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The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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Zaman, Burhan Abdullah, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zanghì, Aurora, Zare, Iman, Zarimeidani, Fatemeh, Zarrintan, Armin, Zastrozhin, Michael, Zemedikun, Dawit, Zeng, Youjie, Zhang, Beijian, Zhang, Haijun, Zhang, Liqun, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhang, Zhiqiang, Zhao, Hanqing, Zhong, Claire Chenwen, Zhou, Shang Cheng, Zhu, Bin, Zhu, Lei, Zhumagaliuly, Abzal, Ziafati, Makan, Zielińska, Magdalena, Zikarg, Yossef Teshome, Zoghi, Ghazal, Zyoud, Sa'ed H, Zyoud, Samer H, Johnson, Catherine O, Roth, Gregory A, Nair, Balakrishnan Sukumaran, Rautalin, Ilari, Bhati, Anjali, Bisignano, Catherine, Vos, Theo, Murray, Christopher J L·2024·The Lancet Neurology
DOI 10.1016/s1474-4422(24)00369-7
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Up-to-date estimates of stroke burden and attributable risks and their trends at global, regional, and national levels are essential for evidence-based health care, prevention, and resource allocation planning. We aimed to provide such estimates for the period 1990-2021. METHODS: We estimated incidence, prevalence, death, and disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) counts and age-standardised rates per 100 000 people per year for overall stroke, ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, and subarachnoid haemorrhage, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. We also calculated burden of stroke attributable to 23 risk factors and six risk clusters (air pollution, tobacco smoking, behavioural, dietary, environmental, and metabolic risks) at the global and regional levels (21 GBD regions and Socio-demographic Index [SDI] quintiles), using the standard GBD methodology. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline. FINDINGS: In 2021, stroke was the third most common GBD level 3 cause of death (7·3 million [95% UI 6·6-7·8] deaths; 10·7% [9·8-11·3] of all deaths) after ischaemic heart disease and COVID-19, and the fourth most common cause of DALYs (160·5 million [147·8-171·6] DALYs; 5·6% [5·0-6·1] of all DALYs). In 2021, there were 93·8 million (89·0-99·3) prevalent and 11·9 million (10·7-13·2) incident strokes. We found disparities in stroke burden and risk factors by GBD region, country or territory, and SDI, as well as a stagnation in the reduction of incidence from 2015 onwards, and even some increases in the stroke incidence, death, prevalence, and DALY rates in southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania, countries with lower SDI, and people younger than 70 years. Globally, ischaemic stroke constituted 65·3% (62·4-67·7), intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 28·8% (28·3-28·8), and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 5·8% (5·7-6·0) of incident strokes. There were substantial increases in DALYs attributable to high BMI (88·2% [53·4-117·7]), high ambient temperature (72·4% [51·1 to 179·5]), high fasting plasma glucose (32·1% [26·7-38·1]), diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages (23·4% [12·7-35·7]), low physical activity (11·3% [1·8-34·9]), high systolic blood pressure (6·7% [2·5-11·6]), lead exposure (6·5% [4·5-11·2]), and diet low in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (5·3% [0·5-10·5]). INTERPRETATION: Stroke burden has increased from 1990 to 2021, and the contribution of several risk factors has also increased. Effective, accessible, and affordable measures to improve stroke surveillance, prevention (with the emphasis on blood pressure, lifestyle, and environmental factors), acute care, and rehabilitation need to be urgently implemented across all countries to reduce stroke burden. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Authors
Feigin, V. L., Abate, M. D., Abate, Y. H., Abd ElHafeez, S., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abdelkader, A., Abdelmasseh, M., Abd-Elsalam, S., Abdi, P., Abdollahi, A., Abdoun, M., Abd-Rabu, R., Abdulah, D. M., Abdullahi, A., Abebe, M., Abeldaño Zuñiga, R. A., Abhilash, E. S., Abiodun, O. O., Abiodun, O., Abo Kasem, R., Aboagye, R. G., Abouzid, M., Abreu, L. G., Abrha, W. A., Abtahi, D., Abu Rumeileh, S., Abualhasan, A., Abualruz, H., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Abukhadijah, H. J., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M., Aburuz, S., Abu-Zaid, A., Acuna, J. M., Adane, D. E., Adane, M. M., Addo, I. Y., Adedoyin, R. A., Adegboye, O. A., Adekanmbi, V., Adhikari, K., Adnani, Q. E. S., Adra, S., Adzigbli, L. A., Afify, A. Y., Afolabi, A. A., Afrashteh, F., Afzal, M. S., Afzal, S., Aghamiri, S., Agyemang-Duah, W., Ahinkorah, B. O., Ahmad, A., Ahmad, M. M., Ahmad, S., Ahmad, S., Ahmad, T., Ahmadzade, A. M., Ahmed, A., Ahmed, A., Ahmed, H., Ahmed, S. A., Ajami, M., Aji, B., Akara, E. M., Akinyemi, R. O., Akkaif, M. A., Akrami, A. E., Al Awaidy, S., Al Hamad, H., Al Hasan, S. M., Al Qadire, M., Al Ta'ani, O., Al-Ajlouni, Y., Alalalmeh, S. O., Alalwan, T. A., Al-Aly, Z., Al-amer, R. M., Aldhaleei, W. A., Aldossary, M. S., Alemohammad, S. Y., Al-Fatly, B., Al-Gheethi, A. A. S., Alhalaiqa, F. N., Alharrasi, M., Ali, A., Ali, M. U., Ali, R., Ali, S. S., Ali, W., Al-Ibraheem, A., Alif, S. M., Aljunid, S. M., Almahmeed, W., Al-Marwani, S., Alomari, M. A., Alonso, J., Alqahtani, J. S., Al-Raddadi, R. M. M., Alrawashdeh, A., Alsabri, M. A., Alshahrani, N. Z., Altaany, Z., Altaf, A., Al-Tammemi, A. B., Altwalbeh, D., Alvis-Guzman, N., Alwafi, H., Al-Wardat, M., Al-Worafi, Y. M., Aly, H., Aly, S., Alyahya, M. S. I., Alzoubi, K. H., Al-Zyoud, W. A., Amani, R., Amegbor, P. M., Amera, T. G., Amin, T. T., Amindarolzarbi, A., Amiri, S., Amu, H., Amugsi, D. A., Amusa, G. A., Ancuceanu, R., Anderlini, D., Angappan, D., Anil, A., Ansari, M. T. T., Ansari-Moghaddam, A., Ansong, R., Anvari, S., Anwar, S., Anwar, S. L., Anyabolo, E. E., Anyasodor, A. E., Apostol, G. L. C., Appiah, F., Aqeel, M., Arabloo, J., Arabzadeh