The DOI matches its Crossref record; 82 of the 84 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Multimedia Learning
Open accessAbstract
Abstract This article defines and exemplifies multimedia learning and multimedia instruction, describes theoretical frameworks for multimedia learning and multimedia instruction, summarizes evidence-based principles for how to design multimedia instruction, and suggests future trends in multimedia research. Multimedia design principles for reducing extraneous processing include the coherence principle, signaling principle, redundancy principle, spatial contiguity principle, and temporal contiguity principle. Multimedia design principles for managing essential processing include the pre-training principle, segmenting principle, and modality principle. Multimedia design principles for fostering generative processing include the personalization principle, voice principle, embodiment principle, and generative activity principle. Research on multimedia learning represents an example of applying the science of learning to education, and stands as one of educational psychology’s success stories.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The VR-STINAT was iteratively developed with the involvement of end-users (CBT therapists, psychiatrists, patients with depression, and healthy individuals), based on cognitive load theory -learning from worked example (33), and Mayer’s cognitive theory of multimedia learning (34).”
From A virtual reality-based self-guided training on identification of negative automatic thoughts in healthy adults: a mixed-methods feasibility study (2024) · cites this paper as [34]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Grice, H. P. (1975) · Speech Acts · doi:10.1163/9789004368811_003 · Cited by 23,221
Baddeley, A. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1736359 · Cited by 5,258
Cognitive Load Theory and the Format of Instruction
Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (1991) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1207/s1532690xci0804_2 · Cited by 2,894
Cognitive principles of multimedia learning: The role of modality and contiguity.
Moreno, R., & Mayer, R. E. (1999) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.91.2.358 · Cited by 1,539
Self-citationWhy Some Material Is Difficult to Learn
Sweller, J., & Chandler, P. (1994) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1207/s1532690xci1203_1 · Cited by 1,455
Kozma, R. B. (1991) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543061002179 · Cited by 1,429
Mayer, R. E., & Moreno, R. (1998) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.90.2.312 · Cited by 1,315
Self-citationMayer, R. E., & Sims, V. K. (1994) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.86.3.389 · Cited by 1,191
Self-citationWhen is an illustration worth ten thousand words?
Mayer, R. E., & Gallini, J. K. (1990) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.82.4.715 · Cited by 1,051
Self-citationMayer, R. E., Heiser, J., & Lonn, S. (2001) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.93.1.187 · Cited by 1,029
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 84 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 1,033
Jairam, D., & Kiewra, K. A. (2010) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019137 · Cited by 74
Meckfessel, S., Stuehmer, C., Bormann, K., Kupka, T., Behrends, M., Matthies, H. K., Vaske, B., Stiesch, M., Gellrich, N., & Rücker, M. (2010) · Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2010.03.008 · Cited by 72
The Impact of Neuroimages in the Sentencing Phase of Capital Trials
Saks, M. J., Schweitzer, N. J., Aharoni, E., & Kiehl, K. A. (2014) · Journal of Empirical Legal Studies · doi:10.1111/jels.12036 · Cited by 77
Intentionally mobile pedagogy: the M-COPE framework for mobile learning in higher education
Dennen, V. P., & Hao, S. (2014) · Technology Pedagogy and Education · doi:10.1080/1475939x.2014.943278 · Cited by 76
Elements of Quality Online Education
Bourne, J. R., & Moore, J. C. (2005) · Cited by 69
Lindner, M. A., Eitel, A., Barenthien, J. M., & Köller, O. (2018) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2018.01.002 · Cited by 82
Rhetorical relations in multimodal documents
Taboada, M., & Habel, C. U. (2013) · Discourse Studies · doi:10.1177/1461445612466468 · Cited by 66
Virtual reality interventions in developing and managing human resources
Khandelwal, K., & Upadhyay, A. K. (2019) · Human Resource Development International · doi:10.1080/13678868.2019.1569920 · Cited by 83
CAN CAPTIONED VIDEO BENEFIT SECOND LANGUAGE PRONUNCIATION?
