The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization
Abstract
Far from sweeping the globe uniformly, the 'third wave of democratization' left burgeoning republics and resilient dictatorships in its wake. Applying more than a year of original fieldwork in Egypt, Iran, Malaysia, and the Philippines, in this 2007 book Jason Brownlee shows that the mixed record of recent democratization is best deciphered through a historical and institutional approach to authoritarian rule. Exposing the internal organizations that structure elite conflict, Brownlee demonstrates why the critical soft-liners needed for democratic transitions have been dormant in Egypt and Malaysia but outspoken in Iran and the Philippines. By establishing how ruling parties originated and why they impede change, Brownlee illuminates the problem of contemporary authoritarianism and informs the promotion of durable democracy.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“And Brownlee (2007: 218f.) has observed that parties often play a vital role in facilitating the maintenance of electoral authoritarian regimes.”
From Political party and party system institutionalization in Southeast Asia: lessons for democratic consolidation in Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand (2008) · cites this paper as Brownlee 2007: 218f.
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 999
Coding competitive authoritarianism
Bardall, G. (2015) · Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s12286-015-0259-4 · Cited by 11
Capture the flag: local factionalism as electoral mobilization in dominant party Uganda
Wilkins, S. (2019) · Democratization · doi:10.1080/13510347.2019.1658746 · Cited by 12
A Concise History of Revolution
Kamrava, M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108662581 · Cited by 11
Opportunistic Bargaining: Negotiating Distribution in China
Han, R., Du, J., & Shao, L. H. (2022) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741022001370 · Cited by 12
Fukuoka, Y. (2015) · The Pacific Review · doi:10.1080/09512748.2015.1011212 · Cited by 11
“Ruling parties thus generate ‘collective security’, or a ‘sense among power holders that their immediate and long-term interests are best served by remaining within the party organization’ (Brownlee, 2007, p. 39).”
BackgroundInfluentialVarianten der Autokratie im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert
Kailitz, S. (2009) · Totalitarismus und Demokratie · doi:10.13109/tode.2009.6.2.209 · Cited by 11
Electoral authoritarianism and economic control
Seeberg, M. B. (2017) · International Political Science Review · doi:10.1177/0192512117692802 · Cited by 13
“This has led some scholars to claim that elections have no effects on the stability of authoritarian regimes (Brownlee, 2007).”
BackgroundAbortive regime transition in Egypt: pro-democracy alliance and demand-making framework
Hatab, S. (2017) · Democratization · doi:10.1080/13510347.2017.1404577 · Cited by 12
Elite-Citizen Linkages and Issue Congruency under Competitive Authoritarianism
Shalaby, M., & Aydogan, A. (2018) · Parliamentary Affairs · doi:10.1093/pa/gsy036 · Cited by 11
Testing Times for Regionalism: Coping with Great Power Rivalry in the Asia–Pacific
Beeson, M., & Murray, P. (2019) · Asian Studies Review · doi:10.1080/10357823.2020.1681052 · Cited by 11
“On the contrary, the unfortunate reality in ASEAN and across Southeast Asia more generally has been a rollback of democratic reforms and a return to authoritarianism (Brownlee, 2007; The Economist, 2018).”
BackgroundLi, Y. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108557054 · Cited by 25
Framing Political Revolutions in the Aftermath of the Arab Uprisings
Volpi, F. (2013) · Mediterranean Politics · doi:10.1080/13629395.2013.856186 · Cited by 11
“…dramatic political changes happening in the region at least in part because ‘Arab uprisings-type’ popular uprisings were highly unconventional forms of (effective) revolutionary mobilization in authoritarian regimes that were thought to be stable and resourceful (Brownlee, 2007; Lust-Okar, 2005).”
