Changes in Waist Circumference and Body Mass Index in the US Cardia Cohort: fixed-effects associations with self-reported experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination
Open accessAbstract
Prior studies examining the association between self-reported experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination and obesity have had mixed results and primarily been cross-sectional. This study tests the hypothesis that an increase in self-reported experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination predicts gains in waist circumference and body mass index in Black and White women and men over eight years. In race/ethnicity- and gender-stratified models, this study examined whether change in self-reported experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination predicts changes in waist circumference and body mass index over time using a fixed-effects regression approach in SAS statistical software, providing control for both measured and unmeasured time-invariant covariates. Between 1992-93 and 2000-01, self-reported experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination decreased among 843 Black women (75% to 73%), 601 Black men (80% to 77%), 893 White women (30% to 23%) and 856 White men (28% to 23%). In fixed-effects regression models, controlling for all time-invariant covariates, social desirability bias, and changes in education and parity (women only) over time, an increase in self-reported experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination over time was significantly associated with an increase in waist circumference (β=1.09, 95% CI: 0.00-2.19, p=0.05) and an increase in body mass index (β=0.67, 95% CI: 0.19-1.16, p=0.007) among Black women. No associations were observed among Black men and White women and men. These findings suggest that an increase in self-reported experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination may be associated with increases in waist circumference and body mass index among Black women over time.
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For physical health, only overweight-related outcomes and a range of miscellaneous physical health outcomes were significantly associated with racism.
“With regard to physical health, only overweight-related outcomes and a range of miscellaneous physical health outcomes were significantly associated with racism, as found in recent longitudinal studies [399, 400].”
From Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2015) · cites this paper as [399]
The Discussion reports that increases in self-reported racial/ethnic discrimination were associated with increases in waist circumference and BMI over time, but only among Black women. The paper does not report a range of miscellaneous physical health outcomes or establish that overweight-related outcomes were the only physical health outcomes associated with racism. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Paradies, Y., Ben, J., Denson, N., Elias, A., Priest, N., Pieterse, A., Gupta, A., Kelaher, M., & Gee, G. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138511 · Cited by 2,610 · see citing works
“With regard to physical health, only overweight-related outcomes and a range of miscellaneous physical health outcomes were significantly associated with racism, as found in recent longitudinal studies [399, 400].”
ResultKershaw, K. N., Lewis, T. T., Roux, A. V. D., Jenny, N. S., Liu, K., Penedo, F. J., & Carnethon, M. R. (2016) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000331 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
- Authors
- CUNNINGHAM, T. J., BERKMAN, L. F., KAWACHI, I., JACOBS, D. R., SEEMAN, T. E., KIEFE, C. I., & GORTMAKER, S. L.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Biosocial Science
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2012-08-02
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 267-278
- ISSN
- 0021-9320 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7599
- PMC
- PMC4310212
- OpenAlex
- W2032515336
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 6.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Biosocial Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Network (American Medical Association) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01hc95095-66-0-1, n01hc48050-59-0-1, n01hc48048-58-0-1, n01hc045134-008, n01hc48047-55-0-1, n01hc45205-9-0-0, n01hc005187-000, n01hc48049-61-0-1, n01hc45204-11-0-1)
- U.S. Public Health Service (U01 5186989-01)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01HC48050, N01-HC045134, N01 HC 95095, N01 HC045205, N01 HC048048, N01-HC05187, N01-HC-048049, N01 HC045204, N01-HC- 45204, N01 HC095095, N01 HC048050, N01-HC48048, N01-HC-45205, N01 HC005187, N01-HC-48-049, N01 HC048047, N01-HC-480-47)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Obesity and Health Practices
- Keywords
- racial and ethnic discrimination, obesity, waist circumference, body mass index, Black women, Black men, white women, white men, longitudinal change, social desirability bias, parity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Black or African American, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Sex Factors, Statistics as Topic, United States, Body Mass Index, White People, Waist Circumference, Young Adult, Racism
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