Bahri, R., Arafat, M., Aravkin, A. Y., Ardekani, A., Areda, D., Aregawi, B. B., Aregu, G. M., Aremu, O., Arifin, H., Ärnlöv, J., Artamonov, A. A., Arulappan, J., Aryal, U. R., Aryan, Z., Asbeutah, A. M., Asemahagn, M. A., Asemu, M. T., Asghari-Jafarabadi, M., Ashemo, M. Y., Ashraf, T., Aslani, A., Asmerom, H. A., Astell-Burt, T., Athari, S. S., Atorkey, P., Atout, M. M. W., Atreya, A., Aujayeb, A., Ausloos, M., Avan, A., Awad, H., Awotidebe, A. W., Ayana, L. A. A., Aychiluhm, S. B., Aynalem, A. A., Aynalem, Z. B., Azadnajafabad, S., Azami, H., Aziz, S., Azzam, A. Y., Babu, A. S., Babu, G. R., Badar, M., Badiye, A. D., Bahrami Taghanaki, P., Bahramian, S., Bai, R., Baig, A. A., Bakkannavar, S. M., Bako, A. T., Baltatu, O. C., Bam, K., Banach, M., Banakar, M., Bandyopadhyay, S., Banik, P. C., Bansal, K., Bao, Y., Barboza, M. A., Bardhan, M., Barengo, N. C., Barker-Collo, S. L., Bärnighausen, T. W., Barqawi, H. J., Barrow, A., Barua, L., Bashiri, A., Bashiru, H. A., Basiru, A., Bastan, M.-M., Basu, S., Basu, S., Batra, K., Begde, A., Behnam, B., Behnoush, A. H., Belayneh, M. B. Y., Belingheri, M., Bello, U. M., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Berhe, F. T., Bermudez, A. N. C., Beyene, H. B. B., Beyene, K. A., Bhagat, D. S., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhala, N., Bhalla, A., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhaskar, S., Bhat, A. N., Bhat, V., Bhatti, G. K., Bhatti, J. S. S., Bhuiyan, M. A., Bhusal, S., Bikbov, B., Bilgin, C., Biondi, A., Bishaw, K. A., Biswas, A., Biswas, B., Bodhare, T., Bogale, E. K., Boloor, A., Bonakdar Hashemi, M., Bonny, A., Bora Basara, B., Borhany, H., Bosoka, S. A., Bouaoud, S., Bouyahya, A., Boyko, E. J., Bozic, M. M., Braithwaite, D., Breitner, S., Brenner, H., Britton, G., Brunoni, A. R., Bryazka, D., Bugiardini, R., Bulto, L. N., Burkart, K., Bustanji, Y., Butt, Z. A., Caetano dos Santos, F. L., Cámera, L. A., Campos, L. A., Campos-Nonato, I. R., Cao, F., Capodici, A., Cárdenas, R., Carr, S., Carreras, G., Carvalho, A. F., Carvalho, F., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Castañeda-Orjuela, C. A., Castelpietra, G., Catapano, A. L., Cattaruzza, M. S., Cegolon, L., Cembranel, F., Cenko, E., Cerin, E., Chadwick, J., Chakraborty, C., Chakraborty, S., Chan, J. S. K., Chandika, R. M., Chandrasekar, E. K., Chanie, G. S., Chattu, V. K., Chaudhary, A. A., Chaurasia, A., Chen, H., Chen, M., Chen, S., Chi, G., Chichagi, F., Chimoriya, R., Ching, P. R., Chitheer, A., Cho, S. M. J., Choi, D.-W., Chong, B., Chong, C. L., Chopra, H., Choudhari, S. G., Choudhary, R., Chu, D.-T., Chukwu, I. S., Chung, S.-C., Cindi, Z., Cioffi, I., Cogen, R. M., Columbus, A., Costanzo, S., Couto, R. A. S., Criqui, M. H., Cruz-Martins, N., Cuadra-Hernández, S. M., da Silva, A. G., Dadana, S., Dadras, O., Dai, X., Dalal, K., Dalli, L. L., Damiani, G., D'Amico, E., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Darwish, A. H., Das, S., Dashti, M., Dashtkoohi, M., Dashtkoohi, M., Dastmardi, M., Davletov, K., De la Cruz-Góngora, V., DeAngelo, S., Debele, A. T., Debopadhaya, S., Delgado-Enciso, I., Demessa, B. H., Demetriades, A. K., Denova-Gutiérrez, E., Dervišević, E., Desai, H. D., Desale, A. T., Desta, F., Devanbu, V. G. C., Devegowda, D., Dewan, S. M. R., Dhane, A. S., Dhimal, M., Dhulipala, V. R., Diaz, M. J., Diress, M., Dodangeh, M., Doegah, P. T., Dohare, S., Doheim, M. F., Dokova, K. G., Dongarwar, D., D'Oria, M., Doshi, O. P., Doshi, R. P., Douiri, A., Dowou, R. K., Dsouza, A. C., Dsouza, H. L., Dsouza, V. S., Duncan, B. B., Duraes, A. R., Dziedzic, A. M., Ekholuenetale, M., El