BackgroundDivisive electoral policies within authoritarian elections: the Tunisian casuistry (1989–2009)
Fuentes, G. M. (2010) · The Journal of North African Studies · doi:10.1080/13629381003612122 · Cited by 13
The puzzle of populism in Iran’s electoral politics
Raisi, A. (2019) · Democratization · doi:10.1080/13510347.2019.1573815 · Cited by 11
Bounded Articulation: An Analysis of CPPCC Proposals, 2008–12
Bin, Y. (2015) · Journal of Chinese Political Science · doi:10.1007/s11366-015-9329-3 · Cited by 12
After the Crisis: Capital and Regime Resilience in the ASEAN Three
Case, W. F. (2009) · Journal of Contemporary Asia · doi:10.1080/00472330903077014 · Cited by 10
Political and Socioeconomic Transformation in the GCC: Image and Reality
Mitchell, J. S. (2010) · History Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00663.x · Cited by 10
Golosov, G. V. (2018) · Central Asian Survey · doi:10.1080/02634937.2018.1500442 · Cited by 10
Are post-Soviet leaders doomed to be populist? A comparative analysis of Putin and Nazarbayev
Busygina, I. M. (2019) · European Politics and Society · doi:10.1080/23745118.2019.1569345 · Cited by 10
“It was a hard blow as an incumbent’s loss of legitimacy does more damage to an authoritarian regime than anything else (Brownlee, 2007 p. 48).”
BackgroundElection commissions and non-democratic outcomes: Thailand’s contentious 2019 election
Alderman, P., & Alexander, S. T. (2021) · Politics · doi:10.1177/02633957211000978 · Cited by 10
Instrumental voting under authoritarianism: evidence from Chinese village elections
Zheng, B., & Gu, Y. (2021) · Chinese Sociological Review · doi:10.1080/21620555.2021.1968819 · Cited by 11
Between technocracy, reason, and furor: Turkish opposition, the CHP, and anti-populist styles
Gürpınar, D. (2022) · Turkish Studies · doi:10.1080/14683849.2021.2018653 · Cited by 11
Rudolf, D. B. (2022) · Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s12286-022-00520-0 · Cited by 10
Freyburg, T. (2012) · World Political Science · doi:10.1515/1935-6226.1110 · Cited by 10
Assessing party structures: why some regimes are more authoritarian than others
Abdullah, W. J. (2016) · Australian Journal Of International Affairs · doi:10.1080/10357718.2016.1151859 · Cited by 10
“Contests for the vice-presidency, as Brownlee (2007) notes, are extremely commonplace, such that each candidate tries to build his/her power base within the respective divisions and branches, which inevitably causes rifts within the party.”
BackgroundInfluentialMalaysia's 2008 General Election – Transition from Single-party Dominance?
Case, W. F. (2010) · Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs · doi:10.1177/186810341002900204 · Cited by 10
Torikai, M. (2019) · Post-Soviet Affairs · doi:10.1080/1060586x.2019.1589683 · Cited by 10
“As discussed above, the party of power in an autocracy serves the regime by distributing patronage and co-opting elites (Magaloni 2006; Brownlee 2007; Gandhi 2008).”
BackgroundGovernance Built Step-by-Step: Analysing Sequences to Explain Democratization
Wilson, M. C. (2014) · Life course research and social policies · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04969-4_11 · Cited by 10
Truth Replaced by Silence: A Field Experiment on Private Censorship in RussiaPreprint
Crabtree, C. D., Fariss, C. J., & Kern, H. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2708274 · Cited by 10
The transformation of dominant parties in Asia: Introduction to the special issue
Kasuya, Y., & Sawasdee, S. N. (2019) · Asian Journal of Comparative Politics · doi:10.1177/2057891119831470 · Cited by 10
Heiss, A., & Kelley, J. G. (2017) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/mmyn6 · Cited by 10
PARTY COMPETITION AND IDEOLOGY IN HONG KONG: A NEW MANIFESTO CODING DATASET
Wong, M. Y. H. (2020) · Journal of East Asian Studies · doi:10.1017/jea.2020.3 · Cited by 9
Critical Junctures of Securitisation: The Case of the AK Party in Turkey
Sandal, N. A., & Öztürk, A. E. (2022) · Alternatives Global Local Political · doi:10.1177/03043754221116738 · Cited by 9
Citizen wellbeing in African competitive authoritarian regimes
Cassani, A., & Carbone, G. (2015) · Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s12286-015-0256-7 · Cited by 11
Retirement planning for dictators: what happens to outgoing dictators?
Tanaka, S. (2015) · International Relations of the Asia-Pacific · doi:10.1093/irap/lcv010 · Cited by 9
“Further, even for those who win an election, the introduction of competition may have a destabilizing effect on the regime and shorten its duration (Brownlee 2007, Howard and Roessler 2006, Lindberg 2009, Tucker 2007).”