Wiśniewska, N., & Mora, J. C. (2020) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263120000029 · Cited by 88
YOUNG LEARNERS’ PROCESSING OF MULTIMODAL INPUT AND ITS IMPACT ON READING COMPREHENSION
Pellicer‐Sánchez, A., Tragant, E., Conklin, K., Rodgers, M., Serrano, R., & Llanes, À. (2020) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263120000091 · Cited by 79
The positivity principle: do positive instructors improve learning from video lectures?
Lawson, A. P., Mayer, R. E., Adamo‐Villani, N., Beneš, B., Lei, X., & Cheng, J. (2021) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-021-10057-w · Cited by 73
Self-citationCombining cognitive and affective support in order to promote learning
Huk, T., & Ludwigs, S. (2008) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2008.09.001 · Cited by 75
Cranford, K. N., Tiettmeyer, J. M., Chuprinko, B. C., Jordan, S., & Grove, N. P. (2014) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/ed400576n · Cited by 74
Improving college students’ attitudes toward mathematics
Hodges, C. B., & Kim, C. (2013) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-013-0679-4 · Cited by 76
Khawaja, M. A., Chen, F., & Marcus, N. (2013) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2013.860579 · Cited by 83
Context matters: emergent variability in an effectiveness trial of online teaching modules
Ellaway, R., Pusic, M. V., Yavner, S., & Kalet, A. L. (2014) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.12389 · Cited by 70
Hong, J., Hwang, M., Tai, K., & Tsai, C.-R. (2017) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-016-9541-y · Cited by 83
Schüler, A. (2017) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.03.001 · Cited by 70
Li, X., Deng, Y., Qiu, W., Feng, Y., Jin, Y., Deng, S., Tao, N., & Jin, Y. (2022) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133272 · Cited by 67
Innovations in the Continuing Professional Development of English Language Teachers
Allais, C. (2015) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2015.06.001 · Cited by 68
Agbatogun, A. O. (2014) · Cited by 65
Engaging or Distracting: Children's Tablet Computer Use in Education
McEwen, R. N., & Dubé, A. K. (2015) · eScholarship@McGill (McGill) · doi:10.2307/jeductechsoci.18.4.9 · Cited by 65
Bernhardt, K. A., Poltavski, D., Petros, T. V., Ferraro, F. R., Jorgenson, T., Carlson, C., Drechsel, P., & Iseminger, C. (2019) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2019.01.008 · Cited by 71
Chen, X., & Wu, D. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies · doi:10.1109/tlt.2024.3378279 · Cited by 85
Re-examining cognition during student-centered, Web-based learning
Hannafin, M. J., Hannafin, K. M., & Gabbitas, B. W. (2009) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-009-9117-x · Cited by 68
An examination of cognitive processing of multimedia information based on viewers' eye movements
Liu, H., & Chuang, H. (2010) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820903520123 · Cited by 71
Multimedia Learning of Chemistry
Kozma, R., & Russell, J. W. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816819.027 · Cited by 68
South Korean Digital Textbook Project
Kim, J. H., & Jung, H.-Y. (2010) · Computers in the Schools · doi:10.1080/07380569.2010.523887 · Cited by 75
Using Animation to Help Students Learn Computer Algorithms
Catrambone, R., & Seay, A. F. (2002) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/0018720024497637 · Cited by 65
Animated and static concept maps enhance learning from spoken narration
Adesope, O., & Nesbit, J. C. (2013) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2013.02.002 · Cited by 70
Sex differences in science learning: Closing the gap through animations
Sanchez, C. A., & Wiley, J. (2010) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2010.01.003 · Cited by 66
Achievement effects of embedded multimedia in a success for all reading program.
