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Cited by 69Sodium Intake and HealthElectrolyte and hormonal disordersIon Transport and Channel Regulation

Increasing sodium intake from a previous low or high intake affects water, electrolyte and acid–base balance differently

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Heer, Martina, Frings-Meuthen, Petra, Titze, Jens, Boschmann, Michael, Frisch, Sabine, Baecker, Natalie, Beck, Luis·2009·British Journal of Nutrition
DOI 10.1017/s0007114508088041
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Abstract

Contrasting data are published on the effects of high salt intake (between 300 and 660 mmol/d) on Na balance and fluid retention. In some studies high levels of NaCl intake (400, 440, 550 and 660 mmol/d) led to positive Na balances without fluid retention. To test the relevance of different baseline NaCl intake levels on changes in metabolic water, Na, K, chloride and acid–base balance, a 28 d clinical trial (‘Salty Life 6’) was carried out in a metabolic ward. Nine healthy male volunteers (aged 25·7 (sd 3·1) years; body mass (BM) 71·4 (sd 4·0) kg) participated in the present study. Four consecutive levels of NaCl intake: low (6 d, 0·7 mmol NaCl/kg BM per d), average normal (6 d, 2·8 mmol NaCl/kg BM per d), high (10 d, 7·7 mmol NaCl/kg BM per d), and low again (6 d, 0·7 mmol NaCl/kg BM per d) were tested. Urine osmolality, extracellular volume (ECV) and plasma volume (PV), cumulative metabolic Na, K, chloride and fluid balances, mRNA expression of two glycosaminoglycan (GAG) polymerisation genes, capillary blood pH, bicarbonate and base excess were measured. During average normal NaCl intake, 193 (sem 19) mmol Na were retained and ECV (+2·02 (sem 0·31) litres; P < 0·001) and PV (+0·57 (sem 0·13) litres; P < 0·001) increased. During high NaCl intake, 244 (sem 77) mmol Na were retained but ECV did not increase (ECV − 0·54 (sem 0·30) litres, P = 0·089; PV +0·27 (sem 0·25) litres, P = 0·283). mRNA expression of GAG polymerisation genes increased with rise in NaCl intake, while pH (P < 0·01) and bicarbonate (P < 0·001) levels decreased. We conclude that a high NaCl intake may increase GAG synthesis; this might play a role in osmotically inactive Na retention in humans.

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  • The mechanism of the effect of protein and sodium on bone are likely similar, with both contributing to the acidogenic potential of the diet, leading to bone dissolution.

    “The mechanism of the effect of protein and sodium on bone are likely similar, with both contributing to the acidogenic potential of the diet, leading to bone dissolution91,92.”

    From Red risks for a journey to the red planet: The highest priority human health risks for a mission to Mars (2020) · cites this paper as [92]

    The Discussion (page not available) reports that high NaCl intake was accompanied by low-grade metabolic acidosis, supporting the sodium–acidification part of the claim. Our copy does not establish that protein acts through a similar mechanism or that the acidification leads to bone dissolution. (LLM, conf=0.85)

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  1. [19]19. Panel on Dietary Reference Intakes for Electrolytes, Water and Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes (2004) Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

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Authors
Heer, M., Frings-Meuthen, P., Titze, J., Boschmann, M., Frisch, S., Baecker, N., & Beck, L.
Affiliations
  • Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR) (DE)
  • Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
  • Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
Corresponding author
Heer, Martina
ORCID
Venue
British Journal of Nutrition
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
2009-01-28
Volume
101
Issue
9
Pages
1286-1294
ISSN
  • 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
  • 1475-2662
DOI
10.1017/s0007114508088041
OpenAlex
W2170162575
Cited by
69
References
25
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
FWCI
5.49
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations
  • British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • elib (German Aerospace Center) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Electrolyte and hormonal disorders
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ion Transport and Channel Regulation
Keywords
high-salt diet, sodium balance, fluid retention, extracellular volume, plasma volume, acid-base balance, bicarbonate, glycosaminoglycan synthesis, urine osmolality, electrolyte balance, metabolic water, healthy men, dietary salt
MeSH terms
Acid-Base Equilibrium, Adult, Body Water, Electrolytes, Extracellular Space, Glycosaminoglycans, Humans, Male, Osmolar Concentration, Plasma Volume, RNA, Messenger, Sodium, Urination, Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Young Adult

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