BackgroundChan, T. F. (2021) · Asian Journal of Comparative Politics · doi:10.1177/20578911211064935 · Cited by 9
Doyon, J. (2022) · University of Michigan Press eBooks · doi:10.3998/mpub.12291596 · Cited by 11
From Competition to Dominance: Political Determinants of Federal Transfers in the Russian FederationPreprint
Yakovlev, A. A., Marques, I., & Nazrullaeva, E. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2005710 · Cited by 9
The Adaptability of the Chinese Communist Party
Dimitrov, M. K. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009184335 · Cited by 7
Gibril, S. (2015) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137530868_13 · Cited by 8
“…), “Political participation and democratic transition in the Arab world”, University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law, 34 (2), p. 322 xxii J. Brownlee (2007), Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization, London, Cambridge University Press, p. 39 xxiii M. Beissinger (2002),…”
BackgroundState Mobilization in Authoritarian Regimes: Youth Politics and Regime Legitimation in Cambodia
Vong, M. (2022) · Journal of East Asian Studies · doi:10.1017/jea.2022.18 · Cited by 10
Only game in town? the persistence of competitive authoritarian regimes in modern Turkey
Bakıner, O. (2023) · Turkish Studies · doi:10.1080/14683849.2023.2184261 · Cited by 8
Azarieva, J., Brudny, Y. M., & Finkel, E. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197684368.001.0001 · Cited by 9
Closed-list proportional representation in Russia
Moraski, B. (2013) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/1354068812473634 · Cited by 8
“Others (Brownlee, 2007; Reuter and Remington, 2009; Weiner and LaPalombara, 1966), meanwhile, identify leadership succession as a critical factor shaping the development of party systems.”
BackgroundThe Roots of Authoritarianism in the Middle East
Bölme, S. (2015) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137445551_2 · Cited by 8
“As a consequence of that, authoritarianism with elections has become a modern form of autocracy (Brownlee, 2007, p. 25).”
BackgroundInfluentialAuthoritarian Evolution: Agency and Institutional Change in the Controlled Chinese Press
Lewis, O. A. (2017) · Journal of Chinese Political Science · doi:10.1007/s11366-017-9492-9 · Cited by 9
The effect of electoral autocracy in Egypt's failed transition: a party politics perspective
Resta, V. (2019) · Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica · doi:10.1017/ipo.2019.6 · Cited by 8
“As Brownlee (2007) notes, it is only the presence of a strong ruling party that defuses elections’ democratic potential.”
BackgroundIsaacs, R. (2019) · Problems of Post-Communism · doi:10.1080/10758216.2019.1645606 · Cited by 8
“…regimes demonstrates formal institutions can play an important role for regime stability, legitimation and the structuring of political interests, thus it is imperative not to neglect them as areas of study (Brownlee 2007; Gandhi and Przeworski 2007; Magaloni and Kricheli 2010; Bader 2011).”
BackgroundErdmann, G., & Kneuer, M. (2011) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-93302-3_1 · Cited by 8
Organizing to rule: structure, agent, and explaining presidential management styles in Africa
Ishiyama, J., Breuning, M., & Widmeier, M. (2017) · Democratization · doi:10.1080/13510347.2017.1391793 · Cited by 8
Düpont, N., Kavasoglu, B., Lührmann, A., et al. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3871668 · Cited by 8
“Moreover, the literature makes clear that schisms and defections undermine party survival whereas internally cohesive parties tend to be more stable (Boucek, 2009; Brownlee, 2007; Levitsky & Way, 2010).”
BackgroundParty Origins, Party Infrastructural Strength, and Governance Outcomes
Zeng, Q. (2024) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123423000455 · Cited by 8
Why do autocracies enfranchise their citizens abroad? A large-N event history analysis, 1990–2010
Fliess, N., Kiani, A., & Østergaard‐Nielsen, E. (2024) · Democratization · doi:10.1080/13510347.2024.2383795 · Cited by 7
Ibañez, D., & Bello-Gómez, R. A. (2025) · Policy studies · doi:10.1080/01442872.2025.2580389 · Cited by 7
Khani, S., & Kadivar, M. (2023) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00104140231194914 · Cited by 4
The Dynamics of State-Mobilized Movements
Anderson, A., & Cammett, M. C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108784146.011 · Cited by 8
All Power to the Party! The Sources of Ruling Party Strength in Authoritarian Regimes
Zeng, Q. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0008423920000839 · Cited by 8
“…autocracies with a variety of positive outcomes ranging from regime durability (Gandhi and Przeworski, 2007; Gandhi, 2008; Magaloni, 2008) and intra-elite harmony (Boix and Svolik, 2013; Brownlee, 2007) to reduced repression (Davenport, 2007) and women’s rights provision (Donno and Kreft, 2019).”
