday, G., Taylor, J.-P., Weintraub, D., Aarsland, D., Galvin, J., Attems, J., Ballard, C. G., et al. (2017) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000004058 · Cited by 4,476
Self-citationBloem, B. R., Okun, M. S., & Klein, C. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00218-x · Cited by 3,920
Self-citationAGEING AND PARKINSON'S DISEASE: SUBSTANTIA NIGRA REGIONAL SELECTIVITY
FEARNLEY, J. M., & LEES, A. J. (1991) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/114.5.2283 · Cited by 3,529
The relevance of the Lewy body to the pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease.
Gibb, W. R., & Lees, A. J. (1988) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.51.6.745 · Cited by 3,481
Nalls, M. A., Blauwendraat, C., Vallerga, C. L., Heilbron, K., Bandres-Ciga, S., Chang, D., Tan, M., Kia, D. A., Noyce, A. J., Xue, A., et al. (2019) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30320-5 · Cited by 2,454
Multicenter Analysis of Glucocerebrosidase Mutations in Parkinson's Disease
Sidransky, E., Nalls, M. A., Aasly, J. O., Aharon-Peretz, J., Annesi, G., Barbosa, E. R., Bar-Shira, A., Berg, D., Bras, J., Brice, A., et al. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0901281 · Cited by 2,135
Self-citation
Cited by
Revised criteria for diagnosis and staging of Alzheimer's disease: Alzheimer's Association Workgroup
Jack, C. R., Andrews, J. S., Beach, T. G., Buracchio, T., Dunn, B., Graf, A., Hansson, O., Ho, C., Jagust, W., McDade, E., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13859 · Cited by 2,803
Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2024 revisions of the McDonald criteria
Montalban, X., Lebrun-Frénay, C., Oh, J., Arrambide, G., Moccia, M., Pia Amato, M., Amezcua, L., Banwell, B., Bar-Or, A., Barkhof, F., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(25)00270-4 · Cited by 551
Tanner, C. M., & Ostrem, J. L. (2024) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra2401857 · Cited by 382
Dinkel, L., Hummel, S., Zenatti, V., Malara, M., Tillmann, Y., Colombo, A., Monasor, L. S., Suh, J. H., Logan, T., Roth, S., et al. (2024) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.adl4616 · Cited by 22
Accelerating Parkinson’s Disease drug development with federated learning approaches
Khanna, A., Adams, J., Antoniades, C., Bloem, B. R., Carroll, C., Cedarbaum, J., Cosman, J., Dexter, D. T., Dockendorf, M. F., Edgerton, J., et al. (2024) · npj Parkinson's Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-024-00837-5 · Cited by 21
Metadata
- Authors
- Höglinger, G. U., Adler, C. H., Berg, D., Klein, C., Outeiro, T. F., Poewe, W., Postuma, R., Stoessl, A. J., & Lang, A. E.
- Venue
- The Lancet Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-02
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 191-204
- ISSN
- 1474-4422 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4391090585
- Cited by
- 549
- References
- 77
- FWCI
- 126.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: A biological classification of Parkinson's disease: the SynNeurGe research diagnostic criteria. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00404-0
- The paper
- Höglinger, G. U., Adler, C. H., Berg, D., Klein, C., Outeiro, T. F., Poewe, W., Postuma, R., Stoessl, A. J., & Lang, A. E. (2024). A biological classification of Parkinson's disease: the SynNeurGe research diagnostic criteria. The Lancet Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00404-0
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
