CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 49Treatment of Major DepressionElectroconvulsive Therapy StudiesTranscranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies

Brain-based correlates of antidepressant response to ketamine: a comprehensive systematic review of neuroimaging studies

Open access
Medeiros, Gustavo C, Matheson, Malcolm, Demo, Isabella, Reid, Matthew J, Matheson, Sharaya, Twose, Claire, Smith, Gwenn S, Gould, Todd D +3 more·2023·The Lancet Psychiatry
DOI 10.1016/s2215-0366(23)00183-9PMC PMC11534374
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Ketamine is an effective antidepressant, but there is substantial variability in patient response and the precise mechanism of action is unclear. Neuroimaging can provide predictive and mechanistic insights, but findings are limited by small sample sizes. This systematic review covers neuroimaging studies investigating baseline (pre-treatment) and longitudinal (post-treatment) biomarkers of responses to ketamine. All modalities were included. We performed searches of five electronic databases (from inception to April 26, 2022). 69 studies were included (with 1751 participants). There was substantial methodological heterogeneity and no well replicated biomarker. However, we found convergence across some significant results, particularly in longitudinal biomarkers. Response to ketamine was associated with post-treatment increases in gamma power in frontoparietal regions in electrophysiological studies, post-treatment increases in functional connectivity within the prefrontal cortex, and post-treatment increases in the functional activation of the striatum. Although a well replicated neuroimaging biomarker of ketamine response was not identified, there are biomarkers that warrant further investigation.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s2215-0366(23)00183-9

Cites

17 of 17 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Clinical response to ketamine/esketamine is highly heterogeneous, and robust predictors are lacking.

    “Clinical response is highly heterogeneous, and robust predictors are lacking, underscoring the need for biomarkers and stratified treatment strategies [85,91,92,93].”

    From Synaptic Plasticity—Intrinsic Excitability and Antidepressant Discovery (2026) · cites this paper as [92]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 82