Chambers, B., Cheung, A., Madden, N. A., Slavin, R. E., & Gifford, R. (2006) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.98.1.232 · Cited by 72
The impact of video technology on learning: A cooking skills experiment
Surgenor, D., Hollywood, L. E., Furey, S., Lavelle, F., McGowan, L. J., Spence, M., Raats, M. M., McCloat, A., Mooney, E., Caraher, M., et al. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.037 · Cited by 75
de Sousa, L. O., Richter, B., & Nel, C. (2017) · Yesterday and Today · doi:10.17159/2223-0386/2017/n17a1 · Cited by 78
Lin, Y., Chen, C.-W., Lee, W., Cheng, Y.-C., Lin, T.-Y., Lin, C., Shi, L., Tien, Y., & Kuo, L. (2018) · BMC Medical Ethics · doi:10.1186/s12910-018-0264-7 · Cited by 67
Systems thinking of pre- and in-service science and engineering teachers
Lavi, R., & Dori, Y. J. (2018) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2018.1548788 · Cited by 67
Thisgaard, M., & Makransky, G. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00805 · Cited by 91
A remote access mixed reality teaching ward round
Bala, L., Kinross, J. K., Martin, G., Koizia, L. J., Kooner, A. S., Shimshon, G., Hurkxkens, T. J., Pratt, P., & Sam, A. H. (2021) · The Clinical Teacher · doi:10.1111/tct.13338 · Cited by 65
Theoretical trends of research on technology and L2 vocabulary learning: A systematic review
Yang, X., Kuo, L., Eslami, Z. R., & Moody, S. M. (2021) · Journal of Computers in Education · doi:10.1007/s40692-021-00187-8 · Cited by 81
Teng, M. F., & Zhang, D. (2021) · IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching · doi:10.1515/iral-2021-0130 · Cited by 81
Teaching, Learning, and Visual Literacy: The Dual Role of Visual Representation
Eilam, B. (2012) · Cited by 66
E-teacher in Inclusive e-education for Students with Specific Learning Disabilities
Bjekić, D., Obradović, S., Vučetić, M., & Bojović, M. (2014) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.131 · Cited by 72
Appropriate media choice for e-learning effectiveness: Role of learning domain and learning style
Sahasrabudhe, V., & Kanungo, S. (2014) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.04.006 · Cited by 72
The effect of thematic video-based instruction on learning and motivation in e-learning
Chen, Y.-T. (2012) · International Journal of the Physical Sciences · doi:10.5897/ijps11.1788 · Cited by 72
Banna, J. C., Vera‐Becerra, L. E., Kaiser, L. L., & Townsend, M. S. (2009) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2009.10.002 · Cited by 67
Impact of Augmented Reality on Programming Language Learning: Efficiency and Perception
Teng, C.-H., Chen, J.-Y., & Chen, Z. H. (2017) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/0735633117706109 · Cited by 71
Learning by enacting: The role of embodiment in chemistry education
Stull, A. T., Gainer, M. J., & Hegarty, M. (2017) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.09.008 · Cited by 71
Scripts for Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning
Weinberger, A. (2003) · Electronic Theses of LMU Munich (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) · doi:10.5282/edoc.1120 · Cited by 65
An effective way of designing blended learning: A three phase design-based research approach
Üstün, A. B., & Tracey, M. W. (2019) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-019-09999-9 · Cited by 72
Lauc, T., Jagodić, G. K., & Bistrović, J. (2020) · International Journal of Instruction · doi:10.29333/iji.2020.13431a · Cited by 86
Gestures in Instructional Animations: A Helping Hand to Understanding Non‐human Movements?
de Koning, B. B., & Tabbers, H. K. (2013) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.2937 · Cited by 67
Generating Natural Language Texts from Business Process Models
Leopold, H., Mendling, J., & Polyvyanyy, A. (2012) · Notes on numerical fluid mechanics and multidisciplinary design · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31095-9_5 · Cited by 68
The perceptual basis of the modality effect in multimedia learning.
Rummer, R., Schweppe, J., Fürstenberg, A., Scheiter, K., & Zindler, A. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/a0023588 · Cited by 74
Paper-based aids for learning with a computer-based game.