Bayoumy, I. F., El Sayed Zaki, M., Elbarazi, I., El-Dahiyat, F., Elgendy, I. Y., Elhadi, M., El-Huneidi, W., Elmonem, M. A., Elmoselhi, A. B., Eltaha, C., Emeto, T. I., Esezobor, C. I., Esfandiari, N., Esmaeili, Z., Esposito, F., Etoom, M., Fabin, N., Fadhil, I., Fagbamigbe, A. F., Fagbule, O. F., Faghani, S., Fahim, A., Fakhradiyev, I. R., Falzone, L., Fareed, M., Fares, J., Farinha, C. S. E. S., Faris, M. E. M., Faris, P. S., Farjoud Kouhanjani, M., Faro, A., Farrokhpour, H., Fasanmi, A. O., Fauk, N. K., Fazeli, P., Fazylov, T., Feizkhah, A., Fekadu, G., Feng, X., Fereshtehnejad, S.-M., Ferrara, P., Ferreira, N., Fetensa, G., Feyisa, B. R., Fischer, F., Flor, L. S., Foley, K. M., Fonseca, A. C., Foroumadi, R., Foroutan, B., Fortuna, D., Foschi, M., Franklin, R. C., Fridayani, N. K. Y., G, S., Gaal, P. A., Gaidhane, A. M., Gaipov, A., Galali, Y., Gallus, S., Gandhi, A. P., Ganesan, B., Gasevic, D., Gautam, P., Gautam, R. K., Gebregergis, M. W., Gebrehiwot, M., Gebrekidan, K. G., Getacher, L., Getahun, G. K., Getie, M., Ghadimi, D. J., Ghadirian, F., Ghaffari Jolfayi, A., Ghafourifard, M., Ghasemi, M.-R., Ghasemzadeh, A., Ghazy, R. M., Gholami, E., Gholami, Z., Ghozy, S., Giannoni Luza, S., Gilani, J. A., Gill, T. K., Gillum, R. F., Gindaba, E. Z., Gnedovskaya, E. V., Goel, A., Goldust, M., Golechha, M., Goleij, P., Golinelli, D., Gona, P. N., Gorini, G., Goulart, A. C., Goulart, B. N. G., Gouravani, M., Grivna, M., Grosso, G., Grover, A., Guan, S.-Y., Guarducci, G., Guha, A., Guicciardi, S., Gulati, S., Gunawardane, D. A., Guo, C., Guo, Z., Gupta, A. K., Gupta, B., Gupta, M., Gupta, R., Gupta, R. D., Gupta, R., Gupta, S., Habibzadeh, F., Hadi, N. R., Haghani Dogahe, M., Haghi-Aminjan, H., Haghmorad, D., Haj-Mirzaian, A., Halimi, A., Hamdy, N. M., Hamidi, S., Hamilton, E. B., Hanif, A., Hanifi, N., Hankey, G. J., Hannan, M. A., Haq, Z. A., Hargono, A., Harlianto, N. I., Haro, J. M., Has, E. M. M., Hasaballah, A. I., Hasan, I., Hasnain, M. S., Hassan, I., Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei, M. S., Haubold, J., Havmoeller, R. J., Hay, S. I., Hbid, Y., Hebert, J. J., Hegazi, O. E., Heidari, M., Hemmati, M., Heyi, D. Z., Hezam, K., Hiraike, Y., Hoan, N. Q., Holla, R., Horita, N., Hossain, M. M., Hosseinzadeh, H., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hosseinzadeh Adli, A., Hostiuc, M., Hostiuc, S., Hu, B., Hu, C., Huang, J., Humayun, A., Hussain, S., Huy, L. D., Huynh, H.-H., Hwang, B.