Learning with Media
Abstract
This article describes learning with media as a complementary process within which representations are constructed and procedures performed, sometimes by the learner and sometimes by the medium. It reviews research on learning with books, television, computers, and multimedia environments. These media are distinguished by cognitively relevant characteristics of their technologies, symbol systems, and processing capabilities. Studies are examined that illustrate how these characteristics, and the instructional designs that employ them, interact with learner and task characteristics to influence the structure of mental representations and cognitive processes. Of specific interest is the effect of media characteristics on the structure, formation, and modification of mental models. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
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Clark (1983) and Kozma (1991) are often cast as adversaries, yet their views are more complementary than contradictory.
“Clark(1983) and Kozma(1991) are often cast as adversaries, yet their views are more complementary than contradictory.”
From <scp>ChatGPT</scp> in Education: An Effect in Search of a Cause (2025) · cites this paper as Kozma(1991)
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“This review does not directly address information embedded in what are sometimes called authentic situations (Brown, Collins, & Duguid, 1989), but it complements learning in such situations.”
BackgroundReconsidering Research on Learning from Media
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<scp>ChatGPT</scp> in Education: An Effect in Search of a Cause
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- Authors
- Kozma, R. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan
- Venue
- Review of Educational Research
- Published
- 1991-06
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 179-211
- ISSN
- 0034-6543 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-1046
- OpenAlex
- W2135964108
- Cited by
- 1,429
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 62
- FWCI
- 50.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Review of Educational Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Learning Styles and Cognitive Differences
- Keywords
- learning with media, media characteristics, mental representation, mental models, instructional design, books, television, computers, multimedia environment, cognitive processes, learner characteristics, task characteristics
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