Fiorella, L., & Mayer, R. E. (2012) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028088 · Cited by 66
Self-citationAnnotations in captioned animation: Effects on vocabulary learning and listening skills
Aldera, A. S., & Mohsen, M. A. (2013) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2013.04.018 · Cited by 70
Reinfried, S., Aeschbacher, U., & Rottermann, B. (2012) · International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education · doi:10.1080/10382046.2012.672685 · Cited by 73
Urhahne, D., Nick, S., & Schanze, S. (2008) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-008-9091-z · Cited by 68
Sykes, E. R. (2007) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.2190/j175-q735-1345-270m · Cited by 65
Blended learning in health education: three case studies
de Jong, N., Savin‐Baden, M., Cunningham, A. M., & Verstegen, D. M. L. (2014) · Perspectives on Medical Education · doi:10.1007/s40037-014-0108-1 · Cited by 72
Topal, A. D. (2016) · European Journal of Contemporary Education · doi:10.13187/ejced.2016.15.7 · Cited by 78
Wallen, E. S., Plass, J. L., & Brünken, R. (2005) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/bf02504798 · Cited by 65
Uysal, M. P. (2015) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2015.1041400 · Cited by 63
Correia, A., Koehler, N. A., Thompson, A. D., & Phye, G. D. (2018) · Research in Science & Technological Education · doi:10.1080/02635143.2018.1487834 · Cited by 84
The relationship between vocabulary and viewing comprehension
Durbahn, M., Rodgers, M., & Peters, E. (2019) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2019.102166 · Cited by 75
Animation as a dynamic visualization technique for improving process model comprehension
Aysolmaz, B., & Reijers, H. A. (2021) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2021.103478 · Cited by 73
Striking a Balance: Reader Takeaways and Preferences when Integrating Text and Charts
Stokes, C., Setlur, V., Cogley, B., Satyanarayan, A., & Hearst, M. A. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2022.3209383 · Cited by 85
Toward a Theory of Socioculturally Responsive Assessment
Bennett, R. E. (2023) · Educational Assessment · doi:10.1080/10627197.2023.2202312 · Cited by 97
Adding Some TEC-VARIETY: 100+ Activities for Motivating and Retaining Learners Online
Bonk, C. J., & Khoo, E. (2014) · Cited by 63
Watson, G. L., Butterfield, J., Curran, R., & Craig, C. (2009) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2009.05.001 · Cited by 76
Leveridge, A. N., & Yang, J. C. (2013) · ReCALL · doi:10.1017/s0958344013000074 · Cited by 68
Using Electronic Storybooks to Support Word Learning in Children With Severe Language Impairments
Smeets, D. J. H., van Dijken, M. J., & Bus, A. G. (2012) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219412467069 · Cited by 83
Does language matter in multimedia learning? Personalization principle revisited.
Kartal, G. (2010) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019345 · Cited by 72
Cruz-Lemus, J. A., Genero, M., Manso, M. E., Morasca, S., & Piattini, M. G. (2009) · Empirical Software Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10664-009-9106-z · Cited by 66
Ward, W., Cole, R. A., Bolaños, D., Buchenroth-Martin, C., Svirsky, E., van Vuuren, S., Weston, T. J., Zheng, J., & Becker, L. A. (2011) · ACM Transactions on Speech and Language Processing · doi:10.1145/1998384.1998392 · Cited by 66
Measuring Learner Engagement in Computer-Equipped College Classrooms
Bulger, M., Mayer, R. E., Almeroth, K. C., & Blau, S. D. (2008) · Cited by 63
Self-citationPsychology of the Digital Age: Humans Become Electric
Suler, J. R. (2015) · Cited by 63
Health Literacy and Online Health Information Processing: Unraveling the Underlying Mechanisms
Meppelink, C. S., Smit, E. G., Diviani, N., & van Weert, J. C. M. (2016) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2016.1193920 · Cited by 67
Social media and scientific research are complementary—YouTube and shrikes as a case study
Dylewski, Ł., Mikula, P., Tryjanowski, P., Morelli, F., & Yosef, R. (2017) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/s00114-017-1470-8 · Cited by 66
Improving informed consent: Stakeholder views
Anderson, E. E., Newman, S. B., & Matthews, A. K. (2017) · AJOB Empirical Bioethics · doi:10.1080/23294515.2017.1362488 · Cited by 74
van Leeuwen, A. (2018) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-018-09639-y · Cited by 76
Contributions from Science Education Research