-F., Ibitoye, S. E., Ikeda, N., Ikiroma, A., Ilesanmi, O. S., Ilic, I. M., Ilic, M. D., Imam, M. T., Immurana, M., Inbaraj, L. R., Iqhrammullah, M., Iradukunda, A., Irham, L. M., Islam, M. R., Ismail, F., Ismail, N. E., Iso, H., Isola, G., Itumalla, R., Iwagami, M., Iwu, C. D. C., J, V., Jaafari, J., Jacob, L., Jafarzadeh, A., Jahrami, H., Jain, A., Jain, N., Jairoun, A. A., Jaiswal, A., Jakovljevic, M., Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, R., Janakiraman, B., Jatau, A. I., Jayapal, S. K., Jayaram, S., Jee, S. H., Jeganathan, J., Jegnie, M., Jema, A. T., Jeswani, B. M., Jeyakumar, A., Jha, A. K., Jha, R. P., Ji, Z., Jiang, H., Jin, S., Jin, Y., Jokar, M., Jonas, J. B., Joo, T., Jose, J., Joseph, N., Joshua, C. E., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J. J., Jürisson, M., Kabir, A., Kabir, M. A., Kabir, Z., Kadashetti, V., Kalani, R., Kalra, S., Kamal, V. K., Kamireddy, A., Kan, H., Kanaan, M., Kandel, H., Kanmodi, K. K., Kantar, R. S., Kapoor, N., Karakasis, P., Karaye, I. M., Karch, A., Karimi, H., Karimi, S. E., Karimi, Y., Karimi Behnagh, A., Karki, P., Kasraei, H., Kauppila, J. H., Kaur, H., Kaydi, N., Kayode, G. A., Kazemi, F., Kazemian, S., Kesse-Guyot, E., Khader, Y. S., Khafaie, M. A., Khaing, I. K., Khajuria, H., Khalaji, A., Khalid, N., Khalil, A. A., Khan, A., Khan, F., Khan, M. N., Khan, M., Khan, M. J., Khan, M. A., Khan, Y. H., Khanmohammadi, S., Khatab, K., Khatatbeh, H., Khatatbeh, M. M., Khateri, S., Khatib, M. N., Khayamzadeh, M., Khayat Kashani, H. R., Khidri, F. F., Khokhar, M., Khosla, A. A., Khosravi, M., Khubchandani, J., Kian, S., Kim, K., Kim, M. S., Kim, Y. J., Kimokoti, R. W., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kolahi, A.-A., Koly, K. N., Kompani, F., Kondlahalli, S. K. M., Korja, M., Korshunov, V. A., Korzh, O., Kosen, S., Kostev, K., Kothari, N., Kotnis, A. L., Koulmane Laxminarayana, S. L., Krishan, K., Krishna, V., Krishnamoorthy, V., Krishnan, B., Kruja, J., Kuate Defo, B., Kucuk Bicer, B., Kuddus, M. A., Kuddus, M., Kugbey, N., Kulimbet, M., Kulkarni, V., Kumar, A., Kumar, A., Kumar, D., Kumar, G. A., Kumar, N., Kumar, R., Kumaran D, S., Kundu, A., Kundu, S., Kunutsor, S. K., Kurmi, O. P., Kusuma, D., Kutikuppala, L. V. S., Kuttikkattu, A., Kytö, V., La Vecchia, C., Lacey, B., Lahariya, C., Lal, D. K., Lallukka, T., Lám, J., Landires, I., Larsson, A. O., Lasrado, S., Latifinaibin, K., Lauriola, P., Lavados, P. M., Lawal, B. K., Le, L. K. D., Le, N. H. H., Le, T. T. T., Le, T. D. T., Lee, P. H., Lee, S. W., Lee, W.-C., Lee, Y. H., Li, M.-C., Li, W., Li, X., Li, Y., Lim, L.-L., Lim, S. S., Lin, J. C., Lindholm, D., Linn, S., Liu, G., Liu, R., Liu, S., Liu, X., Liu, X., Llanaj, E., Lo, C.-H., Lo, W. D., Lohner, V., López-Gil, J. F., Lorenzovici, L., Lorkowski, S., Lotufo, P. A., Lucchetti, G., Luo, L., Lusk, J. B., Ma, Z. F., Machoy, M., Madadizadeh, F., Maddison, R., Mahmoudi, E., Mahmoudvand, G., Makram, O. M., Malakan Rad, E., Malhotra, K., Malik, A. A., Malik, I., Mallhi, T. H., Malta, D. C., Mamun, A. A., Manla, Y., Mansouri, M. H., Mansouri, P., Mansouri, V., Mansournia, M. A., Mantovani, L. G., Manu, E., Marateb, H. R., Marjani, A., Martini, D., Martini, S., Martorell, M., Maryam, S., Marzo, R. R., Masrie, A., Mathangasinghe, Y., Maulik, P. K., Mayeli, M., Mazidi, M., McKee, M., McPhail, S. M., Mechili, E. A., Mehmood, A., Mehrabani-Zeinabad, K., Mekene