  1. [3]Malhi GS, Mann JJ. Depression. The Lancet 2018; 392(10161): 2299– 312. 30396512
  2. [4]Medeiros GC, Gould TD, Prueitt WL, Blood-based biomarkers of antidepressant response to ketamine and esketamine: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Molecular psychiatry 2022: 1– 12. PMC9933928 35760879
  3. [6]Permoda-Osip A, Skibinska M, Bartkowska-Sniatkowska A, Kliwicki S, Chlopocka-Wozniak M, Rybakowski JK. Factors connected with efficacy of single ketamine infusion in bipolar depression. Psychiatr Pol 2014; 48(1): 35– 47. 24946433
  4. [8]Thomas RK, Baker G, Lind J, Dursun S. Rapid effectiveness of intravenous ketamine for ultraresistant depression in a clinical setting and evidence for baseline anhedonia and bipolarity as clinical predictors of effectiveness. Journal of psychopharmacology 2018; 32(10): 1110– 7. 30182797
  5. [10]Zheng W, Zhou Y-L, Liu W-J, Rapid and longer-term antidepressant effects of repeated-dose intravenous ketamine for patients with unipolar and bipolar depression. Journal of psychiatric research 2018; 106: 61– 8. 30278319
  6. [11]Kruse JL, Vasavada MM, Olmstead R, Depression treatment response to ketamine: sex-specific role of interleukin-8, but not other inflammatory markers. Translational psychiatry 2021; 11(1): 1– 9. 33723220 PMC7960960
  7. [12]Zheng W, Zhou Y-L, Liu W-J, A preliminary study of adjunctive ketamine for treatment-resistant bipolar depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 2020; 275: 38– 43. 32658821
  8. [13]Murrough JW, Iosifescu DV, Chang LC, Antidepressant efficacy of ketamine in treatment-resistant major depression: a two-site randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry 2013; 170(10): 1134– 42. 23982301 PMC3992936
  9. [14]Medeiros GC, Twose C, Weller A, Neuroimaging correlates of depression after traumatic brain injury: A systematic review. Journal of Neurotrauma 2022; (ja). 35229629
  10. [15]Hammoud DA, Hoffman JM, Pomper MG. Molecular neuroimaging: from conventional to emerging techniques. Radiology 2007; 245(1): 21– 42. 17885179
  11. [16]Ionescu DF, Felicione JM, Gosai A, Ketamine-associated brain changes: a review of the neuroimaging literature. Harvard review of psychiatry 2018; 26(6): 320. 29465479 PMC6102096
  12. [17]Zavaliangos-Petropulu A, Al-Sharif NB, Taraku B, Neuroimaging-derived biomarkers of the antidepressant effects of ketamine. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging 2022. PMC11483103 36775711
  13. [19]Kotoula V, Webster T, Stone J, Mehta MA. Resting-state connectivity studies as a marker of the acute and delayed effects of subanaesthetic ketamine administration in healthy and depressed individuals: A systematic review. Brain and Neuroscience Advances 2021; 5: 23982128211055426. PMC8597064 34805548
  14. [20]Murad MH, Asi N, Alsawas M, Alahdab F. New evidence pyramid. BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine 2016; 21(4): 125– 7. PMC4975798 27339128
  15. [21]Gärtner M, Aust S, Bajbouj M, Functional connectivity between prefrontal cortex and subgenual cingulate predicts antidepressant effects of ketamine. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 29(4): 501– 8. 30819549
  16. [22]Gärtner M, de Rover M, Václavů L, Scheidegger M, van Osch MJ, Grimm S. Increase in thalamic cerebral blood flow is associated with antidepressant effects of ketamine in major depressive disorder. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 2022: 1– 10. 34985394
  17. [23]Abdallah CG, Averill LA, Collins KA, Ketamine treatment and global brain connectivity in major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42(6): 1210– 9. 27604566 PMC5437875
  18. [25]Abdallah CG, Dutta A, Averill CL, Ketamine, but not the NMDAR antagonist lanicemine, increases prefrontal global connectivity in depressed patients. Chronic Stress 2018; 2: 2470547018796102. PMC6154502 30263977
  19. [26]Cao Z, Lin C-T, Ding W, Chen M-H, Li C-T, Su T-P. Identifying ketamine responses in treatment-resistant depression using a wearable forehead EEG. IEEE transactions on biomedical engineering 2018; 66(6): 1668– 79. 30369433
  20. [27]Chen M-H, Chang W-C, Lin W-C, Functional dysconnectivity of frontal cortex to striatum predicts ketamine infusion response in treatment-resistant depression. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 23(12): 791– 8. 32726408 PMC7770518
  21. [28]de la Salle S, Phillips JL, Blier P, Knott V. Electrophysiological correlates and predictors of the antidepressant response to repeated ketamine infusions in treatment-resistant depression. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 2022; 115: 110507. 34971723
  22. [29]Gonzalez S, Vasavada MM, Njau S, Acute changes in cerebral blood flow after single-infusion ketamine in major depression: A pilot study. Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research 2020; 38: 5– 11. 34887623 PMC8653983
  23. [31]Lijffijt M, Murphy N, Iqbal S, Identification of an optimal dose of intravenous ketamine for late-life treatment-resistant depression: a Bayesian adaptive randomization trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47(5): 1088– 95. 34839364 PMC8938498