BackgroundRural economies and leadership change in Central Asia
Markowitz, L. P. (2016) · Central Asian Survey · doi:10.1080/02634937.2016.1228607 · Cited by 7
“A recent renewal of the debate has sought to explain leaders’ durability and longevity in monarchies in the Middle East (Herb 1999; Brownlee 2007; Menaldo 2012).”
BackgroundAppropriating democratic discourse in North Africa
Gorman, B. (2016) · International Journal of Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1177/0020715216673694 · Cited by 7
“For example, the evidence presented in this study indicates that Mubarak’s embrace of neoliberal democracy coincided with a tactical ideological shift within the Egyptian ruling party in late 2003; yet, it is probable that the Egypt’s international position as a highly embedded member of the world polity and close all…”
BackgroundInfluentialRedefining Publics: Mosireen, State Crime and the Rise of a Digital Public Sphere
Kasm, S. (2018) · State Crime Journal · doi:10.13169/statecrime.7.1.0100 · Cited by 7
Judges and Generals in the Making of Modern Egypt
Hamad, M. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108559393 · Cited by 8
Vanderhill, R., Joireman, S. F., & Tulepbayeva, R. (2019) · Europe Asia Studies · doi:10.1080/09668136.2019.1597019 · Cited by 8
“Regimes enjoying high levels of elite support are usually able to resist external pressures to reform (Brownlee 2007; Levitsky & Way 2010).”
BackgroundCentral Asia: from dark matter to a dark curtain?
Tutumlu, A. (2021) · Central Asian Survey · doi:10.1080/02634937.2021.1991886 · Cited by 7
Types of outcomes in factional rivalries: Lessons from non-democratic parties in Turkey
Musil, P. A., & Bilgin, H. D. (2014) · International Political Science Review · doi:10.1177/0192512114539982 · Cited by 9
Malaysia: Competitive Authoritarianism in a Plural Society
Croissant, A., & Lorenz, P. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68182-5_6 · Cited by 7
Party Systems and the Politics of Development
Hicken, A. D. (2016) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199845156.013.28 · Cited by 6
Stroh, A. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1436447 · Cited by 7
Transition from Democracy - Loss of Quality, Hybridisation and Breakdown of DemocracyPreprint
Erdmann, G. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2134854 · Cited by 7
Sources of Corruption in Authoritarian RegimesPreprint
Chang, E. C. C., & Golden, M. A. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1339972 · Cited by 7
Backsliding by Elite Collusion: Authoritarianism and Democratic Resurgence in Guatemala
Meléndez‐Sánchez, M., & Perelló, L. (2024) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/00027162251319179 · Cited by 6
An East Asian Theory of Democracy
Cheung, O. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84938-2_5 · Cited by 6
Elections, Democratic Regression and Transitions to Autocracy: Lessons from Russia and Venezuela
Frankenberger, R., & Graf, P. (2011) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-93302-3_8 · Cited by 6
The Muslim Brothers: Egypt’s Most Influential Pressure Group
Brownlee, J. M. (2010) · History Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2010.00685.x · Cited by 6
Self-citationInstitutions and demotions: collective leadership in authoritarian regimes
Ermakoff, I., & Grdešić, M. (2019) · Theory and Society · doi:10.1007/s11186-019-09358-0 · Cited by 7
“In this sense they can be said to be “double-edged” (Brownlee 2007, p. 83).”