Meto, T., Meles, H. N., Mendoza, W., Menezes, R. G., Mensah, G. A., Meo, S. A., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Mestrovic, T., Mettananda, C. D. K., Miazgowski, T., Michalek, I. M., Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, A. C., Minervini, G., Minh, L. H. N., Mini, G., Mirghafourvand, M., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, M., Mishra, M., Misra, S., Mithra, P., Mohamed, A. I., Mohamed, J., Mohamed, N. S., Mohammad, A. M., Mohammadi, E., Mohammadi, S., Mohammadi, S., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammadzadeh, I., Mohammed, H., Mohammed, M., Mohammed, S., Mohammed, S., Mokdad, A. H., Molavi Vardanjani, H., Molokhia, M., Momani, S., Monasta, L., Moni, M. A., Montazeri, F., Moodi Ghalibaf, A., Moosazadeh, M., Moradi, M., Moradi, Y., Moraga, P., Morawska, L., Moreira, R. S., Morrison, S. D., Mosaddeghi Heris, R., Mossialos, E., Mousavi, P., Msherghi, A., Mubarik, S., Muccioli, L., Mulita, A., Muniyandi, M., Munjal, K., Murillo-Zamora, E., Muthu, S., Myung, W., Nabavi, A., Nabhan, A. F., Nafei, A., Nagarajan, A. J., Naghavi, P., Naik, G. R., Naik, G., Naimzada, M. D., Nair, S., Nair, T. S., Najdaghi, S., Najmuldeen, H. H. R., Nakhostin Ansari, N., Nangia, V., Narasimha Swamy, S., Nargus, S., Narimani Davani, D., Nascimento, B. R., Nascimento, G. G., Nasrollahizadeh, A., Nasrollahizadeh, A., Natto, Z. S., Nauman, J., Navaratna, S. N. K., Nayak, B. P., Nayak, V. C., Nazri-Panjaki, A., Ndejjo, R., Negoi, I., Negoi, R. I., Nejadghaderi, S. A., Nejjari, C., Nematollahi, M. H., Nepal, S., Newton, C. R. J., Nguyen, D. H., Nguyen, D. H., Nguyen, H. T. H., Nguyen, H. Q., Nguyen, N. N. Y., Nguyen, P. T., Nguyen, V. T., Niazi, R. K., Nigatu, Y. T., Nikravangolsefid, N., Ningrum, D. N. A., Nnaji, C. A., Nnyanzi, L. A., Nomura, S., Noor, S. T. A., Norrving, B., Nawsherwan, N., Noubiap, J. J., Nri-Ezedi, C. A., Ntaios, G., Ntsekhe, M., Nugen, F., Nurchis, M. C., Nurrika, D., Nzoputam, C. I., Nzoputam, O. J., Oancea, B., Obamiro, K. O., Odetokun, I. A., O'Donnell, M. J., Oguta, J. O., Oh, I.-H., Ojo-Akosile, T. R., Okati-Aliabad, H., Okeke, S. R., Okekunle, A. P., Okidi, L., Okonji, O. C., Oladnabi, M., Olagunju, A. T., Olaiya, M. T., Olalusi, O. V., Olasehinde, T. A., Olasupo, O. O., Olatubi, M. I., Oliveira, A. B., Oliveira, G. M. M., Olorukooba, A. A., Olufadewa, I. I., Oluwafemi, Y. D. D., Oluwatunase, G. O., Omar, H. A., Omar Bali, A., O'Neil, A. E., Ong, S. K., Onwujekwe, O. E., Opejin, A. O., Ordak, M., Ornello, R., Ortega-Altamirano, D. V., Ortiz, A., Ortiz-Prado, E., Osman, W. M. S., Osuagwu, U. L., Otstavnov, S. S., Owolabi, M. O., Oyeyemi, I. T., Ozair, A., P A, M. P., Pacheco-Barrios, K., Padron-Monedero, A., Padubidri, J. R., Palicz, T., Palma-Alvarez, R. F., Pan, F., Panda-Jonas, S., Pande Katare, D., Pandey, A., Pandey, A., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Panos, L. D., Pantazopoulos, I., Papadopoulou, P., Pardhan, S., Parija, P. P., Parikh, R. R., Parsons, N., Passera, R., Patoulias, D., Paudel, U., Pawar, S., Peden, A. E., Pedersini, P., Peprah, P., Pereira, M. O., Peres, M. F. P., Perianayagam, A., Perico, N., Perna, S., Pestell, R. G., Petcu, I.