  24. [33]Nugent AC, Ballard ED, Gould TD, Ketamine has distinct electrophysiological and behavioral effects in depressed and healthy subjects. Molecular psychiatry 2019; 24(7): 1040– 52. 29487402 PMC6111001
  25. [34]Nugent AC, Ballard ED, Gilbert JR, Tewarie PK, Brookes MJ, Zarate CA Jr. The effect of ketamine on electrophysiological connectivity in major depressive disorder. Frontiers in psychiatry 2020; 11: 519. 32655423 PMC7325927
  26. [35]Rivas-Grajales AM, Salas R, Robinson ME, Qi K, Murrough JW, Mathew SJ. Habenula connectivity and intravenous ketamine in treatment-resistant depression. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 24(5): 383– 91. 33249434 PMC8130203
  27. [36]Salvadore G, van der Veen JW, Zhang Y, An investigation of amino-acid neurotransmitters as potential predictors of clinical improvement to ketamine in depression. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 15(8): 1063– 72. 22040773 PMC3342437
  28. [37]Sterpenich V, Vidal S, Hofmeister J, Increased reactivity of the mesolimbic reward system after ketamine injection in patients with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. Anesthesiology 2019; 130(6): 923– 35. 31021848
  29. [38]Downey D, Dutta A, McKie S, Comparing the actions of lanicemine and ketamine in depression: key role of the anterior cingulate. European neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 26(6): 994– 1003. 27133029
  30. [40]Herrera-Melendez A, Stippl A, Aust S, Gray matter volume of rostral anterior cingulate cortex predicts rapid antidepressant response to ketamine. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 43: 63– 70. 33309459
  31. [41]Nugent AC, Farmer C, Evans JW, Snider SL, Banerjee D, Zarate CA Jr. Multimodal imaging reveals a complex pattern of dysfunction in corticolimbic pathways in major depressive disorder. Human brain mapping 2019; 40(13): 3940– 50. 31179620 PMC6677619
  32. [42]Salvadore G, Cornwell BR, Colon-Rosario V, Increased anterior cingulate cortical activity in response to fearful faces: a neurophysiological biomarker that predicts rapid antidepressant response to ketamine. Biological psychiatry 2009; 65(4): 289– 95. 18822408 PMC2643469
  33. [43]Salvadore G, Cornwell BR, Sambataro F, Anterior cingulate desynchronization and functional connectivity with the amygdala during a working memory task predict rapid antidepressant response to ketamine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35(7): 1415– 22. 20393460 PMC2869391
  34. [45]Singh B, Port JD, Voort JLV, A preliminary study of the association of increased anterior cingulate gamma-aminobutyric acid with remission of depression after ketamine administration. Psychiatry Research 2021; 301: 113953. 33933839 PMC11798341
  35. [46]Singh B, Port JD, Pazdernik V, Coombes BJ, Voort JLV, Frye MA. Racemic ketamine treatment attenuates anterior cingulate cortex GABA deficits among remitters in treatment-resistant depression: A pilot study. Psychiatry Research-Neuroimaging 2022; 320: 111432. 34973601 PMC11467890
  36. [48]Murrough J, Collins K, Fields J, Regulation of neural responses to emotion perception by ketamine in individuals with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. Translational psychiatry 2015; 5(2): e509– e. 25689570 PMC4445748
  37. [49]Nugent AC, Diazgranados N, Carlson PJ, Neural correlates of rapid antidepressant response to ketamine in bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorders 2014; 16(2): 119– 28. 24103187 PMC3949142
  38. [50]Sahib AK, Loureiro JR, Vasavada M, Modulation of the functional connectome in major depressive disorder by ketamine therapy. Psychological Medicine 2020: 1– 10. PMC9647551 33267926
  39. [52]Abdallah CG, Salas R, Jackowski A, Baldwin P, Sato JR, Mathew SJ. Hippocampal volume and the rapid antidepressant effect of ketamine. Journal of psychopharmacology 2015; 29(5): 591– 5. 25122038 PMC4852551
  40. [53]Ortiz R, Niciu MJ, Lukkahati N, Shank3 as a potential biomarker of antidepressant response to ketamine and its neural correlates in bipolar depression. Journal of affective disorders 2015; 172: 307– 11. 25451430 PMC4400209
  41. [54]Niciu MJ, Iadarola ND, Banerjee D, The antidepressant efficacy of subanesthetic-dose ketamine does not correlate with baseline subcortical volumes in a replication sample with major depressive disorder. Journal of Psychopharmacology 2017; 31(12): 1570– 7. 29039254 PMC5863225
  42. [55]Zhou Y-L, Wu F-C, Liu W-J, Volumetric changes in subcortical structures following repeated ketamine treatment in patients with major depressive disorder: a longitudinal analysis. Translational psychiatry 2020; 10(1): 1– 9. 32747631 PMC7400625
  43. [56]Vasavada MM, Leaver AM, Espinoza RT, Structural connectivity and response to ketamine therapy in major depression: a preliminary study. Journal of affective disorders 2016; 190: 836– 41. 26630613 PMC4685004
  44. [57]Sydnor VJ, Lyall AE, Cetin-Karayumak S, Studying pre-treatment and ketamine-induced changes in white matter microstructure in the context of ketamine’s antidepressant effects. Translational Psychiatry 2020; 10(1): 1– 10. 33319774 PMC7738670