BackgroundHandlin, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108784146.009 · Cited by 7
Schafer, D. (2023) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/13540688231153099 · Cited by 7
Crisis narratives and institutional resilience: a framework for analysis
Mahé, A.-L., & Martel, S. (2023) · Journal of International Relations and Development · doi:10.1057/s41268-023-00304-3 · Cited by 9
The Legitimizing Role of Palingenetic Myth in Ideocracies
Griffin, R. (2012) · Totalitarismus und Demokratie · doi:10.13109/tode.2012.9.1.39 · Cited by 6
Democratization Articles Dataset: an introduction
Pelke, L., & Friesen, P. H. (2018) · Democratization · doi:10.1080/13510347.2018.1504778 · Cited by 11
Enabling authoritarianism in the Indo-Pacific: Australian exemptionalism
Strating, R. (2020) · Australian Journal Of International Affairs · doi:10.1080/10357718.2020.1744516 · Cited by 6
de Almeida, C. G., Sá, A. L., & Faria, P. C. J. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003177371-8 · Cited by 6
Croissant, A. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-01853-5_24 · Cited by 6
Beyond 50 Years of Political Stability in Malaysia: Rent and the Weapons of the Power Elite
Sloane–White, P., & Beaulieu, I. (2010) · Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne d études du développement · doi:10.1080/02255189.2010.9669308 · Cited by 6
The Origins of Dominant PartiesPreprint
Reuter, O. J. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1664583 · Cited by 6
Why the CCM Is Still in Power in Tanzania? A ReplyPreprint
Makulilo, A. B. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2458778 · Cited by 6
Cho, J. E. (2023) · University of Michigan Press eBooks · doi:10.3998/mpub.12738649 · Cited by 23
Taking partly free voters seriously: autocratic response to voter preferences in Armenia and Georgia
Fumagalli, M., & Turmanidze, K. (2017) · Caucasus Survey · doi:10.1080/23761199.2017.1342369 · Cited by 5
“Consistent both with our findings about the importance of organizational power and the insights of the literature on authoritarian durability (Brownlee 2007; Magaloni 2007), the establishment and institutionalization of political parties has considerably helped boosting the regime’s ability to…”
BackgroundResultEhrhart, A. (2022) · Zeitschrift für Mittelmeerstudien · doi:10.46586/zfm.v2022.1-27 · Cited by 5
McLellan, R. (2022) · Comparative Politics · doi:10.5129/001041523x16601556495592 · Cited by 5
Sun, T. (2022) · University of Michigan Press eBooks · doi:10.3998/mpub.12326710 · Cited by 5
Subnational authority and political alignment in African states
Raleigh, C., & Carboni, A. (2023) · Democratization · doi:10.1080/13510347.2023.2201495 · Cited by 5
United Nations Peacekeeping and the Politics of Authoritarianism
von Billerbeck, S., Gippert, B. J., Oksamytna, K., & Tansey, O. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780191925474.001.0001 · Cited by 7
Ieong, M. U. (2019) · Journal of Chinese Governance · doi:10.1080/23812346.2019.1570629 · Cited by 5
Harvey, C. J. (2022) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2022.102455 · Cited by 5
Tanzania under Magufuli: the personalization of a party-based regime
Osei, A., & Bruhn, E. (2023) · Democratization · doi:10.1080/13510347.2023.2273871 · Cited by 5
Sharafutdinova, G. (2012) · Problems of Post-Communism · doi:10.2753/ppc1075-8216590302 · Cited by 5
Analytic authoritarianism and Nigeria
LeVan, A. C. (2014) · Commonwealth and Comparative Politics · doi:10.1080/14662043.2014.892722 · Cited by 8
“Institutions such as political parties prolong authoritarian rule not because they serve as propaganda organs, but because they institutionalise the resolution of foundational disputes during regime formation (Brownlee, 2007).”
BackgroundThyen, K. (2017) · Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s12286-017-0334-0 · Cited by 5
Akbaba, Y., & Fox, J. (2018) · All Azimuth A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace · doi:10.20991/allazimuth.424929 · Cited by 5
A Tale of Two Hybrid Regimes: A Study of Cabinets and Parliaments in Indonesia and Thailand
Sawasdee, S. N. (2018) · Japanese Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s1468109918000099 · Cited by 5
“…(Diamond et al., 1995: 8), illiberal democracies (Zakaria, 1997: 27–30), electoral authoritarianism (Schedler, 2002: 36–7; Case, 2011: 1), competitive authoritarianism (Levitsky and Way, 2002: 53–9), semiauthoritarian (Ottaway, 2003: 3), and autocracy with elections (Brownlee, 2007: 25).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Brownlee, J.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brownlee, Jason
- ORCID
- Brownlee, Jason
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 2007-07-16
- OpenAlex
- W4302416674
- Cited by
- 1,070
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 88 · 2019: 117 · 2018: 127 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 29.57
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Conflict and Governance
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Political Theory and Democracy
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Asian Studies and History
- Keywords
- authoritarianism, democratization, third wave of democratization, elite conflict, ruling party, democratic transition, soft lining materials, Egypt, Iran, Malaysia, Philippines
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review