-R., Petermann-Rocha, F. E., Pham, H. N., Pham, H. T., Phillips, M. R., Pilgrim, T., Piradov, M. A., Pirouzpanah, S., Plotnikov, E., Poddighe, D., Poluru, R., Popovic, D. S., Postma, M. J., Pourshams, A., Pourtaheri, N., Pradhan, J., Pradhan, P. M. S., Prakash, V, Prasad, M., Prates, E. J. S., Pribadi, D. R. A., Puvvula, J., Qattea, I., Qian, G., Qiao, Y., Raggi, A., Raghav, P. R., Raghuveer, P., Rahim, F., Rahim, M. J., Rahimifard, M., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M. M., Rahman, M. H. U., Rahman, M., Rahman, M. A., Rahmani, A. M., Rahmanian, M., Rahmanian, N., Rahmanian, V., Rahmati, R., Rahmawaty, S., Raj, G. M., Rajaa, S., Rajendran, V., Rajpoot, P. L., Rajput, P., Ram, P., Ramadan, M. M., Ramadan, M., Ramanarayanan, V., Ramasamy, S. K., Ramazanu, S., Rana, J., Rana, K., Rana, R. K., Ranabhat, C. L., Rancic, N., Rane, A., Ranta, A., Rao, M., Rao, S. J., Rashedi, S., Rashidi, M.-M., Rasouli-Saravani, A., Rathish, D., Rauniyar, S. K., Rawaf, S., Razo, C., Reddy, M. M. R. K., Redwan, E. M. M., Rehman, I. U., Remuzzi, G., Rezaei, N., Rezaeian, M., Rezazadeh, H., Rhee, T. G., Riaz, M. A., Ribeiro, A. L. P., Rodrigues, M., Rodrigues da Silva, T. P. R., Rodriguez, J. A. B., Roever, L., Romadlon, D. S., Ross, A. G., Rout, H. S., Roy, B., Roy, P., Roy, S., Ruela, G. D. A., Russo, M., Rwegerera, G. M., S N, C., Saad, A. M. A., Saber, K., Saber-Ayad, M. M., Sabet, C. J., Sabour, S., Sacco, S., Saddik, B. A., Sadeghi, E., Saeb, M. R., Saeed, U., Safi, S. Z. Z., Sagar, R., Saghafi, A., Sagoe, D., Saheb Sharif-Askari, F., Sahebkar, A., Sahoo, P. M., Sahoo, S. S., Sajid, M. R., Salami, A. A., Salaroli, L. B., Saleh, M. A., Salem, M. Z. Y., Salum, G. A., Samadzadeh, S., Samargandy, S., Samodra, Y. L., Samuel, V. P., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Santos, I. S., Santric-Milicevic, M. M., Sarasmita, M. A., Saravanan, A., Sarikhani, Y., Sarode, G. S., Sarode, S. C., Satpathy, M., Sattouf, Z., Saya, G. K., Sayeed, M. A., Sayyah, M., Scarmeas, N., Schaarschmidt, B. M., Schlaich, M. P., Schmidt, M. I., Schneider, I. J. C., Schuermans, A., Schumacher, A. E., Schutte, A. E., Schwebel, D. C., Selvaraj, S., Sen, P., Senapati, S., Senthilkumaran, S., Sergindo, M. T., Sethi, Y., Seylani, A., Shafie, M., Shah, P. 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Venue
The Lancet Neurology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2024-10
Volume
23
Issue
10
Pages
973-1003
ISSN
1474-4422 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s1474-4422(24)00369-7
OpenAlex
W4402643366
Cited by
1,699
References
14
FWCI
444.23
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
hybrid
Licence
Funders
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/s1474-4422(24)00369-7
The paper
Feigin, V. L., Abate, M. D., Abate, Y. H., Abd ElHafeez, S., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abdelkader, A., Abdelmasseh, M., Abd-Elsalam, S., Abdi, P., Abdollahi, A., Abdoun, M., Abd-Rabu, R., Abdulah, D. M., Abdullahi, A., Abebe, M., Abeldaño Zuñiga, R. A., Abhilash, E. S., Abiodun, O. O., . . . Murray, C. J. L. (2024). Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(24)00369-7

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.