  45. [58]Evans JW, Szczepanik J, Brutsché N, Park LT, Nugent AC, Zarate CA Jr. Default mode connectivity in major depressive disorder measured up to 10 days after ketamine administration. Biological psychiatry 2018; 84(8): 582– 90. 29580569 PMC6093808
  46. [59]Chen M-H, Lin W-C, Tu P-C, Antidepressant and antisuicidal effects of ketamine on the functional connectivity of prefrontal cortex-related circuits in treatment-resistant depression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, longitudinal resting fMRI study. Journal of affective disorders 2019; 259: 15– 20. 31437695
  47. [60]Kraus C, Mkrtchian A, Kadriu B, Nugent AC, Zarate CA, Evans JW. Evaluating global brain connectivity as an imaging marker for depression: influence of preprocessing strategies and placebo-controlled ketamine treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45(6): 982– 9. 31995812 PMC7162890
  48. [61]McMillan R, Sumner R, Forsyth A, Simultaneous EEG/fMRI recorded during ketamine infusion in patients with major depressive disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 2020; 99: 109838. 31843628
  49. [62]Zhuo C, Ji F, Tian H, Transient effects of multi‐infusion ketamine augmentation on treatment‐resistant depressive symptoms in patients with treatment‐resistant bipolar depression–An open‐label three‐week pilot study. Brain and Behavior 2020; 10(8): e01674. 32621379 PMC7428494
  50. [63]Mkrtchian A, Evans JW, Kraus C, Ketamine modulates fronto-striatal circuitry in depressed and healthy individuals. Molecular psychiatry 2021; 26(7): 3292– 301. 32929215 PMC8462973
  51. [65]Vasavada MM, Loureiro J, Kubicki A, Effects of serial ketamine infusions on corticolimbic functional connectivity in major depression. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging 2021; 6(7): 735– 44. 32900657 PMC8629108
  52. [66]Wang M, Chen X, Hu Y, Functional connectivity between the habenula and default mode network and its association with the antidepressant effect of ketamine. Depression and Anxiety 2022; 39(5): 352– 62. 34964207
  53. [67]Reed JL, Nugent AC, Furey ML, Szczepanik JE, Evans JW, Zarate CA Jr. Ketamine normalizes brain activity during emotionally valenced attentional processing in depression. Neuroimage: Clinical 2018; 20: 92– 101. 30094160 PMC6070691
  54. [68]Loureiro JR, Leaver A, Vasavada M, Modulation of amygdala reactivity following rapidly acting interventions for major depression. Human brain mapping 2020; 41(7): 1699– 710. 32115848 PMC7268016
  55. [69]Morris LS, Costi S, Tan A, Stern ER, Charney DS, Murrough JW. Ketamine normalizes subgenual cingulate cortex hyper-activity in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45(6): 975– 81. 31896116 PMC7162851
  56. [70]Sahib AK, Loureiro JR, Vasavada MM, Modulation of inhibitory control networks relate to clinical response following ketamine therapy in major depression. Translational psychiatry 2020; 10(1): 1– 10. 32732915 PMC7393172
  57. [71]Loureiro JR, Sahib AK, Vasavada M, Ketamine’s modulation of cerebro-cerebellar circuitry during response inhibition in major depression. NeuroImage: Clinical 2021; 32: 102792. 34571429 PMC8476854
  58. [72]Sahib AK, Loureiro JR, Vasavada MM, Single and repeated ketamine treatment induces perfusion changes in sensory and limbic networks in major depressive disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 33: 89– 100. 32061453 PMC8869841
  59. [73]Petcharunpaisan S, Ramalho J, Castillo M. Arterial spin labeling in neuroimaging. World journal of radiology 2010; 2(10): 384– 98. 21161024 PMC2999014
  60. [74]Cornwell BR, Salvadore G, Furey M, Synaptic potentiation is critical for rapid antidepressant response to ketamine in treatment-resistant major depression. Biological psychiatry 2012; 72(7): 555– 61. 22521148 PMC3408548
  61. [75]Gilbert JR, Yarrington JS, Wills KE, Nugent AC, Zarate CA Jr. Glutamatergic signaling drives ketamine-mediated response in depression: evidence from dynamic causal modeling. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 21(8): 740– 7. 29668918 PMC6070027
  62. [76]Nugent AC, Wills KE, Gilbert JR, Zarate CA Jr. Synaptic potentiation and rapid antidepressant response to ketamine in treatment-resistant major depression: a replication study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 2019; 283: 64– 6. 30551012 PMC6410365
  63. [77]Fagerholm ED, Leech R, Williams S, Zarate CA, Moran RJ, Gilbert JR. Fine-tuning neural excitation/inhibition for tailored ketamine use in treatment-resistant depression. Translational psychiatry 2021; 11(1): 1– 10. 34052834 PMC8164631
  64. [78]Gilbert JR, Galiano CS, Nugent AC, Zarate CA. Ketamine and attentional bias toward emotional faces: dynamic causal modeling of magnetoencephalographic connectivity in treatment-resistant depression. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2021: 995. PMC8249755 34220581
  65. [79]Lundin NB, Sepe-Forrest L, Gilbert JR, Ketamine alters electrophysiological responses to emotional faces in major depressive disorder. Journal of affective disorders 2021; 279: 239– 49. 33074143 PMC7781110
  66. [80]Nugent AC, Robinson SE, Coppola R, Zarate CA Jr. Preliminary differences in resting state MEG functional connectivity pre-and post-ketamine in major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 2016; 254: 56– 66. 27362845 PMC4992587