Pintó, R., & Couso, D. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5032-9 · Cited by 63
Self-Regulated Learning in Technology Enhanced Learning Environments
Carneiro, R., Lefrere, P., Steffens, K., & Underwood, J. (2011) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6091-654-0 · Cited by 111
Improving teacher candidates' knowledge of phonological awareness: A multimedia approach
Kennedy, M. J., Driver, M. K., Pullen, P. C., Ely, E., & Cole, M. T. (2013) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2013.01.010 · Cited by 66
Simon, C. M., Schartz, H. A., Rosenthal, G. E., Eisenstein, E. L., & Klein, D. W. (2018) · Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics · doi:10.1177/1556264618773883 · Cited by 66
Molerov, D., Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia, O., Nagel, M.-T., Brückner, S., Schmidt, S., & Shavelson, R. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2020.577843 · Cited by 70
Howitt, C., & Pegrum, M. A. (2015) · Australasian Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.14742/ajet.2439 · Cited by 68
Knowledge and processes that predict proficiency in digital literacy
Bulger, M., Mayer, R. E., & Metzger, M. J. (2014) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-014-9507-2 · Cited by 78
Self-citationWorking Memory, Motivation, and Teacher-Initiated Learning
Brooks, D. W., & Shell, D. F. (2006) · Journal of Science Education and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10956-006-0353-0 · Cited by 68
Chang, T. P., Pham, P. K., Sobolewski, B., Doughty, C. B., Jamal, N., Kwan, K. Y., Little, K. J., Brenkert, T. E., & Mathison, D. J. (2014) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/acem.12434 · Cited by 63
Merchie, E., & Keer, H. V. (2016) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2016.05.005 · Cited by 78
Measuring learning gain: Comparing anatomy drawing screencasts and paper‐based resources
Pickering, J. D. (2016) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.1666 · Cited by 63
Coccetta, F. (2018) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2018.01.004 · Cited by 81
Effect of Prior Knowledge on Attitudes, Behavior, and Learning Performance in Video Lecture Viewing
Li, L. (2018) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2018.1543086 · Cited by 66
Suárez, M. D. M., & Gesa, F. (2019) · Language Learning Journal · doi:10.1080/09571736.2019.1617768 · Cited by 76
Park, S. (2015) · Educational Technology & Society · Cited by 62
Sapkaroski, D., Mundy, M., & Dimmock, M. R. (2022) · Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences · doi:10.1002/jmrs.555 · Cited by 62
Kozan, K., Erçetin, G., & Richardson, J. C. (2015) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2015.09.001 · Cited by 64
Pop-up Questions Within Educational Videos: Effects on Students’ Learning
Haagsman, M. E., Scager, K., Boonstra, J., & Koster, M. C. (2020) · Journal of Science Education and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10956-020-09847-3 · Cited by 79
The Effectiveness of Education Technology for Enhancing Reading Achievement: A Meta-Analysis.
Cheung, A., & Slavin, R. E. (2011) · Cited by 61
The Generative Drawing Principle in Multimedia Learning
Leutner, D., & Schmeck, A. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139547369.022 · Cited by 67
Metadata
- Authors
- Mayer, R.
- Corresponding author
- Mayer, Richard
- ORCID
- Mayer, Richard
- Venue
- The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 2020-06-25
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 0
- Pages
- 27-139
- ISSN
- 0079-7421 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2337068785
- Cited by
- 7,777
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 644 · 2025: 464 · 2024: 351 · 2023: 303 · 2022: 283 · 2021: 465 · 2020: 384
- FWCI
- 375.16
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation (publishedVersion)
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Oxford University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
- The Annual Report of Educational Psychology in Japan (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Social Sciences › Education › Online and Blended Learning
- Keywords
- multimedia learning, multimedia teaching, multimedia design principles, coherence principle, signaling principle, redundancy principle, spatial contiguity, temporal contiguity, modality principle, generative processing, science of learning
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review