  67. [81]Sumner RL, McMillan R, Spriggs MJ, Ketamine enhances visual sensory evoked potential long-term potentiation in patients with major depressive disorder. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging 2020; 5(1): 45– 55. 31495712
  68. [82]Duncan WC Jr, Sarasso S, Ferrarelli F, Concomitant BDNF and sleep slow wave changes indicate ketamine-induced plasticity in major depressive disorder. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 16(2): 301– 11. 22676966 PMC3510337
  69. [83]Duncan WC Jr, Selter J, Brutsche N, Sarasso S, Zarate CA Jr. Baseline delta sleep ratio predicts acute ketamine mood response in major depressive disorder. Journal of affective disorders 2013; 145(1): 115– 9. 22871531 PMC3494813
  70. [85]Nir Y, Fisch L, Mukamel R, Coupling between neuronal firing rate, gamma LFP, and BOLD fMRI is related to interneuronal correlations. Curr Biol 2007; 17(15): 1275– 85. 17686438
  71. [86]Watson BO, Ding M, Buzsáki G. Temporal coupling of field potentials and action potentials in the neocortex. European Journal of Neuroscience 2018; 48(7): 2482– 97. 29250852 PMC6005737
  72. [87]Horacek J, Brunovsky M, Novak T, Subanesthetic dose of ketamine decreases prefrontal theta cordance in healthy volunteers: implications for antidepressant effect. Psychological Medicine 2010; 40(9): 1443– 51. 19995475
  73. [88]Valentine GW, Mason GF, Gomez R, The antidepressant effect of ketamine is not associated with changes in occipital amino acid neurotransmitter content as measured by [1H]-MRS. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 2011; 191(2): 122– 7. PMC3061550 21232924
  74. [89]Evans JW, Lally N, An L, 7T 1H-MRS in major depressive disorder: a Ketamine Treatment Study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43(9): 1908– 14. 29748628 PMC6046051
  75. [90]Milak MS, Rashid R, Dong Z, Assessment of relationship of ketamine dose with magnetic resonance spectroscopy of Glx and GABA responses in adults with major depression: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA network open 2020; 3(8): e2013211– e. 32785636 PMC7424409
  76. [91]Carlson PJ, Diazgranados N, Nugent AC, Neural correlates of rapid antidepressant response to ketamine in treatment-resistant unipolar depression: a preliminary positron emission tomography study. Biological psychiatry 2013; 73(12): 1213– 21. 23540908 PMC3672258
  77. [92]Ballard ED, Lally N, Nugent AC, Furey ML, Luckenbaugh DA, Zarate CA. Neural correlates of suicidal ideation and its reduction in depression. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 18(1). PMC4307932 25550331
  78. [93]Esterlis I, DellaGioia N, Pietrzak RH, Ketamine-induced reduction in mGluR5 availability is associated with an antidepressant response: an [11C] ABP688 and PET imaging study in depression. Molecular psychiatry 2018; 23(4): 824– 32. 28397841 PMC5636649
  79. [94]Smith SM, Nichols TE. Statistical challenges in “big data” human neuroimaging. Neuron 2018; 97(2): 263– 8. 29346749
  80. [95]Bzdok D, Varoquaux G, Steyerberg EW. Prediction, not association, paves the road to precision medicine. JAMA psychiatry 2020. 32804995
  81. [96]Dima D, Roberts R, Frangou S. Connectomic markers of disease expression, genetic risk and resilience in bipolar disorder. Translational psychiatry 2016; 6(1): e706– e. 26731443 PMC5068872
  82. [97]Kotoula V, Stringaris A, Mackes N, Ketamine modulates the neural correlates of reward processing in unmedicated patients in remission from depression. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging 2022; 7(3): 285– 92. 34126264

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Medeiros, G. C., Matheson, M., Demo, I., Reid, M. J., Matheson, S., Twose, C., Smith, G. S., Gould, T. D., Zarate, C. A., Barrett, F. S., & Goes, F. S.
Affiliations
  • University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
  • Johns Hopkins University (US)
  • National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author
Goes, Fernando S
ORCID
Venue
The Lancet Psychiatry
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2023-10
Volume
10
Issue
10
Pages
790-800
ISSN
2215-0366 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s2215-0366(23)00183-9
PMC
PMC11534374
OpenAlex
W4386054271
Cited by
49
References
17
Citations by year
2026: 22 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 1
FWCI
1.65
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • The Lancet Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (R01-MH107615, RAI145211A)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002857)
  • U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (101BX003631-01A1, 1I01BX004062)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
Keywords
ketamine, antidepressant response, treatment response biomarkers, depression, neuroimaging biomarkers, gamma power, frontoparietal cortex, functional connectivity, prefrontal cortex, striatum, treatment-resistant depression
MeSH terms
Antidepressive Agents, Brain, Humans, Ketamine, Biomarkers, Neuroimaging

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review